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((short description|Prime Minister of Siam from 1932 to 1933))
((EngvarB|date=November 2016))
((Use dmy dates|date=November 2016))
((More citations needed|date=December 2009))

((Infobox Prime Minister
| honorific-prefix    = [[Phraya]]
| name                = Manopakorn Nitithada
| native_name         = มโนปกรณ์นิติธาดา
| nationality         = [[Thailand|Thai]]
| image               = Kon Hutasing.jpg
| caption             =

| office             = 1st [[Prime Minister of Thailand|Prime Minister of Siam]]
| monarch            = [[Prajadhipok]]
| term_start         = 28 June 1932((#tag:ref|President of the People's Committee from 28 June to 10 December 1932.|group=note))
| term_end           = 20 June 1933
| successor          = [[Phraya Phahonphonphayuhasena|Phraya Phahon]]
| predecessor         = ''Position established''

| office1            = [[Ministry of Finance (Thailand)#List of ministers|Minister of Finance]]
| primeminister1      = Himself
| term_start1         = 10 December 1932
| term_end1           = 20 June 1933
| predecessor1         = ''Position established'' <br> ''Himself as Treasury Minister''
| successor1          = [[Chao Phraya Srithammatibet]]

| office2             = [[Ministry of Finance (Thailand)#List of ministers|Minister of Royal Treasury]]
| monarch2            = Prajadhipok
| term_start2         = 29 June 1932
| term_end2           = 10 December 1932
| predecessor2        = [[Suphayok Kasem|Prince Suphayok Kasem]]
| successor2          = ''Position abolished'' <br> ''Himself as Minister of Finance''

| birth_name          = Kon Hutasingha
| birth_date          = ((Birth date|df=yes|1884|7|15))
| birth_place         = [[Phra Nakhon district|Phra Nakhon]], [[Bangkok]], Siam (now Phra Nakhon, Bangkok, Thailand)
| death_date          = ((Death date and age|df=yes|1948|10|1|1884|7|15))
| death_place         = [[Penang]], Federation of Malaya (now Penang, Malaysia)
| party               = 
| spouse              = ((ubl|Nit Sanasen <small>(Deceased)</small>|Choei Hutasingha))
| children            = Tum Hutasingha
))

'''[[Phraya]] Manopakorn Nitithada''' (((lang-th|พระยามโนปกรณ์นิติธาดา)); ((IPA-th|pʰrá.jaː má.noː.pà.kɔːn ní.tì.tʰaː.daː|IPA)); born '''Kon Hutasingha''' (((lang-th|ก้อน หุตะสิงห์)); ((IPA-th|kɔ̂ːn hù.tà.sǐŋ|IPA))); 15 July 1884 – 1 October 1948) was the first [[Prime Minister of Siam]] after the [[Siamese Revolution of 1932]] as he was selected by the leader of the [[Khana Ratsadon|People's Party]] – the party that instigated the revolution. However, in the following year, Manoparkorn was ousted by a [[coup]] in 1933 due to the conflicts between members of People's Party.<ref>[https://www.silpa-mag.com/history/article_21957 “รักที่จากไปไกล” ของพระยามโนปกรณ์นิติธาดา นายกฯ คนแรกของไทย]</ref>

==Early life==
[[File:Siamese barristers of 2446 BE.jpg|thumb|left|A group of Siamese barristers in 1903/04. Phraya Manopakonnitithada (Kon Hutasing) first in the back row]]
[[File:Phraya Mano.jpg|thumb|220px|Official portrait of Phraya Manopakorn Nitithada]]
Kon Hutasingha was born on 15 July 1884 in [[Bangkok]] to Huad and Paew Hutasingha ([[Thai language|Thai:]] นายฮวด กับนางแพ้ว หุตะสิงห์), both of whom were of [[Thai Chinese|Chinese]] extraction.<ref>Preston et al. (1997), p. 464; ''51. Phya Manopakarana Nitidhada. He spoke perfect English and was always very friendly to England. Is three parts Chinese. His wife, who was a favourite lady-in-waiting to the ex-Queen, was killed in a motor accident in 1929 when on an official visit to Indo-China.''</ref> He received his primary education at [[Suankularb Wittayalai School]] in Bangkok.  He pursued his law education at [[Assumption College (Thailand)|Assumption College]] and at the Law School of the [[Ministry of Justice]]. He then continued his studies abroad. It is claimed that he was a member at the [[Middle Temple]],  in [[London]],  [[England]], but no evidence of his membership can be found in the Inn's admission registers.<ref>Sturgess, H.A.C. (1949). ''Register of Admissions to the Honourable Society of the Middle Temple'', Vol. 2. </ref> After he had finished his education, he began to work for the Ministry of Justice and climbed the traditional career ladder and was eventually granted the title '''[[Phraya]]''' and received his honorary name: "Manopakorn Nitithada". In 1918, he gained a seat in the [[Privy Council]] of King [[Vajiravudh]] (or Rama VI).<ref>[https://pridi.or.th/th/content/2020/06/303 ความขัดแย้งภายในคณะราษฎรที่มีผลต่อหนังสือพิมพ์]</ref>

==Revolution and premiership==
[[File:Siam-tries-a-peoples-party.jpg|thumb|250px|Phraya Manopakorn Nitithada addressing the crowd at Ananta Samakhom Throne Hall after the [[Siamese revolution of 1932|1932 revolution]]|left]]
Following the [[Siamese revolution of 1932|Revolution of 1932]], King [[Prajadhipok]] (or Rama VII) consented to a [[Constitution of Thailand#1932 Temporary Charter|Provisional Constitution]] on 27 June 1932. The first [[National Assembly of Thailand|People's Assembly of Siam]], composed entirely of appointed members, met for the first time on 28 June. The revolutionary Khana Ratsadon Party, not wanting to appear as if it had instigated the revolution for self-aggrandizement, chose Phraya Manopakorn as President of the Committee. He was considered a largely neutral and clean figure, but at the same time respected enough to take the position.

As a result, the Assembly with the advice of [[Pridi Panomyong]], one of the leaders of the [[Khana Ratsadon]] offered Manopakorn the post of "President of the [[People’s Committee of Siam|People's Committee]]", an early version of the post of [[Prime Minister]].

The first mission of Phraya Manopakorn's Cabinet was to draft a permanent constitution. King Prajadhipok made an observation that the term "President of the People's Committee" sounded like a [[communist]] or Republican post. After a debate, the office was eventually changed to "prime minister". The [[Constitution of Thailand#1932 constitution|first constitution of Siam]] was promulgated under Phraya Manopakorn's watch on 10 December 1932, now celebrated as the [[Public holidays in Thailand|Thai Constitution Day]].

Soon after, Phraya Manopakorn became the head of the first constitutional [[Government of Thailand|government of Siam]]. The Manopakorn [[Cabinet (government)|cabinet]], or People's Committee, composed of members, half from the People's Party and half from senior [[civil servant]]s and military officers, was appointed under the guidance of the party. Phraya Manopakorn in essence became the Khana Ratsadon's puppet, and the country a single-party state.

==Yellow Cover Dossier incident and Coup==
In 1933, [[Pridi Panomyong]], by then a [[Minister of State]], presented his Draft Economic Plan or '''Yellow Cover Dossier''' to King Prajadhipok. The dossier was an economic plan, which advocated [[socialist]] solutions to the country's many financial and economic problems. Prajadhipok even branded the dossier "communist" and attacked Pridi publicly about it. When Pridi's dossier was rejected, his status fell and caused a major disruption among the members of People's Party and the People's Committee itself.

Phraya Mano rallied those who opposed the socialist plan of Pridi including [[Songsuradet Rebellion|Phraya Songsuradet]] and dissolved his own cabinet to oust Pridi, who had great support within the People's Party. To regain some stability and silence domestic critics, Phraya Manopakorn had some articles in the constitution suspended. Manopakorn barred the People's Assembly from any further meetings and the [[judiciary]] was shut down. Pridi was forced to flee to [[France]]. It was said that Manopakorn "led the coup with his pen", this event is known in Thailand as the "April 1933 Coup" (or the "Silent Coup") ([[Thai language|Thai:]] รัฐประหารในประเทศไทย เมษายน พ.ศ. 2476). Phraya Manopakorn then approved the Anti-Communist Act, which empowered him to arrest those suspected of having communist sentiments: the entire Central Committee of the [[Communist Party of Siam]] was arrested and imprisoned.

After the Yellow Dossier Incident, the degree of political freedom was greatly reduced by Phraya Manopakorn's policies. He censored many leftist activities including shutting down [[newspapers]] and [[publications]]. However the People's Party, which gave him the premiership, would eventually be his downfall. On 16 June, [[Phraya Pahol Polpayuhasena]], the country's most powerful military leader and member of the People's Party, together with three other senior officers retired from the People's Committee, for "health reasons".

==Death and legacy==
[[File:Phraya Manopakon Nitithada Memoriam Stone at Wat Pathumwanaram 2019 01.jpg|thumb|Phraya Manopakorn Nitithada's memorial in [[Wat Pathum Wanaram]], [[Bangkok]], [[Thailand]]]]
The [[1933 Siamese coup d'état]] happened on 20 June, led by Phraya Pahol and other military leaders. Phraya Manopakorn was immediately removed as prime minister. Phraya Phahol appointed himself the country's second prime minister and took over the government. King Pradhipok duly accepted his appointment. Manopakorn was then exiled to [[Penang]], [[British Malaya]], and lived there until his death in 1948, aged 64.

Phraya Manopakorn was Siam's first prime minister and the first to be ousted by a coup. He would not be the last civilian prime minister to be ousted by a military coup. His legacy is mixed: on the one hand he took over the reins of government at a difficult time ([[Wall Street Crash of 1929]]), but on the other he exceeded his powers and was not able to counter the powers of the [[Khana Ratsadon]] which became increasingly dictatorial.

==See also==
* [[List of prime ministers of Thailand]]
* [[1932 Siamese coup d'état]]
* [[Siamese coup d'état of 1933]]
* [[People's Committee of Siam]]

==Notes==
((reflist|group=note))

==References==

((reflist))

==Bibliography==
* Paul Preston, Michael Partridge, Antony Best, ''British Documents on Foreign Affairs--Reports and Papers from the Foreign Office Confidential Print, Volume 6'', University Publications of America, 1997, ((ISBN|1-55655-674-8))

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((Prime Ministers of Thailand))
((History of Thailand 1932 - 1973))
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[[Category:Prime Ministers of Thailand]]
[[Category:Ministers of Finance of Thailand]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Dushdi Mala Medal, Pin of Arts and Science]]
[[Category:Members of the Middle Temple]]
[[Category:Alumni of Assumption College (Thailand)]]
[[Category:Thai politicians of Chinese descent]]
[[Category:Thai leaders who took power by coup]]
[[Category:Thai anti-communists]]
[[Category:Leaders ousted by a coup]]
[[Category:Phraya]]
[[Category:Politicians from Bangkok]]
[[Category:Members of the Privy Council of Thailand]]
[[Category:1884 births]]
[[Category:1948 deaths]]
[[Category:Alumni of Suankularb Wittayalai School]]

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