- Boute, Vanina. 2010. Names and Territoriality among the Phounoy: How the State creates Ethnic Group (Lao PDR), in C. Culas et F. Robinne (eds.), Inter-Ethnic Dynamics in Asia. Considering the Other through ethnonyms, territories and rituals, London: Routledge, pp. 79–99.
- Kingsadā, Thō̜ngphet, and Tadahiko Shintani. 1999. Basic Vocabularies of the Languages Spoken in Phongxaly, Lao P.D.R. Tokyo: Institute for the Study of Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa (ILCAA).
- Kingsada, Thongpheth. 2002. Languages and Ethnic Classification in the Lao PDR. International Workshop on the "Cultural Diversity and Conservation in the making of Mainland Southeast Asia and Southwestern China: Regional Dynamics in Past and Present". Luang Prabang, Lao P.D.R.
- Dai Qingxia. 2018. The Punei language of Laos [Laowo Puneiyu yanjiu 老挝普内语研究]. Beijing: Science Press 科学出版社. ISBN 9787030567529
| Official language | |||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Indigenous languages |
| ||||||||||||||||||
| Main foreign languages | |||||||||||||||||||
| Sign languages | |||||||||||||||||||
Sino-Tibetan branches | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Western Himalayas (Himachal, Uttarakhand, Nepal, Sikkim) |
| ||||
| Eastern Himalayas (Tibet, Bhutan, Arunachal) | |||||
| Myanmar and Indo-Burmese border |
| ||||
| East and Southeast Asia |
| ||||
| Dubious (possible isolates) (Arunachal) |
| ||||
| Proposed groupings | |||||
| Proto-languages | |||||
Italics indicates single languages that are also considered to be separate branches. | |||||
| Mondzish |
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Loloish (Yi) (Ngwi) |
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Burmish |
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Gong ? |
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Pai-lang | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||