Freed in 1807 after the death of his mistress, Pierre took the surname of "Toussaint" in honor of Toussaint Louverture, a leader of the Haitian Revolution.[citation needed] Toussaint also became a successful barber and used his wealth for various philanthropic causes. He also helped finance the construction of St. Patrick's Old Cathedral.
Pierre was born into slavery on June 27, 1766, in what is now known as Haiti.[2] He was the son of Ursula and resided on the Artibonite plantation owned by the Bérard family.[3] The plantation was located on the Artibonite River near Saint-Marc on the colony's west coast.[4] His father's name is unknown. He was known to have a sister, Rosalie. His maternal grandmother, Zenobe Julien, was also enslaved and was later freed by the Bérards for her family service.[4] His maternal great-grandmother, Tonette, had been born in Africa, where she was sold into slavery and brought to Saint-Domingue. He was raised as a Catholic.[5]
Pierre was educated as a child by the Bérard family's tutors and was trained as a house slave. The senior Bérards returned to France, taking Pierre with them, and their son Jean Bérard took over the plantation. As the tensions rose, which would lead to enslaved and free people of color rising in Haitian Revolution, in 1797, Bérard and his second wife left the island for New York City, taking five of the people they enslaved with them,[4] including Pierre and Rosalie.[6]
New York
Upon their arrival in New York, Bérard had Pierre apprenticed to one of New York's leading hairdressers. The enslaver returned to Saint-Domingue to see to his property. After Jean Bérard died in St. Domingue of pleurisy,[4] Pierre, who was becoming increasingly successful as a hairdresser in New York, voluntarily took on the support of Madame Bérard.[3] His enslaver had allowed him to keep much of his earnings from being hired out. (Pierre's kindness to his mistress was noted by one of her friends, Philip Jeremiah Schuyler's second wife Mary Schuyler, whose notes were a source for the 1854 memoir of Toussaint.)[4] Madame Bérard eventually remarried to Monsieur Nicolas, also from Saint-Domingue. On her deathbed, she made her husband promise to free Pierre from slavery.
Toussaint earned a good living as a very popular hairdresser among New York society's upper echelon. He saved his money and paid for his sister Rosalie's freedom.[3] They both still lived in what was then the Nicolas house. He was freed in 1807.[3]
Catherine ("Kitty") Church Cruger, two years older than Toussaint, would become one of his key clients and friends. She was the daughter of John Barker Church (who would give the pistols to Hamilton for the duel in Weehawken) and Angelica Schuyler, the muse and confidante of Hamilton and Jefferson.
Due to connections among the French emigrant community in New York, Toussaint met people who knew the Bérards in Paris. He began a correspondence with them that lasted for some decades, particularly with Aurora Bérard, his godmother. The Bérards had lost their fortune in the French Revolution, during which Aurora's father died in prison and her mother soon after. Her other siblings had married in France.[4] Toussaint also corresponded with friends in Haiti; his collected correspondence filled 15 bound volumes as part of the documentation submitted by the Archdiocese of New York to the Holy See to support canonization.[7]
Marriage and family
On August 5, 1811, Toussaint married Juliette Noel, an enslaved woman 20 years his junior, after purchasing her freedom. For four years, they continued to board at the Nicolas house. They adopted Euphemia, the daughter of his late sister Rosalie, who had died of tuberculosis, raising the girl as their own. They provided for her education and music classes. In 1815, Nicolas and his wife moved to the American South.[4] Together, the Toussaints began a career of charity among people experiencing poverty in New York City, often taking baked goods to the children of the Orphan Asylum and donating money to its operations.
Charity
Toussaint attended daily Mass for 66 years at St. Peter's in New York.[7] He owned a house on Franklin Street, where the Toussaints sheltered orphans and fostered numerous boys in succession. Toussaint supported them in getting an education and learning a trade; he sometimes helped them get their first jobs through his connections in the city.[4]
They also organized a credit bureau, an employment agency, and a refuge for priests and needy travelers. Many Haitian refugees went to New York, and because Toussaint spoke French and English, he frequently helped the new immigrants. He often arranged sales of goods so they could raise money to live on. He was "renowned for crossing barricades to nurse quarantined cholera patients" during an epidemic in New York.[7]
Toussaint also helped raise money to build a new Catholic church in New York, which became Old St. Patrick's Cathedral on Mulberry Street. He was a benefactor of the first New York City Catholic school for Black children at St. Vincent de Paul on Canal Street.[8]
Later years
Euphemia died before her adoptive parents, of tuberculosis, like her mother.[4] Juliette died on May 14, 1851. Two years later, Pierre Toussaint died on June 30, 1853, at the age of 87.[3] He was buried alongside his wife and Euphemia in the cemetery of St. Patrick's Old Cathedral on Mott Street.
Veneration
Beatification process
In the 1950s, the John Boyle O'Reilly Committee for Interracial Justice, an Irish-American group devoted to social justice and equality, began researching and publicizing Toussaint's life story.[7]
Because of Toussaint's reputation of great charity, CardinalTerence Cooke, then Archbishop of New York, authorized the formation of a committee to study further. Based on their findings, in 1989, his successor, Cardinal John O'Connor, strongly supported the opening of a beatification process for Toussaint, giving him the title of a Servant of God. O'Connor had Toussaint's body exhumed and examined as part of it. Toussaint was reinterred in the main cathedral (where, up until that point, only clerics had been buried).[7]
1854, a biography, Memoir of Pierre Toussaint, Born a Slave in St. Domingo, was written by Hannah Farnham Sawyer Lee and published in Boston, one of the genres known as slave narratives.[4]
The Pierre Toussaint Haitian-Catholic Center in Miami, Florida, is named for him.[7]
Toussaint Academy San Diego (formerly The Pierre Toussaint Academy of Arts and Sciences) is a residential secondary school for homeless 14–18-year-old youth founded by Father Joe Carroll in 1992 and operated as a component of Father Joe's Villages (formerly Saint Vincent de Paul Villages). Over 1100 youth have benefitted from a healthy, stable environment to develop identity, self-worth, a sense of belonging, and a connection to the community honoring Pierre Toussaint's legacy.
Toussaint is remembered for his good works by a series of portraits in Gracie Mansion.
In April 2021, a large section of Church Avenue in Brooklyn, New York was co-named Pierre Toussaint Boulevard.[9]
The intersection next to St. Peter's (Toussaint's former parish) in Manhattan was named after him in 1998.
^Couve de Murville, M.N.L., Slave from Haïti: A Saint for New York?, London: Catholic Truth Society
^Recent sources state the Bérards and their slaves arrived in New York City in 1797 - see Jones, Arthur. Pierre Toussaint: A Biography (Doubleday, 2003; Capparoe Books, 2020).
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