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((Short description|Confederate submarine from the American Civil War))
((More citations needed|date=September 2008))
{|((Infobox ship begin))
((Infobox ship image
|Ship image=PioneerSubDrawingStauffer.jpg
|Ship caption=The Confederate submarine ''Pioneer'' drawn by Ensign David M. Stauffer of the Mississippi Squadron, 1865
))
((Infobox ship career
|Hide header=
|Ship country=Confederate States of America
|Ship flag=((flagicon image|Flag of the Confederate States (1861–1863).svg)) 
|Ship name=''Pioneer''
|Ship namesake=
|Ship ordered=
|Ship builder=[[Horace Lawson Hunley]], [[James McClintock (shipbuilder)|James McClintock]], and [[Baxter Watson]]
|Ship laid down= 1861
|Ship launched=1862
|Ship acquired=
|Ship commissioned=
|Ship decommissioned=
|Ship in service=
|Ship out of service=
|Ship struck=
|Ship reinstated=
|Ship fate= * Scuttled 25 April 1862
* Raised and sold for [[scrap]] ca. 1868
))
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))
|}
[[File:Pioneer full scale replica on display at the Warren Lasch Conservation Center.jpg|thumb|''Pioneer'' full-scale replica on display at the [[Warren Lasch Conservation Center]]]]
'''''Pioneer''''' was the first of three [[submarine]]s privately developed and paid for by [[Horace Lawson Hunley]], [[James McClintock (shipbuilder)|James McClintock]], and [[Baxter Watson]].

While the [[United States Navy]] was constructing its first submarine, [[American submarine Alligator (1862)|USS ''Alligator'']], during the [[American Civil War]] in late 1861, the [[Confederate States of America|Confederates]] were doing so as well. Horace L. Hunley, James McClintock, and Baxter Watson built ''Pioneer'' in [[New Orleans]], [[Louisiana]]. It was the first of three submarines financially backed by Hunley (Pioneer, [[American Diver|Pioneer II]], and [[H. L. Hunley (submarine)|Hunley]]).<ref>((cite web |last1=Protasio |first1=John |title=Evolution of the Submarine |url=https://warfarehistorynetwork.com/article/evolution-of-the-submarine/ |website=warfarehistorynetwork.com |date=10 June 2021 |publisher=Military Heritage |access-date=23 May 2023))</ref> The Pioneer was thirty feet long and four feet in diameter.<ref>((cite web |last1=Bonnette |first1=Roy |title=Technology and Practice in a Historical Context: Building the Civil War Submarine Pioneer |url=https://www.iastatedigitalpress.com/jtmae/article/14237/galley/13001/view/ |website=www.iastatedigitalpress.com |publisher=National Association of Industrial Technology |access-date=23 May 2023))</ref> The crew consisted of a pilot and one man to rotate the propeller manually. It was equipped with an explosive that would be attached to the hull of an enemy vessel and blown up using a clockwork mechanism.<ref>((cite journal |last1=Kelln |first1=Albert |title=Confederate Submarines |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/4245946 |journal=The Virginia Magazine of History and Biography |date=1953 |volume=61 |issue=3 |pages=293–303 |publisher=Virginia Historical Society |jstor=4245946 |access-date=23 May 2023))</ref>  ''Pioneer'' was tested in February 1862 in the [[Mississippi River]], and later was towed to [[Lake Pontchartrain]] for additional [[Sea trials|trials]] where it successfully managed to sink a schooner,<ref>((cite web |last1=Protasio |first1=John |title=Evolution of the Submarine |url=https://warfarehistorynetwork.com/article/evolution-of-the-submarine/ |website=warfarehistorynetwork.com |date=10 June 2021 |publisher=Military Heritage |access-date=23 May 2023))</ref> but the [[Union (American Civil War)|Union]] advance towards New Orleans the following month prompted the men to abandon development and [[scuttling|scuttle]] ''Pioneer'' in the [[New Basin Canal]] on 25 April 1862.<ref>[http://www.usnlp.org/navychronology/1862a.html usnlp.org Navy Chronology of the Civil War, January–June 1862]</ref>  The team followed with the Pioneer II or ((ship||American Diver)), built after they relocated to [[Mobile, Alabama|Mobile]], [[Alabama]].

The scuttled ''Pioneer'' was raised and examined by Union troops. ''[[The Times-Picayune]]'' of New Orleans of 15 February 1868 reported ''Pioneer'' had been sold for [[Ship breaking|scrap]].<ref>[http://www.bestofneworleans.com/dispatch/2007-09-11/blake.php Best of New Orleans website]</ref>

The [[Bayou St. John submarine]], now in the collection of the [[Louisiana State Museum]], was for decades misidentified as ''Pioneer''. The Bayou St. John submarine and ''Pioneer'' may have undergone trials at about the same time and confusion between the two may date back to contemporary accounts; it is not clear which of the two was constructed first.

A life-size model of ''Pioneer'' can be viewed and explored at Maritime Museum Louisiana,<ref>[http://www.lpbmm.org Lake Pontchartrain Basin Maritime Museum]</ref> in [[Madisonville, Louisiana|Madisonville]], Louisiana.

==References==
((reflist))
((Commons category|Pioneer (submarine, 1862)))

((1862 shipwrecks))

[[Category:Submarines of the Confederate States Navy]]
[[Category:Louisiana in the American Civil War]]
[[Category:Ships built in New Orleans|Pioneer (sub)]]
[[Category:Hand-cranked submarines]]
[[Category:Scuttled vessels]]
[[Category:Shipwrecks of the American Civil War]]
[[Category:Shipwrecks of the Mississippi River]]
[[Category:Maritime incidents in April 1862]]
[[Category:1862 ships]]


((AmericanCivilWar-ship-stub))

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