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((about-distinguish2|marking of pipes inside of buildings|[[Utility location|Underground utility locating and marking]]))
((multiple issues|
((context|date=September 2015))
((more citations needed|date=September 2015))
((Globalize|article|USA|2name=the United States|date=March 2019))
))
((multiple image
 | align             = right
 | direction         = vertical
 | total_width       = 300
 | image1            = Acetylene - Pipe Marker (R).svg
 | image2            = Chlorine - Pipe Marker (L).svg
 | image3            = Sprinkler Water - Pipe Marker (L).svg
 | footer_background =
 | footer_align      = center
 | footer            = Three ASME A13.1 pipe markers.
))
'''Pipe marking''' is the used to identify the contents, properties and flow direction of fluids in [[piping]]. Marking assists personnel to identify the correct pipes for operational, maintenance or emergency response purposes. Pipes are marked by [[Label|labels]], typically color coded, to identify the use, contents and flow direction.

== Background ==
Pipes are used extensively in commercial and industrial buildings and on industrial plant (e.g. [[Oil refinery|oil refineries]]) to transfer fluids between items of plant and equipment.<ref name=":2" /> Positive identification assists operations personnel to correctly identify plant when carrying out routine or maintenance activities, and for emergency personnel when responding to emergencies. Pipe marking is particularly important for identification where pipes run along [[Pipe rack|pipe racks]], through walls and bulkheads and through floors.<ref name=":0" />

A range of corporate, national and international codes, standards and regulations are in use around the world.

==ANSI/ASME Standards==
In the [[United States]], [[Occupational Safety and Health Administration]] regulations recommend following ''[[American Society of Mechanical Engineers]] Standard A13.1-2015 - Scheme for the Identification of Piping Systems''.<ref name="OSHA 1910.261">((cite web |last1=Occupational Safety & Health Administration |authorlink1=Occupational Safety and Health Administration |title=1910.261 - Pulp, paper, and paperboard mills. |url=https://www.osha.gov/laws-regs/regulations/standardnumber/1910/1910.261 |website=osha.gov |accessdate=21 March 2019 |date=November 2016 |quote=1910.261(a)(3)(ii) Scheme for the Identification of Piping Systems, A13.1—1956.))</ref>

The standard states that labels should be placed where easily viewed by a person standing near the pipe at any of the following points:<ref name="ANSI/ASME A13.1 2015"/>
((colbegin))
* [[Valve]]s and [[Flange#Pipe flanges|flanges]].
* Approximately every ((convert|25|ft|m)) to ((convert|50|ft|m)) on straight sections.
* A pipe passes through a wall or floor.
* Any pipe direction changes, such bends or junctions.
((colend))

{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;"
|+A13.1-1996 <ref name="ANSI/ASME A13.1 2015"/>
|-
! Meaning
! Background Color
! Text Color
! Example
|-
| Hazardous materials((efn|Explosives, flammables, corrosives, toxic, radioactive, extreme pressures/temperatures.))
| Safety Yellow
| Black
| style="background:#FED005;color:black;text-align:center;" | '''Acetylene'''
|-
| Non-hazardous liquids
| Safety Green
| White
| style="background:#007749;color:white;text-align:center;" | '''Stormwater'''
|-
| Non-hazardous gases
| Safety Blue
| White
| style="background:#0C4D96;color:white;text-align:center;" | '''Nitrogen'''
|-
| Firefighting materials
| Safety Red
| White
| style="background:#D92C26;color:white;text-align:center;" | '''Sprinkler Water'''
|}
{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;"
|+A13.1-2007/2015<ref name="ANSI/ASME A13.1 2015"/>
|-
! Meaning
! Background Color
! Text Color
! Example
|-
| Flammables((efn|Flash point below ((convert|100|F|C K)).<ref name="NASA GSFC-STD-8006"/>)) & Oxidizers((efn|Oxidizers were added in 2015 update.<ref name="NASA GSFC-STD-8006"/>))
| Safety Yellow
| Black
| style="background:#FED005;color:black;text-align:center;" | '''Acetylene'''
|-
| Combustible Fluids((efn|Fluids that can burn, but are not considered 'flammable', flash point at or above ((convert|100|F|C K)).<ref name="NASA GSFC-STD-8006">((cite web |last1=NASA |authorlink1=NASA |title=GSFC-STD-8006 - Safety Standard for Ground piping Systems Color Coding and Identification |url=https://standards.nasa.gov/standard/gsfc/gsfc-std-8006 |website=standards.nasa.gov/ |accessdate=21 March 2019 |language=English |date=17 November 2017))</ref>))
| Safety Brown
| White
| style="background:#73391C;color:white;text-align:center;" | '''Lubricating Oil'''
|-
| Toxic and Corrosives
| Safety Orange
| White
| style="background:#E37325;color:white;text-align:center;" | '''Ammonia'''
|-
| Water
| Safety Green
| White
| style="background:#007749;color:white;text-align:center;" | '''Stormwater'''
|-
| Compressed air/Non-hazardous gases
| Safety Blue
| White
| style="background:#0C4D96;color:white;text-align:center;" | '''Compressed Air'''
|-
| Firefighting materials
| Safety Red
| White
| style="background:#D92C26;color:white;text-align:center;" | '''Sprinkler Water'''
|-
| ((Coltit|EAEBEF))
| ((Coltit|EAEBEF))
| ((Coltit|EAEBEF))
| ((Coltit|EAEBEF))
|-
| Custom - Defined by user
| Safety Purple
| White
| style="background:#9E3995;color:white;text-align:center;" | '''Fluid Name'''
|-
| Custom - Defined by user
| Safety Grey
| White
| style="background:#7B868E;color:white;text-align:center;" | '''Fluid Name'''
|-
| Custom - Defined by user
| White
| Black
| style="background:#FFFFFF;color:black;text-align:center;" | '''Fluid Name'''
|-
| Custom - Defined by user
| Black
| White
| style="background:#000000;color:white;text-align:center;" | '''Fluid Name'''
|}

===2015 revisions===
[[File:Acetone - Pipe Marker (GHS) (R).svg|300px|thumb|left|A 2015 style pipe marker with GHS signal word and symbols.]]
2015 revisions added oxidizing materials to the existing 'Flammables' classification. The other major change allowed and encouraged labels to incorporate the [[Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals|GHS]] signal word, [[GHS hazard pictograms|hazard pictograms]], and [[GHS hazard statements|hazard statements]]. This addition helped identify additional dangers when dealing with materials that fit into multiple categories, like [[hydrogen sulfide]], which is both flammable and toxic.<ref name="ANSI/ASME A13.1 2015">((cite web |last1=Brimar Industries |title=ANSI/ASME A13.1 2015 |url=https://www.pipemarker.com/static/PDF/ANSI-ASME-Summary.pdf |website=Pipemarker.com |accessdate=21 March 2019 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190321033946/https://www.pipemarker.com/static/PDF/ANSI-ASME-Summary.pdf |archivedate=21 March 2019 |language=English ))</ref>

==IIAR Bulletin #114==
[[File:IIAR 114 Pipe Marker - Ammonia LTRS Low (L).svg|right|thumb|200px|IIAR Bulletin 114 pipe marker for a low-temperature recirculated suction (LTRS) line, where both liquid and vapor are present<ref name="IIAR - 114"/>]]
In 2014, the International Institute of Ammonia Refrigeration introduced a specialized label design for use when marking pipes associated with [[Vapor-compression refrigeration|refrigeration systems]] using [[Ammonia#Refrigeration – R717|ammonia]], including information such as the [[State of matter|physical state]], pressure and purpose in the system.<ref name="IIAR - 114">((cite web |last1=International Institute of Ammonia Refrigeration |title=Guidelines for: Identification of Ammonia Refrigeration Piping and System Components |url=http://web.iiar.org/membersonly/PDF/CO/Bulletin_114_REV032014.pdf |accessdate=21 March 2019 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190321035215/http://web.iiar.org/membersonly/PDF/CO/Bulletin_114_REV032014.pdf |archivedate=21 March 2019 |language=English ))</ref>

==NFPA 99C 2002==
The [[National Fire Protection Association]] have a special labeling system in the standard for Health Care Facilities, such as hospitals and dentistry offices. This standard puts more emphasis on gases found in [[Medical gas supply|Medical gas supply systems]], which consist of both [[Oxidizing agent|oxidizing gases]] and gases that [[Asphyxia|displace oxygen]].<ref name="NFPA 99C 2002">((cite web |last1=Craftmark Pipe Markers |title=NFPA 99C 2002 |url=http://www.craftmarkid.com/nfpaguide.pdf |website=craftmarkid.com |accessdate=21 March 2019 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190321065739/http://www.craftmarkid.com/nfpaguide.pdf |archivedate=21 March 2019 |language=English ))</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Gas !! Background Color !! Text Color
|-
| Carbon Dioxide || Gray || Black or White
|-
| Helium || Brown || White
|-
| Medical Air || Yellow || Black
|-
| Oxygen || Green || White((efn|Background & Text color can be reversed.))
|-
| Oxygen/Carbon Mixtures || Green || White
|-
| Nitrogen || Black || White
|-
| Nitrous Oxide || Blue || White
|-
| Waste Anesthetic Gas Disposal || Purple || White
|-
| Medical Surgical Vacuum || White || Black
|-
| Non-Medical Air || Yellow/White Diagonal Striped || Black
|-
| Non-medical and Level 3 Vacuum || Black/White Diagonal Striped || Black (In box)
|-
| Laboratory Air || Yellow/White Checkerboard || Black
|-
| Laboratory Vacuum || Black/White Checkerboard || Black (In box)
|-
| Instrument Air || Red || White
|}

== United Kingdom Regulations ==
In the United Kingdom there are three principal regulations that mandate the marking of equipment and piping:

* ''Classification, Labelling and Packaging of Chemicals'' ''(Amendments to Secondary Legislation) Regulations 2015'',<ref>((Cite web|title=The GB CLP Regulation|url=https://www.hse.gov.uk/chemical-classification/legal/clp-regulation.htm|access-date=12 February 2022|website=www.hse.gov.uk))</ref>
* ''Health and Safety (Safety Signs and Signals) Regulations 1996'',<ref>((Cite web|title=The Health and Safety (Safety Signs and Signals) Regulations 1996|url=https://www.hse.gov.uk/pubns/priced/l64.pdf|access-date=12 February 2022|website=www.hse.gov.uk))</ref>
* ''Provision and Use of Work Equipment Regulations 1998'',<ref name=":2">((Cite web|title=Safe use of work equipment|url=https://www.hse.gov.uk/pubns/priced/l22.pdf|access-date=12 February 2022|website=www.hse.gov.uk))</ref>

The regulations require that vessels containing hazardous substances together with the pipes containing or transporting such substances must be labelled or marked with the relevant hazard pictograms or pipe marking. The labels used on pipes must be positioned visibly in the vicinity of the most hazardous points, such as valves and joints; at both sides of [[Bulkhead (partition)|bulkheads]] and floor penetrations; and at reasonable intervals.

The regulations do not specify a specific marking system, but BS EN ISO 1710 ''Graphical symbols — Safety colours and safety signs'' is often used.

== BS 1710 ==
A widely used British (BS) standard for marking equipment is:

* BS 1710:2019 ''Graphical symbols — Safety colours and safety signs — Registered safety signs''
The Standard stipulates the colours to be used. These are as follows:<ref name=":0">((Cite web|title=Pipe marking solutions to meet British Standard 1710 (BS 1710)|url=https://silverfox.co.uk/pipe-marking-british-standard-1710-bs-1710/|access-date=12 February 2022|website=silverfox.co.uk|date=October 2018 ))</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|+BS 1710 Basic identification colours for pipes
!Contents
!Colour
!BS 4800 colour
|-
|Water
|Green
|12 D 45
|-
|Steam
|Silver-grey
|10 A 03
|-
|Oils
|Brown
|06 C 39
|-
|Gases
|Yellow Ochre
|08 C 35
|-
|Acids and  Alkalis
|Violet
|22 C 37
|-
|Air
|Light Blue
|20 E 51
|-
|Other liquids
|Black
|00 E 53
|-
|Electrical  & Ventilation
|Orange
|06 E 51
|}
In addition to the basic colours, certain safety colours are used:
{| class="wikitable"
|+BS 1710 Safety colours for pipes
!Safety service
!Colour
!BS 4800 colour
|-
|Fire fighting
|Red
|04 E 53
|-
|Warning
|Yellow
|08 E 51
|-
|Fresh water
|Auxiliary  Blue
|18 E 53
|-
|User defined
|User defined
|
|}
The arrangement of markings is for the safety colour to be between bands of the basic colour.<ref name=":0" />

Firewater service would be:
[[File:Firewater_marking.jpg|none|thumb|Basic marking of firewater piping in accordance with BS EN ISO 7010]]
The pipe contents must be identified adjacent to the banding.<ref name=":0" /> This can be done by giving either:

* The full name
* Abbreviation
* Chemical symbol
* Refrigerant number
* Coloured bands (user specified)

The direction of flow should also be identified near the banding.<ref name=":0" />

Examples using this system are as shown.
[[File:Pipe_tags.jpg|thumb|Examples of pipe marking using BS 7010|none|400x400px]]

== Ships and marine facilities (ISO 14726) ==
Ships and marine facilities must conform to an international standard for piping systems identification. This is ISO 14726:2008 ''Ships and marine technology — Identification colours for the content of piping systems''.<ref name=":1">((Cite web|title=ISO 14726|url=https://www.scribd.com/doc/113650537/ISO-14726-Color-Marking-on-Pipeshttps://www.scribd.com/doc/113650537/ISO-14726-Color-Marking-on-Pipes|access-date=13 February 2022|website=www.scribd.com))</ref>

This is a two-colour banded marking system. The main colour shows what the fluid is being used for. This is on either side of the secondary colour which indicates what the substance actually is. The main colours are as follows:<ref name=":1" />

* ((color box|black)) Black - Waste media
* ((color box|blue)) Blue - Fresh water
* ((color box|brown)) Brown - Fuel
* ((color box|green)) Green – Sea water
* ((color box|grey)) Grey - Non-flammable gases
* ((color box|maroon)) Maroon - Air and sounding pipes
* ((color box|orange)) Orange - Oils other than fuels
* ((color box|silver)) Silver - Steam
* ((color box|red)) Red - Fire fighting
* ((color box|violet)) Violet - [[Acid|Acids]], alkalis
* ((color box|white)) White - Air in ventilation systems
* ((color box|yellow)) Yellow - Flammable gases

== International Standard ISO 20560-1 ==
International Standard ISO 20560-1 ''Safety information for the content of piping systems and tanks — Part 1: Piping systems'' was intended to replace the variety of regulations and standards across countries and regions. Basic identification colours and warning symbols identify the pipe contents and any hazards.<ref name=":4">((Cite web|title=ISO 20560|url=https://www.iso.org/standard/71570.html|access-date=14 February 2022|website=www.iso.org))</ref>

Pipe markers consists of 4 basic elements:

* Basic identification colour
* Name of the substance/content
* Flow direction indicator arrows
* Warning symbols

Colours and substances are typically as follows:<ref name=":4" />
{| class="wikitable"
|+ISO 20560-1 Colours and substances
! Substance !!colspan="2"| Background colour !!colspan="2"| Text colour
|-
|Hazardous substances
|bgcolor="yellow"| ||Yellow
|bgcolor="black"| ||Black
|-
|Gas (liquid or gaseous)
|bgcolor="grey"| ||Grey
|bgcolor="white"| ||White
|-
|Liquids & solids (powder/granulate)
|bgcolor="black"| ||Black
|bgcolor="white"| ||White
|-
|Acids
|bgcolor="orange"| ||Orange
|bgcolor="black"| ||Black
|-
|Alkalis
|bgcolor="violet"| ||Violet
|bgcolor="white"| ||White
|-
|Fire fighting medium
|bgcolor="red"| ||Red
|bgcolor="white"| ||White
|-
|Water
|bgcolor="green"| ||Green
|bgcolor="white"| ||White
|-
|Air
|bgcolor="blue"| ||Blue
|bgcolor="white"| ||White
|}

==See also==
* [[Piping]]
* [[American National Standards Institute]]
* [[ASME|American Society of Mechanical Engineers]]

==Notes==
((notelist))

==References==
((reflist))

<!-- ==Further reading== -->

((Hazardous materials|state=collapsed))
((Engineering fields|state=collapsed))
((Plumbing))

[[Category:Piping]]
[[Category:Civil engineering]]
[[Category:Hazardous materials]]
[[Category:Chemical safety]]

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