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((short description|Species of bat from Madagascar))
((Speciesbox
| status            = DD
| status_system     = IUCN3.1
| status_ref        = <ref name="iucn status 19 November 2021">((cite iucn |author=Jenkins, R.K.B. |author2=Rakotoarivelo, A.R. |author3=Ratrimomanarivo, F.H. |author4=Cardiff, S.G. |date=2019 |title=''Pipistrellus raceyi'' |volume=2019 |page=e.T136646A21989768 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T136646A21989768.en |access-date=19 November 2021))</ref>
| genus             = Pipistrellus
| species           = raceyi
| authority         = Bates, Ratrimomanarivo, Harrison, and Goodman, 2006
| range_map         = Pipistrellus raceyi range map.svg
| range_map_alt     = Map of Madagascar off the African coast, showing four red dots (2 along the east coast, 2 along the west coast), representing the range of Pipistrellus raceyi.
| range_map_caption = Distribution of ''Pipistrellus raceyi''<ref>Bates et al., 2006, figure 7</ref>
))

'''''Pipistrellus raceyi''''', also known as '''Racey's pipistrelle''', is a [[bat]] from [[Madagascar]], in the genus ''[[Pipistrellus]]''. Although unidentified species of ''Pipistrellus'' had been previously reported from Madagascar since the 1990s, ''P.&nbsp;raceyi'' was not formally named until 2006. It is apparently most closely related to the Asian species ''[[Pipistrellus endoi|P.&nbsp;endoi]]'', ''[[Pipistrellus paterculus|P.&nbsp;paterculus]]'', and ''[[Pipistrellus abramus|P.&nbsp;abramus]]'', and its ancestors probably reached Madagascar from Asia. ''P.&nbsp;raceyi'' has been recorded at four sites, two in the eastern and two in the western lowlands. In the east, it is found in open areas and has been found roosting in a building; in the west it occurs in dry forest. Because of uncertainties about its ecology, it is listed as "[[Data Deficient]]" on the [[IUCN Red List]].

With a forearm length of 28.0 to 31.2&nbsp;mm (1.10 to 1.23&nbsp;in), ''Pipistrellus raceyi'' is small to medium-sized for a species of ''Pipistrellus''. The body is reddish above and yellow-brown below. The wings are dark and the feet are small. Males have a long penis and [[baculum]] (penis bone), which is somewhat similar to those of ''P.&nbsp;endoi'', ''P.&nbsp;abramus'' and ''P.&nbsp;paterculus''. In the skull, the [[Rostrum (anatomy)|rostrum]] (front part) is less flat than in related species and the [[supraorbital ridge]]s (above the eyes) are prominent. The fourth upper [[premolar]] does not touch the upper [[canine (tooth)|canine]] and the second lower premolar is well-developed.

==Taxonomy==
Since they were first recorded in 1905, when Thomas and Schwann described the species ''Vespertilio matroka'' (currently ''[[Neoromicia matroka]]''), the [[classification (biology)|classification]] and status of small [[Vespertilionidae|vespertilionid]] bats ("pipistrelles") from Madagascar have remained unclear. Although several species were recorded, they remained little known. A species of the genus ''[[Pipistrellus]]'' with affinities to  [[Indomalayan realm|Oriental]] (southeastern Asian) species was first recorded in 1995, and several later authors recorded one or more unidentified ''Pipistrellus'' species.<ref name=Bea299-300/>

In 2006, Paul Bates and colleagues reported on a collection of 44 Malagasy "pipistrelles" received by the [[Harrison Institute]], which included several species new to Madagascar, as well as a single species new to science.<ref name=Bea299-300>Bates et al., 2006, pp.&nbsp;299–300</ref> This species, a member of ''Pipistrellus'', was described as ''Pipistrellus raceyi''.<ref name=Bea301>Bates et al., 2006, p.&nbsp;301</ref> In a 2007 article, [[Steven M. Goodman|Steven Goodman]] mentioned it as part of a flurry of new [[List of bats of Madagascar|bat species from Madagascar]]; the number of species increased from 27 in 1995 to 37 in 2007.<ref>Goodman, 2007, p.&nbsp;13</ref> The [[specific name (zoology)|specific name]], ''raceyi'', honors bat researcher [[Paul Racey]] and the describers suggested the [[common name]] "Racey's pipistrelle bat".<ref name="Bea302" /> ''P.&nbsp;raceyi'' closely resembles the Asian species ''[[Pipistrellus endoi|P.&nbsp;endoi]]'', ''[[Pipistrellus paterculus|P.&nbsp;paterculus]]'', and ''[[Pipistrellus abramus|P.&nbsp;abramus]]'', and Bates and colleagues hypothesized that it may be related to these species. If this is true, the ancestors of ''P.&nbsp;raceyi'' presumably reached Madagascar from Asia, not from Africa like most of the island's bat fauna. ''P.&nbsp;raceyi'' shares this distinction with a few other Malagasy bats: the large fruit bat ''[[Pteropus rufus]]'' and both species of the small insectivorous bat ''[[Emballonura]]'' recorded on Madagascar.<ref>Bates et al., 2006, p.&nbsp;321</ref>

==Description==
''Pipistrellus raceyi'' is a small to medium-sized pipistrelle.<ref name=Bea302>Bates et al., 2006, p.&nbsp;302</ref> It is long-furred and the body is reddish above, with the head a trifle darker, and yellowish-brown below. The [[gland]]ular swellings on the muzzle, next to the nose, are hairless. The dark, short, round ears bear three to five ridges. The crescent-shaped [[tragus (ear)|tragus]] (a projection on the inner side of the outer ear) is about half as long as the ear and contains a slight constriction on the back side of its base. The wings are dark. The third through fifth [[metacarpal]]s (hand bones) are about equally long, but the first [[Phalanx bone|phalange]] (finger bone) on the third finger is short.<ref name=Bea304/> ''P.&nbsp;endoi'' has a longer first phalange on the third metacarpal.<ref name=Bea309>Bates et al., 2006, p.&nbsp;309</ref> ''P.&nbsp;raceyi'' has short [[tibia]]e (lower leg bones) and small feet and the tail is shorter than the head and body.<ref name=Bea304/> Forearm length is 28.0 to 31.2&nbsp;mm (1.10 to 1.23&nbsp;in), tail length is 22.9 to 30.3&nbsp;mm (0.90 to 1.19&nbsp;in), hindfoot length is 5.3 to 7.5&nbsp;mm (0.21 to 0.30&nbsp;in), and ear length is 7.5 to 10.6&nbsp;mm (0.30 to 0.42&nbsp;in) in 13 measured specimens. Females average slightly larger than males.<ref name=Beat1/>

Males have a long, straight penis with a notch between the shaft and the narrow, egg-shaped [[glans penis]]. Near the top, the penis is haired, but the base is almost naked. In the [[baculum]] (penis bone), the shaft is long and narrow and slightly curved.<ref name=Bea304>Bates et al., 2006, p.&nbsp;304</ref> The length of the penis and baculum distinguish ''P.&nbsp;raceyi'' from all comparably sized African and Malagasy vespertilionids.<ref name=Bea305/> ''P.&nbsp;endoi'', ''P.&nbsp;paterculus'', and ''P.&nbsp;abramus'' have more similar bacula, but that of ''P.&nbsp;abramus'' is more curved, the shaft and the tip are more robust in ''P.&nbsp;paterculus'', and the proximal (near) end is more robust in ''P.&nbsp;endoi''.<ref>Bates et al., 2006, pp.&nbsp;306–307</ref> In males, penis length is 9.6 to 11.8&nbsp;mm (0.38 to 0.46&nbsp;in) and baculum length is 8.8 to 10.0&nbsp;mm (0.35 to 0.39&nbsp;in).<ref name=Beat1>Bates et al., 2006, table&nbsp;1</ref>

In the skull, there is a well-defined lowered area in the middle of the rostrum (front part), which nearly touches the back margin of the large, V-shaped nasal aperture (opening for the nose). Next to the aperture are two elevated areas, above the [[incisor]]s. The [[zygomatic arch]]es (cheekbones) are slender. The [[supraorbital ridge]]s (located above the eyes) are well-developed.<ref name=Bea304/> ''P.&nbsp;abramus'', ''P.&nbsp;endoi'', and ''P.&nbsp;paterculus'' have a flatter rostrum and less prominent supraorbital ridges.<ref>Bates et al., 2006, pp.&nbsp;307, 309</ref> The [[braincase]] is of average size and bears a poorly developed [[sagittal crest]] on its roof. The [[supraoccipital]], the backmost part of the skull, is convex. The sides of the concave [[palate]] are about parallel.<ref name=Bea304/>

The [[dental formula]] is ((DentalFormula|upper=2.1.2.3|lower=3.1.2.3)) (two [[incisor]]s, one [[canine tooth|canine]], two [[premolar]]s, and three [[molar (tooth)|molars]] in the upper jaw, and three incisors, one canine, two premolars, and three molars in the lower jaw). Because the ancestors of ''P. raceyi'' lost the first upper incisor and first and third upper and lower premolars, the upper incisors are designated I2 and I3 and the premolars are designated P2 and P4 (uppers) and p2 and p4 (lowers).<ref>Bates et al., 2006, pp.&nbsp;302, 304–305; Hill and Harrison, 1987, p. 238</ref> I2 has a well-developed second cusp in addition to the main cusp and I3 about reaches the height of the second cusp of I2.<ref name=Bea304/> The stout upper canine bears a single cusp. P2 is prominent and is displaced slightly towards the inner side of the toothrow. P4 does not contact the canine. The first and second upper molar (M1 and M2) are about equally large, but M3 is smaller. Each of the lower incisors bears three cusps and the third (i3) may touch the lower canine (c1). The latter tooth has a second cusp, which reaches higher than i3. The p2 touches the back of c1 and attains between 59-100% the crown area of p4. The first two lower molars (m1 and m2) have the back group of cusps ([[talonid]]) larger than the front one ([[trigonid]]), and m3 is again smaller.<ref name=Bea305>Bates et al., 2006, p.&nbsp;305</ref>

==Distribution, ecology, and behavior==
''Pipistrellus raceyi'' is known from four places on Madagascar, all below 80&nbsp;m (260&nbsp;ft) altitude, of which two are on the west and two on the east side of the island.<ref name=Bea309/> Among the eastern collection sites, [[Kianjavato]] is a rural town surrounded by farmland and secondary forests, where ''P.&nbsp;raceyi'' were collected while leaving a hollow in the concrete wall of a house and in a [[mistnet]] over a river,<ref>Bates et al., 2006, pp.&nbsp;309, 311; Goodman, 2007, p.&nbsp;14</ref> and [[Tampolo]] is in a heavily disturbed agriculturally used area. Both western localities, [[Kirindy]] and [[Mikea]], are in dry forest. In Kirindy, the pipistrelle ''[[Hypsugo anchietae]]'' has also been recorded. The true distribution of ''P.&nbsp;raceyi'' is probably larger than that currently known.<ref name=Bea311/> Nothing is known about the diet, but vespertilionid bats generally eat insects.<ref>Emmons and Feer, 1997, p. 93</ref>

There is very limited data on reproduction. Young are probably born near the start of the [[rainy season]], in November–December, when food is plentiful. Six bats were caught at the roost site in Kianjavato, of which only one was a male; this led Bates and colleagues to suggest that the species may be [[polygynous]], with groups consisting of a male and multiple females.<ref name=Bea311>Bates et al., 2006, p.&nbsp;311</ref>

==Conservation status==
The [[IUCN Red List]] has assessed ''Pipistrellus raceyi'' as "[[Data Deficient]]" because of insufficient knowledge about its abundance and habitat requirements. All four known sites are near forest, but that may be a [[sampling (statistics)|sampling]] artifact. Although [[deforestation]] may pose a threat, each of the collection sites has some sort of [[forest protection]] measures in place.<ref name="iucn status 19 November 2021" />

==References==
((Reflist|20em))

==Literature cited==
* Bates, P.J.J., Ratrimomanarivo, F.H., Harrison, D.L. and Goodman, S.M. 2006. [http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.3161/1733-5329(2006)8%5B299:ADOANS%5D2.0.CO%3B2 A description of a new species of ''Pipistrellus'' (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) from Madagascar with a review of related Vespertilioninae from the island] (subscription required). ''Acta Chiropterologica'' 8(2):299–324.
* Emmons, L.H. and Feer, F. 1997. [https://books.google.com/books?id=cqkfJIQG84QC ''Neotropical Rainforest Mammals: A Field Guide'']. 2nd ed. The University of Chicago Press, 307&nbsp;pp. ((ISBN|0-226-20721-8))
* Goodman, S.M. 2007. [http://www.batcon.org/pdfs/BATSmag/batssummer07.pdf An island of discoveries: Madagascar reveals a swarm of new bat species] ((Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923182635/http://www.batcon.org/pdfs/BATSmag/batssummer07.pdf |date=2015-09-23 )). ''Bats'' 25(2):12–14.
* Hill, J.E. and Harrison, D.L. 1987. [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/part/18307#/summary The baculum in the Vespertilioninae (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) with a systematic review, a synopsis of ''Pipistrellus'' and ''Eptesicus'', and the descriptions of a new genus and subgenus]. ''Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Zoology Series'' 52(7):225–305.
* ((cite iucn| last1=Jenkins|first1=R.K.B.|last2=Rakotoarivelo| first2=A.R.| last3=Ratrimomanarivo| first3=F.H.| last4=Cardiff |first4=S.G. |year=2019| title=Pipistrellus raceyi|volume=2019 |page=e.T136646A21989768))
((Vespertilionidae|V.|P.))
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[[Category:Pipistrellus]]
[[Category:Mammals described in 2006]]
[[Category:Bats of Africa]]
[[Category:Mammals of Madagascar]]

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