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((short description|Polish military forces in the USSR during WWII))
((about|the World War II formation|the World War I formation|Polish Armed Forces in the East (1914–20)))
((more citations needed|date=May 2012))
[[File:KURICA.png|thumb|250px|The "[[Piast dynasty|Piast]] eagle" worn by [[Polish People's Army|Polish Army Formations in the East]], 1943–1945]]
The '''Polish Armed Forces in the East''' (((lang-pl|Polskie Siły Zbrojne na Wschodzie))), also called '''Polish Army in the USSR,''' were the [[Polish Armed Forces|Polish military forces]] established in the [[Soviet Union]] during [[World War II]].

Two armies were formed separately and at different times. ''[[Anders' Army]]'', created in the second half of 1941, was loyal to the [[Polish government-in-exile]]. After [[Operation Barbarossa]] and the consequent Polish-Soviet [[Sikorski–Mayski agreement]], an [[amnesty for Polish citizens in the Soviet Union]] was declared, which made the formation of Polish military units possible.<ref name="https://direct.mit.edu/isec/article/46/1/147/102854/Leaning-on-Legionnaires-Why-Modern-States-Recruit">((cite web|url=https://direct.mit.edu/isec/article/46/1/147/102854/Leaning-on-Legionnaires-Why-Modern-States-Recruit|title=Leaning on Legionnaires: Why Modern States Recruit Foreign Soldiers |last = Grasmeder|first = Elizabeth M.F.| accessdate=30 July 2021 | newspaper= [[International Security]]))</ref> In 1942, Anders' Army was evacuated to [[Iran]] and transferred to the command of the [[Allies of World War II|Western Allies]]. It became known as the [[II Corps (Poland)|Polish II Corps]] and went on to fight [[Nazi Germany|Nazi German]] forces in the [[Italian Campaign (World War II)|Italian Campaign]], including the [[Battle of Monte Cassino]].

From Poles who remained in the Soviet Union, the [[Polish 1st Tadeusz Kościuszko Infantry Division]] was formed in May 1943. It was enlarged and reorganised into the [[First Polish Army (1944–1945)|Polish First Army]] (''Berling's Army'') and the [[Second Army (Poland)|Polish Second Army]]. Together they constituted the [[Polish People's Army]] (''Ludowe Wojsko Polskie'', LWP); it fought on the [[Eastern Front (World War II)|Eastern Front]] under Soviet command all the way to the [[Battle of Berlin]].<ref name="https://direct.mit.edu/isec/article/46/1/147/102854/Leaning-on-Legionnaires-Why-Modern-States-Recruit"/> Like other [[communism|communist]]-led Polish institutions, the People's Army operated in opposition to the Polish government-in-exile.

After the war, the Polish People's Army became the military of [[History of Poland (1945–1989)|communist-ruled Poland]].

==Anders' Army: 1941–1942==

[[File:Z niewoli.JPG|thumb|200px|Polish volunteers to the [[Anders' Army|army]] of [[Władysław Anders]], released from a Soviet [[Prisoner of war|POW]] camp]]

((further|Anders' Army|II Corps (Poland)))

At the outset of the [[Soviet invasion of Poland]] (17 September 1939), the Soviets declared that the Polish state and government—as a result of the German [[invasion of Poland]] that began on 1 September 1939—no longer existed and proclaimed any treaty or diplomatic relations between the Soviet Union and Poland invalid.<ref name="SCHULENBURG">See telegrams: [http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/nazsov/ns069.htm No. 317] ((webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091107175858/http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/nazsov/ns069.htm |date=2009-11-07 )) of September 10: Schulenburg, the German ambassador in the Soviet Union, to the German Foreign Office. Moscow, September 10, 1939-9:40 p.m.; [http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/nazsov/ns073.htm No. 371] ((webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070430203034/http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/nazsov/ns073.htm |date=2007-04-30 )) of September 16; [http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/nazsov/ns074.htm No. 372] ((webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070430142631/http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/nazsov/ns074.htm |date=2007-04-30 )) of September 17 Source: The Avalon Project at Yale Law School. Last accessed on 14 November 2006; ((in lang|pl))[http://ibidem.com.pl/zrodla/1939-1945/polityka-miedzynarodowa/1939-09-17-nota-sowiecka-grzybowskiemu.html 1939 wrzesień 17, Moskwa Nota rządu sowieckiego nie przyjęta przez ambasadora Wacława Grzybowskiego] (Note of the Soviet government to the Polish government on 17 September 1939 refused by Polish ambassador Wacław Grzybowski). Last accessed on 15 November 2006.</ref> Diplomatic relations were re-established in 1941 after the [[Operation Barbarossa|German invasion of the Soviet Union]], when the [[Government of the United Kingdom|British government]] allied itself with the attacked Soviet Union and pressured the Polish government to act accordingly. Consequently, the military agreement of 14 August and the [[Sikorski–Mayski agreement]] of 17 August, between the [[Polish government-in-exile]] and the Soviet government, were signed; [[Joseph Stalin]] agreed to abrogate the Poland-related aspects of the [[Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact]].<ref name="F-N">René Lefeber, Malgosia Fitzmaurice, ''The Changing Political Structure of Europe: aspects of International law'', Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, ((ISBN|0-7923-1379-8)), [https://books.google.com/books?id=oGGSGhFbCDEC&dq=Sikorski-Mayski+null+and+void&pg=PA101 Google Print, p.101]</ref> As an [[amnesty for Polish citizens in the Soviet Union]] was negotiated, tens of thousands of [[Polish prisoners-of-war in the Soviet Union after 1939|Polish prisoners of war]] held in Soviet camps, as well as hundreds of thousands of Polish citizens who had been deported to the USSR, were released.

Polish Prime Minister, General [[Władysław Sikorski]], nominated General [[Władysław Anders]]—one of the Polish officers held captive in the Soviet Union—as commander of a new Polish army which immediately began to be formed in the USSR with the aim of fighting against the Germans alongside the Soviet [[Red Army]].

The new formation became known as [[Anders' Army]] and started to organise in the [[Buzuluk, Orenburg Oblast|Buzuluk]] area, by recruiting from [[NKVD]] camps for Polish [[Prisoner of war|POW]]s. By the end of 1941, 25,000 soldiers (including 1,000 officers) had been recruited, forming three [[infantry]] [[Division (military)|divisions]]: the [[5th Infantry Division (Poland)|5th]], [[6th Infantry Division (Poland)|6th]] and [[7th Infantry Division (Poland)|7th]]. In the spring of 1942, the force was moved to the area of [[Tashkent]]. The [[8th Infantry Division (Poland)|8th]] and [[9th Infantry Division (Poland)|9th]] divisions were also formed that year (divisions numbered 5 to 9 existed both within Anders' Army and Berling's First (1,2,3,4,6) and Second Armies (5,7,8,9,10).
 
In the second part of 1942, during the German [[Caucasus]] offensive (the most notable part of which was the [[Battle of Stalingrad]]), Stalin agreed to the transfer of the Polish formations to the [[Middle East]]ern front. Anders' Army went via the [[Persian Corridor]] to [[Bandar-e Anzali|Pahlavi]], [[Iran]]. About 77,000 combatants and 41,000 civilians—Polish citizens—left the USSR. Anders' Army thus passed from Soviet control to that of the [[Government of the United Kingdom|British government]] and joined the [[Polish Armed Forces in the West]], forming the bulk of what would become the [[II Corps (Poland)|Polish Second Corps]].

==Berling's Army: 1943–1945==

[[File:Swierczewski Spychalski Zymierski.jpg|thumb|200px|Generals [[Karol Świerczewski]] (front), [[Marian Spychalski]] and [[Michał Rola-Żymierski]]]]

[[File:Polish 2nd Army on the Eastern Front.jpg|thumb|250px|Soldiers of the [[Second Army (Poland)|Polish Second Army]] in the area of the [[Lusatian Neisse]] River after fording it in April 1945]]

[[File:Polish Army 1945.jpg|thumb|250px|Polish Army tanks riding to Berlin in 1945.]]

((further|First Polish Army (1944–1945)|Polish People's Army))

After Anders' Army left Soviet controlled territory, the Soviet-Polish relations deteriorated and the Soviets decided to assume much greater control over the remaining Polish military potential in the USSR. Activities of organisations and people loyal to the Polish government-in-exile, particularly the Polish embassy in [[Moscow]], were curtailed and its assets confiscated. Diplomatic relations between the Soviet Union and the Polish government were suspended by the Soviet side as news of the [[Katyn massacre]] emerged in 1943.((citation needed|date=May 2019))

In June 1943, the [[Union of Polish Patriots]] (ZPP) was founded in Moscow. The ZPP was a mass-membership, communist-led organization for Polish citizens. It conducted political activities and organized large-scale social welfare and relief programs for Polish communities in the Soviet Union.  The ZPP was led by the pro-Soviet [[Communism in Poland|Polish communist]] [[Wanda Wasilewska]].

At the same time, due to the efforts of Wasilewska and [[Zygmunt Berling]], a new army was established—the [[Polish People's Army]] (''Ludowe Wojsko Polskie'', LWP). Its first unit, the [[Polish 1st Tadeusz Kościuszko Infantry Division]] (''1 Dywizja Piechoty im. Tadeusza Kościuszki''), was created in the summer of 1943, reaching operational readiness by June/July. In August, the division was enlarged to a corps, becoming the Polish 1st Corps. It was placed under command of General Berling; other notable commanders included General [[Karol Świerczewski]] and Col. [[Włodzimierz Sokorski]]. The division with its supporting elements was sent to the [[Eastern Front (World War II)|Eastern Front]] in September 1943 and its first major engagement was the [[Battle of Lenino]]. By March 1944, the corps had been strengthened with increasing armoured and mechanical support and numbered over 30,000 soldiers. In mid-March 1944, the corps was reorganized into the [[First Polish Army (1944–1945)|First Polish Army]].

Subsequent Soviet-created Polish army units on the Eastern Front included the [[Second Army (Poland)|Second]] (1945) and Third Polish Armies (the latter was quickly merged with the Second due to recruitment problems); the smaller formations included 10 infantry divisions (numbered from 1st to 10th) and 5 [[armour]]ed brigades. Plans for a Polish Front were considered but dropped, and the Polish First Army was integrated into the [[1st Belorussian Front]].

These formations were led by Soviet commanders and fought under Soviet general command (the Second Army, for example, was led by the Soviet and Polish general [[Stanislav Poplavsky]]). There was a shortage of Polish officers (most were killed at Katyn or departed with Anders' Army) and in the Polish First Army and the Second Army approximately 40% of officers and engineers were Soviet. Special political officers, almost exclusively made up of Soviets, oversaw the Polish soldiers. The Soviets also created political [[military police]], which later became the [[Main Directorate of Information of the Polish Army]] (Główny Zarząd Informacji Wojska Polskiego).<ref name="IPN_LWPPP">[https://web.archive.org/web/20050322163658/http://www.ipn.gov.pl/biuletyn/6/biuletyn6_2.html Polish historian Paweł Piotrowski on LWP]. [[Institute of National Remembrance]], from [[Internet Archive]]. Last accessed on 23 March 2006.</ref>

The First Army entered Poland from Soviet territory in the summer of 1944, on the right wing of the [[Lvov–Sandomierz Offensive]], fighting in the battles during the Soviet crossing of the [[Vistula]] River around [[Dęblin]] and [[Puławy]].<ref name="zaloga1">''Polish Army, 1939–1945'' by Steven J Zaloga, p. 27</ref> In September 1944, units of the First Army were involved in heavy fighting during the latter stages of the [[Warsaw Uprising]], after crossing the Vistula following the capture of [[Warsaw]]'s eastern [[Praga]] district, but suffered heavy losses.

After eventually taking control of Warsaw in January 1945, the First Army took part in the [[Vistula–Oder Offensive]]. Subsequently, it fought in [[Pomerania]], breaking through the [[Pomeranian Wall]] (''Pommernstellung'') fortified line and [[Battle of Kolberg (1945)|capturing Fortress Kolberg]], a heavily fortified city, in March. In April–May 1945, the First Army took part in the Soviet invasion of Germany and the final [[Battle of Berlin|capture of Berlin]].

The Second Army reached operational readiness in January 1945. During the Soviet invasion of Germany it suffered very heavy losses at the [[Battle of Bautzen (1945)|Battle of Bautzen]]. Later it took part in the [[Prague Offensive]], which was the last major Soviet operation of World War II in [[Europe]].

==First Polish Army (Berling's Army)==
((blockquote|
Organization as of 1 May 1945<br>
*[[Polish 1st Tadeusz Kościuszko Infantry Division|1st Infantry Division]] (''[[Tadeusz Kościuszko]]'')
*[[2nd Warsaw Infantry Division|2nd Infantry Division]] (''Jan Henryk Dąbrowski'')
*[[Polish 3rd Infantry Division (Traugutt)|3rd Infantry Division]] (''[[Romuald Traugutt]]'')
*[[4th Infantry Division (Poland)|4th Infantry Division]] (''[[Jan Kiliński]]'')
*[[6th Infantry Division (Poland)|6th Infantry Division]] – postwar 6th Pomeranian Air Landing Division
*[[1st Armoured Brigade (Poland)|1st Armoured Brigade]] (''Heroes of [[Westerplatte]]'') – often detached and operating independently
*1st Cavalry Brigade
*1st Army Artillery Brigade (''[[Józef Bem]]'')
*2nd [[Howitzer]] Artillery Brigade
*3rd Army Artillery Brigade
*5th Heavy Artillery Brigade
*1st Anti-aircraft Artillery Division
*4th Antitank Artillery Brigade
*1st Sapper Brigade
*2nd Sapper Brigade
*1st [[mortar (weapon)|Mortar]] Brigade (attached from High Command Reserve)))

==Second Polish Army==
((Main|Second Army (Poland)))
Formations as of 1 May 1945
*Second Army Headquarters 
* [[5th Infantry Division (Poland)|5th Infantry Division]] (''Saxonian'')
* [[7th Infantry Division (Poland)|7th Infantry Division]] – postwar 2nd War Mechanised Division
* [[8th Infantry Division (Poland)|8th Infantry Division]] {''8th Dresden'' Infantry Division/[[Wojciech Bartosz Głowacki]]}
* [[9th Infantry Division (Poland)|9th Infantry Division]] – postwar 9th Mechanised Division.
* [[10th Infantry Division (Poland)|10th Infantry Division]] – postwar 10th Armored Division
* 2nd Artillery Division
** 6th Light Artillery Brigade
** 7th Howitzer Artillery Brigade
** 8th Heavy Artillery Brigade
* 3rd Anti-Aircraft Artillery Division
* 9th Antitank Brigade
* 14th Antitank Brigade
* 3rd Mortar Regiment
* [[1st Armoured Corps (Poland)|1st Tank Corps]] (''1st Dresden'' Armored Corps)
* [[34th Tank Division#16th Tank Brigade|16th Tank Brigade]]
* 5th Heavy Tank Regiment (IS-II)
* 28th Armoured Artillery Regiment (self-propelled guns)
* 4th Sapper Brigade

==See also==
*[[Polish Armed Forces in the West]]
*[[Polish contribution to World War II]]
*[[1st Czechoslovak Army Corps in the Soviet Union]]
*[[Polish Armed Forces (Second Polish Republic)]]
*[[Armia Ludowa]]
*[[Gwardia Ludowa]]
*[[First Polish Army (1944–1945)]]
*[[Polish People's Army]]
*[[Polish Combatants' Association (United States)]]
*[[Western betrayal]]
*[[Polish British]]
*[[Civilian Labor Group]]
*[[Sikorski's tourists]]
*[[Bataliony Chłopskie]]
*[[History of Poland (1939–1945)]]
*[[Northern Group of Forces]]
*[[Soviet invasion of Poland]]
*[[History of Poland (1945–1989)]]
*[[Soviet repressions of Polish citizens (1939–1946)]]

==References==
<!--See https://web.archive.org/web/20060923102510/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Footnotes for an explanation of how to generate footnotes using the <ref(erences/)> tags-->
((reflist))

==External links==
* Polish Government, [http://www.poland.gov.pl/ww2/ The Poles on the Fronts of WW2] ((Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050520025359/http://www.poland.gov.pl/ww2/ |date=2005-05-20 ))
* [http://www.kasprzyk.demon.co.uk/www/WW2.html The History Of Poland: The Second World War]
* ((in lang|pl)) [https://www.tygodnikprzeglad.pl/kierunek-berlin/ Kierunek Berlin] ''[[Przegląd]]''
* [https://direct.mit.edu/isec/article/46/1/147/102854/Leaning-on-Legionnaires-Why-Modern-States-Recruit/ Elizabeth M.F. Grasmeder, "Leaning on Legionnaires: Why Modern States Recruit Foreign Soldiers," International Security (July 2021), Vol 46 (No. 1), pp. 147–195.]

((Authority control))

[[Category:Military units and formations established in 1941]]
[[Category:Military units and formations disestablished in 1944]]
[[Category:Military units and formations of Poland in World War II]]
[[Category:Military history of the Soviet Union during World War II]]
[[Category:Armies in exile during World War II]]
[[Category:Poland–Soviet Union relations]]
[[Category:Polish resistance during World War II]]

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