Polycomb-group proteins (PcG proteins) are a family of protein complexes first discovered in fruit flies that can remodel chromatin such that epigenetic silencing of genes takes place. Polycomb-group proteins are well known for silencing Hox genes through modulation of chromatin structure during embryonic development in fruit flies (Drosophila melanogaster). They derive their name from the fact that the first sign of a decrease in PcG function is often a homeotic transformation of posterior legs towards anterior legs, which have a characteristic comb-like set of bristles.[1]

In insects

In Drosophila, the Trithorax-group (trxG) and Polycomb-group (PcG) proteins act antagonistically and interact with chromosomal elements, termed Cellular Memory Modules (CMMs). Trithorax-group (trxG) proteins maintain the active state of gene expression while the Polycomb-group (PcG) proteins counteract this activation with a repressive function that is stable over many cell generations and can only be overcome by germline differentiation processes. Polycomb Gene complexes or PcG silencing consist of at least three kinds of multiprotein complex Polycomb Repressive Complex 1 (PRC1), PRC2 and PhoRC. These complexes work together to carry out their repressive effect. PcGs proteins are evolutionarily conserved and exist in at least two separate protein complexes; the PcG repressive complex 1 (PRC1) and the PcG repressive complex 2–4 (PRC2/3/4). PRC2 catalyzes trimethylation of lysine 27 on histone H3 (H3K27me2/3), while PRC1 mono- ubiquitinates histone H2A on lysine 119 (H2AK119Ub1).

In mammals

In mammals Polycomb Group gene expression is important in many aspects of development like homeotic gene regulation and X chromosome inactivation, being recruited to the inactive X by Xist RNA, the master regulator of XCI[2] or embryonic stem cell self-renewal.[3] The Bmi1 polycomb ring finger protein promotes neural stem cell self-renewal.[4][5] Murine null mutants in PRC2 genes are embryonic lethals while most PRC1 mutants are live born homeotic mutants that die perinatally. In contrast overexpression of PcG proteins correlates with the severity and invasiveness of several cancer types.[6] The mammalian PRC1 core complexes are very similar to Drosophila. Polycomb Bmi1 is known to regulate ink4 locus (p16Ink4a, p19Arf).[4][7]

Regulation of Polycomb-group proteins at bivalent chromatin sites is performed by SWI/SNF complexes, which oppose the accumulation of Polycomb complexes through ATP-dependent eviction.[8]

In plants

In Physcomitrella patens the PcG protein FIE is specifically expressed in stem cells such as the unfertilized egg cell. Soon after fertilisation the FIE gene is inactivated in the young embryo.[9] The Polycomb gene FIE is expressed in unfertilised egg cells of the moss Physcomitrella patens and expression ceases after fertilisation in the developing diploid sporophyte.

It has been shown that unlike in mammals the PcG are necessary to keep the cells in a differentiated state. Consequently, loss of PcG causes de-differentiation and promotes embryonic development.[10]

Polycomb-group proteins also intervene in the control of flowering by silencing the Flowering Locus C gene.[11] This gene is a central part of the pathway that inhibits flowering in plants and its silencing during winter is suspected to be one of the main factors intervening in plant vernalization.[12]

The Polycomb gene FIE is expressed (blue) in unfertilised egg cells of the moss Physcomitrella patens (right) and expression ceases after fertilisation in the developing diploid sporophyte (left). In situ GUS staining of two female sex organs (archegonia) of a transgenic plant expressing a translational fusion of FIE-uidA under control of the native FIE promoter

See also

References

  1. ^ Portoso M, Cavalli G (2008). "The Role of RNAi and Noncoding RNAs in Polycomb Mediated Control of Gene Expression and Genomic Programming". In Morris KV (ed.). RNA and the Regulation of Gene Expression: A Hidden Layer of Complexity. Caister Academic Press. pp. 29–44. ISBN 978-1-904455-25-7.
  2. ^ Ku M, Koche RP, Rheinbay E, Mendenhall EM, Endoh M, Mikkelsen TS, Presser A, Nusbaum C, Xie X, Chi AS, Adli M, Kasif S, Ptaszek LM, Cowan CA, Lander ES, Koseki H, Bernstein BE (October 2008). "Genomewide analysis of PRC1 and PRC2 occupancy identifies two classes of bivalent domains". PLOS Genetics. 4 (10): e1000242. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1000242. PMC 2567431. PMID 18974828.
  3. ^ Heurtier, V., Owens, N., Gonzalez, I. et al. The molecular logic of Nanog-induced self-renewal in mouse embryonic stem cells. Nat Commun 10, 1109 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-09041-z
  4. ^ a b Molofsky AV, He S, Bydon M, Morrison SJ, Pardal R (June 2005). "Bmi-1 promotes neural stem cell self-renewal and neural development but not mouse growth and survival by repressing the p16Ink4a and p19Arf senescence pathways". Genes & Development. 19 (12): 1432–7. doi:10.1101/gad.1299505. PMC 1151659. PMID 15964994.
  5. ^ Park IK, Morrison SJ, Clarke MF (January 2004). "Bmi1, stem cells, and senescence regulation". The Journal of Clinical Investigation. 113 (2): 175–9. doi:10.1172/JCI20800. PMC 311443. PMID 14722607.
  6. ^ Sauvageau M, Sauvageau G (April 2008). "Polycomb group genes: keeping stem cell activity in balance". PLOS Biology. 6 (4): e113. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0060113. PMC 2689701. PMID 18447587.
  7. ^ Popov N, Gil J (2010). "Epigenetic regulation of the INK4b-ARF-INK4a locus: in sickness and in health" (PDF). Epigenetics. 5 (8): 685–90. doi:10.4161/epi.5.8.12996. PMC 3052884. PMID 20716961.
  8. ^ Stanton BZ, Hodges C, Calarco JP, Braun SM, Ku WL, Kadoch C, Zhao K, Crabtree GR (February 2017). "Smarca4 ATPase mutations disrupt direct eviction of PRC1 from chromatin". Nature Genetics. 49 (2): 282–288. doi:10.1038/ng.3735. PMC 5373480. PMID 27941795.
  9. ^ Mosquna A, Katz A, Decker EL, Rensing SA, Reski R, Ohad N (July 2009). "Regulation of stem cell maintenance by the Polycomb protein FIE has been conserved during land plant evolution". Development. 136 (14): 2433–44. doi:10.1242/dev.035048. PMID 19542356.
  10. ^ Aichinger E, Villar CB, Farrona S, Reyes JC, Hennig L, Köhler C (August 2009). "CHD3 proteins and polycomb group proteins antagonistically determine cell identity in Arabidopsis". PLOS Genetics. 5 (8): e1000605. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1000605. PMC 2718830. PMID 19680533.
  11. ^ Jiang D, Wang Y, Wang Y, He Y (2008). "Repression of FLOWERING LOCUS C and FLOWERING LOCUS T by the Arabidopsis Polycomb repressive complex 2 components". PLOS ONE. 3 (10): e3404. Bibcode:2008PLoSO...3.3404J. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0003404. PMC 2561057. PMID 18852898.
  12. ^ Sheldon CC, Rouse DT, Finnegan EJ, Peacock WJ, Dennis ES (March 2000). "The molecular basis of vernalization: the central role of FLOWERING LOCUS C (FLC)". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 97 (7): 3753–8. doi:10.1073/pnas.060023597. PMC 16312. PMID 10716723.

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