Polyglutamic acid (PGA) is a polymer of the amino acidglutamic acid (GA). Depending on where the individual monomers connect, PGA can be gamma PGA (poly-γ-glutamic acid, γ-PGA), the form where the peptide bonds are between the amino group of GA and the carboxyl group at the end of the GA side chain, or alpha PGA, the form where the alpha-carboxyl is used to form the peptide bond.
Alpha PGA has been investigated as a drug delivery system.
Structure
Both form of PGA are linked together by peptide bonds. Because the glutamic acid has a chiral center, both forms of PGA can be made from L-glutamic acid, D-glutamic acid, or a mixture of both. In practical use, alpha PGA is almost universally purely contain the L form,[1] while gamma PGA tends to have a mixture of both.[2]
Properties
Gamma PGA is non-immunogenic and biodegradable.[2] It hydrolyzes in hot water.[3]
Both forms are amphiphilic, water-soluble, and have a negative charge.[1][2]
Synthesis
Gamma PGA is industrially made by fermentation. The biosynthetic process starts with racemerization by RacE, which converts L-glutamate to D-glutamate. A set of genes on an operon then proceed to assemble the molecule and move it out of the bacterial cell.[2]
Gamma PGA is made by a number of Bacillus species. The best-known source is natto, where it is produced by Bacillus subtilis.[4] It is also an important component of the Bacillus anthracis capsule, hiding the bacterium from the immune system and allowing it to grow unchecked.[5]
Alpha PGA is used as a delivery aid for paclitaxel, an anticancer drug,[10] under the generic name of paclitaxel poliglumex.[11] Research is underway for its application in a treatment of type I diabetes and its potential use in the production of an AIDS vaccine.[citation needed]
G-PGA covalently incorporated into microfiltration membranes via attachment to their membrane pore surfaces exhibited super-high heavy metal sorption ability.[14]
G-PGA was found to bind and efficiently remove 99.8% of lead ions from water via a suitable low-pressure ultrafiltration technique.[15][full citation needed]
^Singer, JW (5 December 2005). "Paclitaxel poliglumex (XYOTAX, CT-2103): a macromolecular taxane". Journal of Controlled Release. 109 (1–3): 120–6. doi:10.1016/j.jconrel.2005.09.033. PMID16297482.
^Yanagibashi, Tomokazu; Kobayashi, Motoyoshi; Omori, Keisuke (22 August 2019). "Application of Poly-γ-Glutamic Acid Flocculant to Flocculation–Sedimentation Treatment of Ultrafine Cement Suspension". Water. 11 (9): 1748. doi:10.3390/w11091748. A food-derived amino acid-based polymer, namely the PGAF (PGα21Ca, Japan Poly-Glu Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan), was used as the flocculant. Figure 3 shows the appearance of PGα21Ca. PGα21Ca is a natural polymer consisting of γ-PGA, which is an amino acid obtained from Bacillus subtilis [7]. PGα21Ca is composed of cross-linked γ-PGA with an average molecular weight of 107 and natural minerals such as calcium sulfate and calcium carbonate hydrate.
