Polyorchidism
Ultrasound scan showing a side view of Type A3 polyorchidism, with annotations showing the superior and inferior testes and the head and tail of the epididymis

Polyorchidism is the incidence of more than two testicles. It is a very rare congenital disorder, with fewer than 200 cases reported in medical literature[1] and six cases (two horses, two dogs and two cats) in veterinary literature.[2]

Polyorchidism is generally diagnosed via an ultrasound examination of the testicles. However, the diagnosis of polyorchidism should include histological confirmation. The most common form is triorchidism, or tritestes, where three testicles are present. The condition is usually asymptomatic. A man who has polyorchidism is known as a polyorchid.

Classification

Polyorchidism occurs in two primary forms: Type A and Type B.[1]

Type A3 is the most common form of polyorchidism, and types A2 and A3 together account for more than 90% of cases.[3] In 65% of cases, the supernumerary testicle is found in the left scrotal sac.[1]

Numeric system

An older system of classification structures polyorchidism into similar types, but with no subdivision[3] between connected and disconnected testicles:

Cause

Complications

Most cases of polyorchidism are asymptomatic, and are discovered incidentally, in the course of treating another condition. In the majority of cases, the supernumerary testicle is found in the scrotum.[1]

However, polyorchidism can occur in conjunction with cryptorchidism, where the supernumerary testicle is undescended or found elsewhere in the body. These cases are associated with a significant increase in the incidence of testicular cancer: 0.004% for the general population vs 5.7% for a supernumerary testicle not found in the scrotum.[1]

Polyorchidism can also occur in conjunction with infertility, inguinal hernia, testicular torsion, epididymitis, hydrocele testis and varicocele.[4] However, it is not clear whether polyorchidism causes or aggravates these conditions, or whether the existence of these conditions leads sufferers to seek medical attention and thus become diagnosed with a previously undetected supernumerary testicle.[citation needed]

Management

Because polyorchidism is very uncommon, there is no standard treatment for the condition. Prior to advances in ultrasound technology, it was common practice to remove the supernumerary testicle.[3] Several cases have been described where routine follow-up examinations conducted over a period of years showed that the supernumerary testicle was stable.[1]

A meta-analysis in 2009 suggested removing non-scrotal supernumerary testicles because of the increased risk of cancer, and regular follow-up in the remaining cases to ensure that the supernumerary testicle remains stable.[1]

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g Bergholz, R.; Wenke, K. (2009). "Polyorchidism: A Meta-Analysis". The Journal of Urology. 182 (5): 2422–2427. doi:10.1016/j.juro.2009.07.063. PMID 19765760.
  2. ^ Roca-Ferrer, J.; et al. (2015). "A Rare Case of Polyorchidism in a Cat with Four Intra-abdominal Testes". Reprod Dom Anim. 50 (1): 172–176. doi:10.1111/rda.12461. PMID 25472870.
  3. ^ a b c Leung, A. K. (1988). "Polyorchidism". American Family Physician. 38 (3): 153–156. PMID 3046267.
  4. ^ Kundu, A; et al. "Triorchidism : An Incidental Finding And Review Of Literature" (PDF). Retrieved 21 March 2012. ((cite journal)): Cite journal requires |journal= (help)

External links

Classification
Female and male congenital anomalies of the genitalia, including intersex and DSD
Categories