Polyphonte (Ancient Greek: Πολυφόντη means 'slayer of many') is a character in Greek mythology, transformed into a strix.

Family

Polyphonte was the daughter of Hipponous and Thrassa; her grandparents on her mother's side were the war god Ares and Tereine, a daughter of the river god Strymon.[1]

Mythology

The story of her life is contained in only one source, namely Antoninus Liberalis's Metamorphoses. Antonius cites Boeus’ second book, ‘The Origin of Birds’ as the source of the story; however, Boeus’ work has been lost.[2]

Wrath of Aphrodite

Wishing to remain a virgin, Polyphonte fled to the mountains to become a companion of Artemis. This provoked the ire of Aphrodite, the goddess of love and procreation, who viewed Polyphonte's decision as a personal affront. To punish Polyphonte for failing to honor her womanly duty, Aphrodite drove her mad and caused her to lust after a bear.

Artemis was disgusted with Polyphonte and so turned the wild animals against her. Fearing for her life, Polyphonte was forced to return to her father's home.[1]

Birth of the bear twins

Once at home, Polyphonte gave birth to two humanoid bear-like sons, Agrius and Oreius (the result of her union with the bear). Agrius and Oreius grew into huge men of immense strength. As perhaps befits their feral patronage, the Bear Twins honored neither men nor gods. Indeed, they were cannibals who attacked strangers on the road.

Zeus despised Agrius and Oreius and so sent Hermes to punish them as he saw fit. The brothers almost had their hands and feet severed by the vengeful god were it not for the intervention of their great-grandfather Ares. Despite their monstrous nature, Ares persuaded Hermes to commute the sentence. Together, Hermes and Ares transformed Agrius, Oreius, Polyphonte, and the family's female servant into birds. Polyphonte was transformed into the owl-like strix, which neither ate nor drank and cried during that night, which portended war and sedition for mankind.[a] As for her sons, Oreius was turned into a "bird called lagōs" (hypothetically translated as an "eagle owl")[4][8] regarded as ill omen, and Agrius was turned into a vulture, a despised carrion-eating bird. In a small act of mercy, Ares and Hermes heeded the female servant's prayer where she had no involvement in the Bear Twins' actions and decided not to transform her into a bird heralding evil for mankind. Instead, she was transformed into a woodpecker (supposedly a sign of good luck if seen before a hunt).[1]

Parallels to other stories

The story bears strong similarities with the tales of Hippolytus, Atalanta and Callisto. It has been suggested that all these tales deal with the function of Artemis within the rituals of Ancient Greece and shed light on how they saw a woman's first sexual encounter.[9] In so far as the tale details bestiality as a punishment for offending the gods, the myth is also similar to that of Pasiphaë and the Minotaur where Pasiphaë mated with a bull resulting in the Minotaur's birth.

French folklorist Paul Delarue listed this story as an ancient parallel to the European tale of Jean de l'Ours, a strong hero born of a human woman and a bear.[10]

Explanatory notes

  1. ^ The original Greek reads styx (ϛύξ / στύξ), but emended to stryx (ϛρίγξ / στρίξ).[3]

Notes

  1. ^ a b c Antoninus Liberalis, Metamorphoses 21. Celoria (1992), pp. 77–78 tr., Verheyk (1774), pp. 137–143, Greek and Latin
  2. ^ Oliphant (1913), pp. 133–134.
  3. ^ Verheyk (1774), p. 140 note
  4. ^ Nissan, Ephraim (2014). Nativised, Playfully Aetiologised Literary Zoonyms, III. Springer. p. 732. ISBN 9783642453274. ((cite book)): |work= ignored (help). It is added that Arnott (2007), p. 129 considers lagōs to be the house martin.
  5. ^ Hercules Furens, 686ff.
  6. ^ Thebaid, III. 511 : "striges; et feralia bubo" only.
  7. ^ Oliphant (1913), p. 140.
  8. ^ lagos (λαγῶς), means "hare". Celoria (1992), pp. 163–164, notes. The proposed solution that lagōs might be bubo (horned owl or eagle owl) is based on the observation that Ovid, Seneca,[5] and Statius,[6] associate together the three birds bubo, vultur, and strix, the latter two being the incarnations of Agrius and Polyphonte.[7]
  9. ^ Scanlon, Thomas F. (2002), Eros and Greek Athletics, pg. 161-165
  10. ^ DELARUE, Paul. "LES CONTES POPULAIRES DE FRANCE: Inventaire Analytique Et Méthodique". In: Nouvelle Revue Des Traditions Populaires 1, no. 4 (1949): 337-338. Accessed June 21, 2021. http://www.jstor.org/stable/40991689.

References

  • Antoninus Liberalis (1992). "21. Polyphonte". In Celoria, Francis (ed.). The Metamorphoses of Antoninus Liberalis: A Translation with Commentary. Psychology Press. pp. 77–78. ISBN 9780415068963. ISBN 0415068967
  • Antoninus Liberalis (1774). "XXI. Polyphonte". In Verheyk, Hendrik (ed.). Antōninou Liberalis Metamorphōseōn Sunagōgē. Wilhelm Xylander, Thomas Muncker. apud Sam. et Joan. Luchtmans. pp. 137–143.
  • Oliphant, Samuel Grant (1913). "The Story of the Strix: Ancient". Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association. The Johns Hopkins University Press. 44: 133–149. doi:10.2307/282549. JSTOR 28254.
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