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((Short description|Species of freshwater fish))
((More citations needed|date=February 2021))
((Speciesbox
| image = Misgurnus anguillicaudatus.jpg
| status = LC 
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 19 November 2021">((cite iucn |author=Zhao, H. |date=2012 |title=''Misgurnus anguillicaudatus'' |volume=2012 |page=e.T166158A1115635 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2012-1.RLTS.T166158A1115635.en |access-date=19 November 2021))</ref>
| taxon = Misgurnus anguillicaudatus
| authority =  ([[Theodore Edward Cantor|Cantor]], 1842)
| synonyms = 
* ''Cobitis anguillicaudata'' <small>Cantor, 1842</small> 
* ''Misgurnus lividus'' <small>(Sauvage & Dabry de Thiersant, 1874)</small> 
* ''Nemacheilus lividus'' <small>Sauvage & Dabry de Thiersant, 1874</small> 
* ''Misgurnus crossochilus'' Sauvage, 1878 
* ''Ussuria leptocephala'' <small>Nikolskii, 1903</small> 
* ''Misgurnus punctatus'' <small>Oshima, 1926</small> 
* ''Misgurnus elongatus'' <small>Kimura, 1934</small> 
))
The '''pond loach''' ('''''Misgurnus anguillicaudatus'''''), also known as the '''Dojo loach''',<ref name="Pete">((Cite web |last=Pete|first=Andrew |date=8 October 2021|title=Dojo Loach Care: Tank Mates, Tank Size, Feeding And More |url=https://fishkeepingproject.com/dojo-loach-care/ |access-date=28 November 2022 |website=Fishkeeping Project |language=en-US))</ref> '''oriental weatherloach'''<ref name=fishesofaustralia>Gomon, M.F. & Bray, D.J. (2020). [https://fishesofaustralia.net.au/home/species/4333 Oriental Weatherloach, ''Misgurnus anguillicaudatus'' (Cantor 1842)], ''Fishes of Australia'', Museums Victoria. Retrieved 2 February 2023.</ref> or '''oriental weatherfish''',<ref name="Belcik">((Cite thesis|last=Belcik|first=John|year=2017|title=Population Genetics and Distribution of the Oriental Weatherfish, ''Misgurnus anguillicaudatus'', in Chicago Area Waterways|url=https://ecommons.luc.edu/luc_theses/3556|type=Master of Science|institution=Loyola University Chicago|access-date=28 November 2022))</ref> is a [[freshwater fish]] in the [[loach]] family [[Cobitidae]].  They are native to [[East Asia]], but are also popular as an [[aquarium fish]] and introduced elsewhere in [[Asia]] and to [[Europe]], [[America]] and [[Australia]].<ref name="iucn status 19 November 2021" /><ref>((cite news|url=http://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/118193542|first=Bruce|last=Juddery|author-link=Bruce Juddery|date=26 July 1994|page=10|newspaper=The Canberra Times|title=Tough Asian fish a great survivor|access-date=28 November 2022|via=[[Trove]]))</ref> The alternate name '''weather loach''' is shared with several other [[Cobitidae]], including the other members of the genus ''[[Misgurnus]]'' and the spotted weather loach (''[[Cobitis taenia]]'', commonly known as spined loach). This term comes from their ability to detect changes in [[barometric pressure]] before a [[storm]] and react with frantic swimming or standing on end.

==Description==
The pond loach also comes in a variety of colors, such as pink, orange, albino and gray, and can vary in colour from yellow to olive green, to a common light brown or grey with lighter undersides. Like many other loaches, pond loaches have slender, eel-like body. The mouth of the loach is surrounded by three sets of [[barbel (anatomy)|barbel]]s, which are used to sift through [[silt]] or [[pebble]]s to find food, and also to dig under gravel and sand to conceal the fish out of nervousness or self-defence, unlike the other loaches who use the spines beneath the eyes.

Wild pond loach can grow up to ((cvt|12|in|cm)) long, but may only reach a length of ((cvt|6|in|cm)) in captivity.<ref name="Pete"/>  The fish are [[benthic|bottom-dwelling]] [[scavenger]]s, feeding mainly on [[organic material]] such as [[algae]]. Pond loaches are [[omnivorous]] and may also feed on [[Tubifex tubifex|tubifex worm]]s and other small aquatic [[invertebrate]]s. By producing a layer of [[mucus]] to keep themselves damp, they can survive short periods of desiccation. They are very hardy fish that can live in poor-quality water.

Despite their resiliance against water conditions, pond loaches should still be kept in pristine water to ensure their health and prosperity within the home aquarium or pond. These loaches prefer a soft, sandy, smooth stone, fine gravel substrate, or bare bottomed tank as opposed to any form of rocks or rough gravel, which have been known to damage the sensitive barbels and skin. <ref>((Cite web |title=Misgurnus anguillicaudatus – Oriental Weather Loach — Seriously Fish |url=https://www.seriouslyfish.com/species/misgurnus-anguillicaudatus/ |access-date=2023-02-24))</ref>

== Physiology ==
Unlike most other fishes, the pond loach can burrow into and hide in soft substrates, breathe atmospheric air through [[enteral respiration]] if necessary, and survive for long periods of time outside of the water.<ref name="Belcik"/><ref name=":0" /> For the pond loach to survive on land for extended periods of time, it has physiological adaptations to reduce toxic [[ammonia]] concentrations in the body and maintain homeostasis and normal functioning of tissues. When on land, the pond loach can suppress protein breakdown and catabolism (which avoids creating ammonia), switch to partial amino catabolism (which creates non-toxic [[alanine]] instead of ammonia), convert ammonia to non-toxic [[glutamine]], and get rid of ammonia by excreting it as NH3 gas.<ref name=":0">((Cite journal|last1=Ip|first1=Y. K.|last2=Chew|first2=S. F.|last3=Randall|first3=D. J.|date=September 2004|title=Five Tropical Air‐Breathing Fishes, Six Different Strategies to Defend against Ammonia Toxicity on Land|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/422057|journal=Physiological and Biochemical Zoology|volume=77|issue=5|pages=768–782|doi=10.1086/422057|pmid=15547795|s2cid=20545085|issn=1522-2152))</ref><ref><!--- Shit Chew is a real name. --->((Cite journal|last1=Chew|first1=Shit F.|last2=Jin|first2=Yi|last3=Ip|first3=Yuen K.|date=March 2001|title=The Loach ''Misgurnus anguillicaudatus'' Reduces Amino Acid Catabolism and Accumulates Alanine and Glutamine during Aerial Exposure|journal=Physiological and Biochemical Zoology|volume=74|issue=2|pages=226–237|doi=10.1086/319663|pmid=11247742|s2cid=23099421|issn=1522-2152))</ref> The pond loach is also relatively insensitive to ammonia, though it is not known how pond loach tissues, especially the heart and brain, are able to function at ammonia concentrations that would be lethal for other species. One hypothesis is that the pond loach may maintain normal brain cell functioning by altering the sensitivity and specificity of receptors in the brain for potassium ions, which otherwise would be overwhelmed by ammonia.<ref name=":0" />

==Clonal reproduction==

The pond loach can reproduce sexually and asexually.  Although sexually reproducing [[ploidy|diploids]] (2n = 50) are most common in Japan, asexual clones also occur in a few wild populations.<ref>Yoshikawa H, Morishima K, Fujimoto T, Saito T, Kobayashi T, Yamaha E, Arai K. Chromosome doubling in early spermatogonia produces diploid spermatozoa in a natural clonal fish. Biol Reprod. 2009 May;80(5):973-9. doi: 10.1095/biolreprod.108.075150. Epub 2009 Jan 14. PMID: 19144955</ref>  Clonally reproducing diploid loaches produce unreduced diploid eggs that develop into identical clones (without any genetic contribution from sperm) by the process of [[gynogenesis]].<ref name = Itono2006>Itono M, Morishima K, Fujimoto T, Bando E, Yamaha E, Arai K. Premeiotic endomitosis produces diploid eggs in the natural clone loach, Misgurnus anguillicaudatus (Teleostei: Cobitidae). J Exp Zool A Comp Exp Biol. 2006 Jun 1;305(6):513-23. doi: 10.1002/jez.a.283. PMID: 16526047</ref>  During gynogenesis, an egg is activated by a sperm that degenerates without fusing with the egg nucleous, so that the resulting embryo contains only maternal chromosomes.  This asexual process involves the duplication of chromosomes by mitosis without [[cytokinesis]] prior to [[meiosis]], i.e. premeiotic endomitosis, followed by a quasi-normal meiosis to produce diploid eggs.<ref name = Itono2006/>

==In the aquarium==
((wide image|File:Dojo loach2.jpg|800||100%|alt=Side view of a pink loach|border=no))
[[File:Orange loach.jpg|right|frameless|alt=Orange specimen]] 
[[File:Weather Loach.jpg|right|frameless|alt=Macro photograph]]

Pond loaches are active, peaceful, and hardy fish that are sometimes used as starter fish in an aquarium. They can be "friendly" towards humans, allowing physical contact and hand feeding. They are extremely peaceful. They get along well with goldfish. ((Citation needed|date=November 2014))

The loaches will be more active given more space and greater numbers. Solitary pond loaches tend to spend much of their time hiding. They will spend a lot of time hiding or staying still, but should be given a place to stay which will have cover and shade. Tank decorations that they can swim through and [[driftwood]] both work great for this. Due to their jumping ability the average cover should be secured with tape or other barriers. Also, they may even travel up tubes and take up residence in filters, so check there if your pond loach does not show up for roll call one day. Pond loaches enjoy digging and burrowing themselves in the substrate of their tank, so make sure that your substrate is fine enough for them to dig in. If you keep live plants in your tank, they will be uprooted by the loaches, so it is a good idea to weight your plants. The pond loach is also peculiar in that it will sometimes bury itself in the substrate during times of stress. This often surprises new owners, as the fish will "disappear" shortly after introduction to the tank only to "reappear" later.((Citation needed|date=November 2014))

Because of their appetite for [[snails]], these loaches can help alleviate snail infestations in tropical fish tanks, though many have reported that while pond loaches do eat snails, they do not eat them at a fast enough rate to deal with an infestation.

The fish prefer a [[pH]] of 6.5-8.0 but will tolerate far more acidic conditions even for extended amounts of time with little negative reaction. This makes the pond loach a great choice for first-time aquariums and for those who want a hardy fish tank able to withstand a few mistakes. This fish should be kept in groups of at least three, as they like to be in physical contact with each other and feel each other with their barbels when they rest.

Due to their hardiness, they can survive in low and high-temperature extremes. Though they can survive in a wide temperature range they thrive best in a tank temperature of 68 to 72 degrees Fahrenheit, 15 to 25 degrees Celsius. Even though Dojo Loaches have the unique ability to easily adapt tank temperature should not fluctuate much throughout the day as this can easily cause them stress. Other than water temperature Dojo Loaches are not extremely sensitive to the water chemistry of their tank. This fish can thrive in pH levels of anywhere from 6.0 to 8.0. The Dojo Loach should be kept in cool water temperatures with a pH level of slightly acidic to slightly alkaline to live a healthy life span.

There are other varieties bred from captivity like the gold strain and the peppered strain (not to be confused with the [[peppered loach]]). Sometimes the pond loach (especially the golden variety) is mistaken for the [[kuhli loach]]. The kuhli, however, likes warm tropical temperatures, will tolerate more acidic conditions, and matures at a much smaller ((convert|4|in|cm|spell=in)). Although these two species have numerous differentiating traits, individual kuhli and pond loaches may resemble each other while young and at the usual age and size of what most fish stores market.

==As food==
The pond loach is a common culinary fish in East Asia, raised on a large scale in [[fish farming]].  According to FAO, ''M. anguillicaudatus'' was 30th on the list of most important species in aquaculture, in terms of total weight produced in 2018.<ref>((cite web |title=FAO Fisheries & Aquaculture Global Production Overview |url=https://www.fao.org/fishery/statistics/global-production/en |website=FAO |access-date=19 November 2021))</ref>

In Korea, ''[[chueo-tang]]'' (loach soup) is made with pond loach.

==Range==
===Native range===
According to the US Geological Survey, ''M. anguillicaudatus'' is native to eastern Asia from Siberia to Northern Vietnam, including Japan.<ref>((cite web |title=Pond Loach (''Misgurnus anguillicaudatus'') - Species Profile |url=https://nas.er.usgs.gov/queries/FactSheet.aspx?SpeciesID=498 |website=Nonindigenous Aquatic Species|publisher=[[U.S. Geological Survey]] |access-date=28 November 2022|last1=Nico|first1=L.|last2=Fuller|first2=P.|last3=Neilson|first3=M.|last4=Larson|first4=J.|last5=Fusaro|first5=A.|last6=Makled|first6=T.H.|last7=Loftus|first7=B.|last8=Bartos|first8=A.|date=13 June 2022 |language=en))</ref>

===Introduced range===

====Australia====
Imported into Australia in the 1960s as an aquarium species, ''M. anguillicaudatus'' was first detected in the wild in 1980,<ref name=fishesofaustralia /> and its further importation was banned in 1986.<ref name= MDBC>[https://www.mdba.gov.au/sites/default/files/archived/mdbc-NFS-reports/2201_factsheet_alien_oriental_weatherloach.pdf Factsheet alien oriental weatherloach], Murray-Darling Basin Commission. Retrieved 2 February 2023.</ref> ''M. anguillicaudatus'' is a declared Class 1 noxious species in [[New South Wales]],<ref>[https://www.dpi.nsw.gov.au/fishing/aquatic-biosecurity/pests-diseases/freshwater-pests/finfish-species/oriental-weatherloach Oriental weatherloach] NSW Dept of Primary Industries. Retrieved 2 February 2023.</ref> as it has become established in several NSW rivers. including the [[Murray River]]<ref name= MDBC /> extending downstream into [[South Australia]].<ref>[https://pir.sa.gov.au/recreational_fishing/rules/species_limits/pest_profile/oriental_weatherloach Oriental Weatherloach], Dept of Primary Industries and Regions, South Australia. Retrieved 2 February 2023.</ref><ref>[https://www.abc.net.au/news/2023-02-01/oriental-weatherloach-pest-found-riverland-sunraysia/101899316 Noxious fish the oriental weatherloach found in the Riverland, causing concern for irrigators], ''[[ABC News (Australia)|ABC News]]'', 2 February 2023. Retrieved 2 February 2023.</ref>

====United States====
Between 2010 and 2020 ''M. anguillicaudatus'' was found in 10 states of the United States including [[Alabama]] and [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]].<ref name="Morales-2020" /> The Georgia find was in November 2020<ref name="Ginn-2020" /> in [[McNutt Creek]]<ref name="Morales-2020" /><ref name="Ginn-2020" /> in [[Athens, Georgia|Athens]]<ref name="Morales-2020" /><ref name="Ginn-2020" /> on the border between [[Clarke County, Georgia|Clarke]] and [[Oconee County, Georgia|Oconee]].<ref name="Morales-2020" /> This indicates eastern Georgia is environmentally suitable for it, and so if not stopped ''M. anguillicaudatus'' is expected to spread through the area.<ref name="Ginn-2020" /> That could include the downstream and adjacent rivers, the [[Middle Oconee River|Middle Oconee]], the [[North Oconee River|North Oconee]], the [[Oconee River]] itself, the [[Ocmulgee River|Ocmulgee]], and the [[Altamaha River|Altamaha]].<ref name="Ginn-2020" />

As of November 2021, according to the U.S. Geological Survey, this species has also been captured from the wild in Illinois (including many captures in the Chicago area), New York, Ohio, Michigan, Washington, Oregon, Maryland, New Jersey, North Carolina, Louisiana, and southern California.<ref>((cite web |title=Nonindigenous Aquatic Species |url=https://nas.er.usgs.gov/viewer/omap.aspx?SpeciesID=498 |website=nas.er.usgs.gov |access-date=19 November 2021))</ref>

==See also==
* [[Loach (fish)|Loach]]
* [[European weather loach]]
* [[Dojō nabe]]

==References==
((Reflist|refs=
<ref name="Ginn-2020">((cite web | last=Ginn | first=Alyssa | title=Invasive fish, spider make their way to Athens | website=[[The Red & Black (University of Georgia)|The Red and Black]] | date=1970-01-01 | url=http://www.redandblack.com/athensnews/invasive-fish-spider-make-their-way-to-athens/article_27cb570a-3c32-11eb-b7da-ebef8bb1b7ad.html | access-date=2020-12-13))</ref>
<ref name="Morales-2020">((cite web | title=Invasive fish discovered in Georgia creek | website=[[University of Georgia|UGA]] Today | date=2020-11-18 | url=http://news.uga.edu/invasive-fish-discovered-in-georgia-creek/ | access-date=2020-12-13))</ref>
))

==Bibliography==
* ((ITIS |id=163978 |taxon=Misgurnus anguillicaudatus |accessdate=30 January 2006))
* ((FishBase|genus=Misgurnus|species=anguillicaudatus|year=2005|month=10))
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20111007194128/http://aqualandpetsplus.com/Oddball,%20Dojo.htm How to Keep Your New Weather Loach ]
* ((Cite news|title=New Invasive Fish Spreads Through The Ebro Delta|date=2009-01-20|work=Science News|publisher=Science Daily|url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/01/090114095105.htm|access-date=2009-01-20))
* ((Cite journal|last1=Franch|first1=Nati|first2=Miguel|last2=Clavero|first3=Montse |last3=Garrido|first4=Norbert|last4=Gaya|first5=Veronica |last5=Lopez|first6= Quim|last6=Pou-Rovira|first7=Josep|last7=Maria Queral|year=2008|title=On the establishment and range expansion of oriental weatherfish (''Misgurnus anguillicaudatus'') in NE Iberian Peninsula|journal=Biological Invasions|volume=10|issue=8|pages=1327|doi=10.1007/s10530-007-9207-9|hdl=10261/46169|s2cid=3236525|hdl-access=free))

==External links==
* [https://nas.er.usgs.gov/queries/GreatLakes/SpeciesInfo.asp?NoCache=6%2F22%2F2010+9%3A26%3A14+AM&SpeciesID=498&State=&HUCNumber=DGreatLakes/ GLANSIS Species FactSheet]

((Taxonbar|from=Q697487))

[[Category:Misgurnus]]
[[Category:Commercial fish]]
[[Category:Freshwater fish of China]]
[[Category:Freshwater fish of Japan]]
[[Category:Fish of Korea]]
[[Category:Fish of Russia]]
[[Category:Freshwater fish of Taiwan]]
[[Category:Fish of Vietnam]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Theodore Edward Cantor]]
[[Category:Fish described in 1842]]

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Module:Category handler/blacklist (view source) (protected)
Module:Category handler/config (view source) (protected)
Module:Category handler/data (view source) (protected)
Module:Category handler/shared (view source) (protected)
Module:Check for unknown parameters (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1 (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/COinS (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/Date validation (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/Identifiers (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/Utilities (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/Whitelist (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css (view source) (protected)
Module:Cite IUCN (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Convert (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Convert/data (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Convert/text (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:ConvertNumeric (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Delink (view source) (protected)
Module:Disambiguation/templates (view source) (protected)
Module:Find sources (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Find sources/config (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Find sources/links (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Find sources/templates/Find sources mainspace (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:If empty (view source) (protected)
Module:InfoboxImage (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Italic title (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Message box (view source) (protected)
Module:Message box/ambox.css (view source) (protected)
Module:Message box/configuration (view source) (protected)
Module:Namespace detect/config (view source) (protected)
Module:Namespace detect/data (view source) (protected)
Module:Navbar (view source) (protected)
Module:Navbar/configuration (view source) (protected)
Module:Navbox (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Navbox/configuration (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Navbox/styles.css (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Pagetype (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/config (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/disambiguation (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/setindex (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/softredirect (view source) (protected)
Module:ResolveEntityId (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:SDcat (view source) (protected)
Module:String (view source) (protected)
Module:TaxonItalics (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Taxonbar (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Taxonbar/candidate (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Taxonbar/conf (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Taxonbar/exists (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Taxonbar/whitelist (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Template redirect regex (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Template wrapper (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Unsubst (view source) (protected)
Module:Wide image (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Wikitext Parsing (view source) (protected)
Module:Yesno (view source) (protected)

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Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pond_loach"