Image 1Equatorial (a), polar (b) and mean Earth radii as defined in the 1984 World Geodetic System (from Geodesy)

Image 2Earth's rotation imaged by Deep Space Climate Observatory, showing axis tilt (from Earth's rotation)

Image 3Global gravity anomaly animation over oceans from the NASA's GRACE (Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment) (from Geodesy)

Image 4Earth's axial tilt is about 23.4°. It oscillates between 22.1° and 24.5° on a 41,000-year cycle and is currently decreasing. (from Earth's rotation)

Image 5Valcamonica rock art (I), Paspardo r. 29, topographic composition, 4th millennium BCE (from Cartography)

Image 6A simulated history of Earth's day length, depicting a resonant-stabilizing event throughout the Precambrian era (from Earth's rotation)

Image 7Geoid, an approximation for the shape of the Earth; shown here with vertical exaggeration (10000 vertical scaling factor). (from Geodesy)

Image 8Variations in the gravity field of the Moon, from NASA (from Geodesy)

Image 9On a prograde planet like Earth, the stellar day is shorter than the solar day. At time 1, the Sun and a certain distant star are both overhead. At time 2, the planet has rotated 360 degrees and the distant star is overhead again but the Sun is not (1→2 = one stellar day). It is not until a little later, at time 3, that the Sun is overhead again (1→3 = one solar day). (from Earth's rotation)

Image 10Datum shift between NAD27 and NAD83, in metres (from Geodesy)

Image 11A modern instrument for geodetic measurements using satellites (from Geodesy)

Image 12Geodetic control mark (from Geodesy)

Image 13Height measurement using satellite altimetry (from Geodesy)

Image 14Illustrated map (from Cartography)

Image 15Relief map Sierra Nevada (from Cartography)

Image 16Global plate tectonic movement using GPS (from Geodesy)

Image 17Visual fix by three bearings plotted on a nautical chart (from Geopositioning)

Image 18Europa regina in Sebastian Münster's "Cosmographia", 1570 (from Cartography)

Image 192D grid for elliptical coordinates (from Geodesy)

Image 20A plumb bob determines the local vertical direction (from Gravity of Earth)

Image 21A Munich archive with lithography plates of maps of Bavaria (from Geodesy)

Image 22Deviation of day length from SI-based day (from Earth's rotation)

Image 23The Bedolina Map and its tracing, 6th–4th century BCE (from Cartography)

Image 24The definition of latitude (φ) and longitude (λ) on an ellipsoid of revolution (or spheroid). The graticule spacing is 10 degrees. The latitude is defined as the angle between the normal to the ellipsoid and the equatorial plane. (from Geodesy)

Image 25GPS Block IIA satellite orbits over the Earth. (from Geodesy)

Image 26Small section of an orienteering map (from Cartography)

Image 27How very-long-baseline interferometry (VLBI) works (from Geodesy)

Image 28Axial tilt (or Obliquity), rotation axis, plane of orbit, celestial equator and ecliptic. Earth is shown as viewed from the Sun; the orbit direction is counter-clockwise (to the left). (from Geodesy)

Image 29Plot of latitude versus tangential speed. The dashed line shows the Kennedy Space Center example. The dot-dash line denotes typical airliner cruise speed. (from Earth's rotation)

Image 30A relative gravimeter (from Geodesy)

Image 31Mapping can be done with GPS and laser rangefinder directly in the field. Image shows mapping of forest structure (position of trees, dead wood and canopy). (from Cartography)

Image 32A 14th-century Byzantine map of the British Isles from a manuscript of Ptolemy's Geography, using Greek numerals for its graticule: 52–63°N of the equator and 6–33°E from Ptolemy's Prime Meridian at the Fortunate Isles. (from Cartography)

Image 33Ellipsoid - a mathematical representation of the Earth. When mapping in geodetic coordinates, a latitude circle forms a truncated cone. (from Geodesy)

Image 34A map of recent volcanic activity and ridge spreading. The areas where NASA GRACE measured gravity to be stronger than the theoretical gravity have a strong correlation with the positions of the volcanic activity and ridge spreading. (from Gravity of Earth)

Image 35A medieval depiction of the Ecumene (1482, Johannes Schnitzer, engraver), constructed after the coordinates in Ptolemy's Geography and using his second map projection. The translation into Latin and dissemination of Geography in Europe, in the beginning of the 15th century, marked the rebirth of scientific cartography, after more than a millennium of stagnation. (from Cartography)

Image 36A pre-Mercator nautical chart of 1571, from Portuguese cartographer Fernão Vaz Dourado (c. 1520 – c. 1580). It belongs to the so-called plane chart model, where observed latitudes and magnetic directions are plotted directly into the plane, with a constant scale, as if the Earth were a plane (Portuguese National Archives of Torre do Tombo, Lisbon). (from Cartography)

Image 37Areal distortion caused by Mercator projection (from Cartography)

Image 38An artist's rendering of the protoplanetary disk (from Earth's rotation)

Image 39Starry circles arc around the south celestial pole, seen overhead at ESO's La Silla Observatory. (from Earth's rotation)

Image 40Principles of geolocation using GPS (from Geopositioning)

Image 41The Tabula Rogeriana, drawn by Muhammad al-Idrisi for Roger II of Sicily in 1154. South is at the top. (from Cartography)

Image 42Gravity measurement devices, pendulum (left) and absolute gravimeter (right) (from Geodesy)

Image 43Topographic map of Easter Island (from Cartography)

Image 44Copy (1472) of St. Isidore's TO map of the world. (from Cartography)

Image 45Gravity at different internal layers of Earth (1 = continental crust, 2 = oceanic crust, 3 = upper mantle, 4 = lower mantle, 5+6 = core, A = crust-mantle boundary) (from Gravity of Earth)

Image 46Earth's gravity measured by NASA GRACE mission, showing deviations from the theoretical gravity of an idealized, smooth Earth, the so-called Earth ellipsoid. Red shows the areas where gravity is stronger than the smooth, standard value, and blue reveals areas where gravity is weaker (Animated version). (from Gravity of Earth)

Image 47This long-exposure photo of the northern night sky above the Nepali Himalayas shows the apparent paths of the stars as Earth rotates. (from Earth's rotation)

Image 48The cartographic process (from Cartography)

Image 49Navigation device, Apollo program (from Geodesy)

Image 50Initial acquisition of GPS signal in 2D (from Geodesy)