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The Oceans Portal
A portal dedicated to oceans, seas, oceanography and related topics

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A view of the South China Sea, Bacuit Archipelago, municipality of El Nido, Palawan, Philippines
A view of the Southern Ocean from Great Ocean Road, Port Campbell, Princetown, Victoria, Australia
A panorama of Zanzibar, Tanzania, particularly the Stone Town, taken from the Indian Ocean
A surfer in the Pacific Ocean at the 2010 Mavericks competition, village of Princeton-by-the-Sea, northern California
A view of Myrtos Beach and the Ionian Sea, Cephalonia, Ionian Islands, Greece
Icebergs broken off from glaciers in northern Baffin Bay, Cape York, Greenland
A sea anemone in the Pacific Ocean, Baja California, Mexico
Orca (Orcinus orca) hunting a Weddell seal in the Southern Ocean
Satellite view of the Pacific Ocean and the main windward Hawaiian Islands
Caesio teres in the South Pacific Ocean in Fiji
A view of Filfla and the Mediterranean Sea. Filfla is a small, mostly barren, uninhabited islet 4.5 kilometres (2.8 miles) south of Malta.
Clouds over the Southern Ocean, with continent labels
A mother sperm whale and her calf in the Indian Ocean off the coast of Mauritius

Introduction

Earth's oceans

Arctic Atlantic Indian Pacific Southern
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Surface view of the Atlantic Ocean

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The ocean (also the sea or the world ocean) is the body of salt water that covers approximately 70.8% of the surface of Earth and contains 97% of Earth's water. In other words, an ocean is "any of the large bodies of water into which the great ocean is divided". Separate names are used to identify five different areas of the ocean: Pacific (the largest), Atlantic, Indian, Southern (Antarctic), and Arctic (the smallest). Seawater covers approximately 361,000,000 km² (139,000,000 sq mi) of the planet. The ocean is the principal component of Earth's hydrosphere, and therefore integral to life on Earth. Acting as a huge heat reservoir, the ocean influences climate and weather patterns, the carbon cycle, and the water cycle. (Full article...)

Waves in Pacifica, California

The sea, connected as the world ocean or simply the ocean, is the body of salty water that covers approximately 71 percent of the Earth's surface. The word sea is also used to denote second-order sections of the sea, such as the Mediterranean Sea, as well as certain large, entirely landlocked, saltwater lakes, such as the Caspian Sea. (Full article...)

Oceanography (from the Ancient Greek ὠκεανός "ocean" and γράφω "write"), also known as oceanology, is the scientific study of the oceans. It is an important Earth science, which covers a wide range of topics, including ecosystem dynamics; ocean currents, waves, and geophysical fluid dynamics; plate tectonics and the geology of the sea floor; and fluxes of various chemical substances and physical properties within the ocean and across its boundaries. These diverse topics reflect multiple disciplines that oceanographers utilize to glean further knowledge of the world ocean, including astronomy, biology, chemistry, climatology, geography, geology, hydrology, meteorology and physics. Paleoceanography studies the history of the oceans in the geologic past. An oceanographer is a person who studies many matters concerned with oceans including marine geology, physics, chemistry and biology. (Full article...)

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The Portuguese invention of the caravel, which was maneuverable and able to undertake ocean voyages, was essential to European maritime exploration. The present image shows the "Caravela Vera Cruz", navigating the Tagus river, Lisboa.

The Age of Discovery (or the Age of Exploration) is an informal and loosely defined term for the early modern period, largely overlapping with the Age of Sail, approximately from the 15th century to the 17th century in European history, in which seafaring Europeans explored regions across the globe.

The extensive overseas exploration, with the Portuguese and the Spanish at the forefront, later joined by the Dutch, the English and the French, emerged as a powerful factor in European culture, most notably the European encounter and colonization of the Americas. It also marks an increased adoption of colonialism as a government policy in several European states. As such, it is sometimes synonymous with the first wave of European colonization. (Full article...)

List of selected articles
Sea Resolution Guyot 2002 Pacific typhoon season Gulf Stream Sea surface temperature List of Category 5 Pacific hurricanes William Speirs Bruce Ocean acidification Norwegian Sea Barents Sea Seawater Ocean deoxygenation Effects of climate change on oceans South China Sea Tide Sea level rise Wind wave Coast Tsunami Sea level Marine habitats Mid-ocean ridge Intertidal ecology Marine life Ancient maritime history Estuary Marine microorganisms Piracy Marine viruses Marine prokaryotes Seafood Marine invertebrates Adriatic Sea Sea of Japan naming dispute Marine fungi Abyssal plain Weather ship History of navigation Estuaries of Texas Ocean liner Gulf of Finland Philippine Sea Cruise ship Marine biology Labrador Sea Marine debris Coral reef Rogue wave Marine pollution Environmental issues with coral reefs Cobb Seamount Mediterranean Sea Marine protected area Blue carbon Deep-water coral Somali Current Principality of Sealand Cold seep Aegean Sea List of largest cruise ships Iceberg Sea ice Tidal power Marine mammal Marine art Challenger Deep Panthalassa Ring of Fire Seamount Great Pacific garbage patch Northwest Passage Titanic Sea anemone Larsen Ice Shelf Whaling in Japan Ecosystem of the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre Swell (ocean) Marine food web Deep-sea exploration Offshore drilling Antarctic Circumpolar Current Bermuda Triangle Agulhas Current Caribbean Sea Ship Deep sea fish Deep sea Thermohaline circulation Whale Clipper route Marine snow Hydrothermal vent Allison Guyot Paleo-Tethys Ocean Central American Seaway Sargasso Sea Ekman transport Argo (oceanography) Ocean acoustic tomography Moby-Dick Baltic Sea Bay of Bengal Yellow Sea Ross Sea Hudson Bay Strait of Hormuz Red Sea Persian Gulf Vikings Ming treasure voyages Portuguese discoveries Cetacean surfacing behaviour Gulf of Aden Gulf of Mexico Oceanic carbon cycle Law of the sea Hanseatic League

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The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration began reanalyzing Atlantic hurricane data in 2006 to correct errors in the hurricane database dating back to the Apollo Program

Hurricane Alberto of 2000 completed the largest loop ever observed over the Atlantic Ocean.

Underwater explosions produce ocean surface waves that are similar to tsunamis.

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Selected list articles and Marine habitat topics

Marine habitats
Coastal habitats Littoral zone Intertidal zone Estuaries Mangrove forests Seagrass meadows Kelp forests Coral reefs Continental shelf Neritic zone Ocean surface Surface microlayer Epipelagic zone Open ocean Pelagic zone Oceanic zone Sea floor Seamounts Hydrothermal vents Cold seeps Demersal zone Benthic zone Marine sediment
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Here are some tasks awaiting attention:

Article requests : List of oceanographers, create a comprehensive article on Concentrations of marine debris out of all the gyre and "garbage patch" articles
Expand : Coral Sea, Endeavour Strait, Greenland Sea, Solomon Sea
Photo : find images for Category:Wikipedia requested photographs in the oceans
Stubs : Oceanography stub articles, Marine geography stub articles, Aleutian Trench, Bellingshausen Sea, Caernarfon Bay, Gerlache Strait, Gulf of Oman, Iceland Sea
Update : Botany Bay, Wilkins Sound, Mariana Trench, Challenger Deep
Verify : Antarctic Circumpolar Current, Bering Sea, Gulf of Aden, Iceberg B-15, Ionian Sea, Japan Trench, Moreton Bay, Sound (geography), Timor Sea
Other : add ISBNs and remove excessive or inappropriate external links from Aral Sea; check La Belle (ship) for GA status; improve citations or footnotes and remove excessive or inappropriate external links from MS Estonia

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General images - show new batch

The following are images from various ocean-related articles on Wikipedia.

Image 1Map of the Pacific Ocean during European Exploration, circa 1754. (from Pacific Ocean)
Image 2Area inside the black line indicates the area constituting the Pacific Ocean prior to 2002; darker blue areas are its informal current borders following the recreation of the Southern Ocean and the reinclusion of marginal seas (from Southern Ocean)
Image 3Severe cracks in an ice pier in use for four seasons at McMurdo Station slowed cargo operations in 1983 and proved a safety hazard. (from Southern Ocean)
Image 4
Upwelling in the Southern Ocean
(from Southern Ocean)
Image 5An unnamed Chagossian on Diego Garcia in 1971 shortly before the British expelled the islanders when the island became a U.S. military base. The man spoke a French-based creole language and his ancestors were most likely brought to the uninhabited island as slaves in the 19th century. (from Indian Ocean)
Image 6Map showing the migration of the Austronesian peoples, the first seaborne human migration in history (c.3000-1500 BCE) (from Pacific Ocean)
Image 7Ulawun stratovolcano situated on the island of New Britain, Papua New Guinea (from Pacific Ocean)
Image 8Waves in the trade winds in the Atlantic Ocean—areas of converging winds that move along the same track as the prevailing wind—create instabilities in the atmosphere that may lead to the formation of hurricanes.
Image 9Major ocean trade routes in the world includes the northern Indian Ocean. (from Indian Ocean)
Image 10Regional Working Group zones for SOOS (from Southern Ocean)
Image 11The International Hydrographic Organization's delineation of the "Southern Ocean" has moved steadily southwards since the original 1928 edition of its Limits of Oceans and Seas. (from Southern Ocean)
Image 12A female warty squid (Moroteuthis ingens) (from Southern Ocean)
Image 13Ring of Fire. The Pacific is ringed by many volcanoes and oceanic trenches. (from Pacific Ocean)
Image 14Coral reefs of the Maldives (from Indian Ocean)
Image 15Capture of Atlantic north-west cod in million tons (from Atlantic Ocean)
Image 16Mombasa Port on Kenya's Indian Ocean coast (from Indian Ocean)
Image 17James Weddell's second expedition in 1823, depicting the brig Jane and the cutter Beaufroy (from Southern Ocean)
Image 181911 South Polar Regions exploration map (from Southern Ocean)
Image 19Sunset in Monterey County, California, U.S. (from Pacific Ocean)
Image 20False color map of ocean depth in the Atlantic basin (from Atlantic Ocean)
Image 21"Terres Australes" (sic) label without any charted landmass (from Southern Ocean)
Image 22Maris Pacifici by Ortelius (1589). One of the first printed maps to show the Pacific Ocean (from Pacific Ocean)
Image 23Density structure of the upper 1,200 m (3,900 ft) in the Arctic Ocean. Profiles of temperature and salinity for the Amundsen Basin, the Canadian Basin and the Greenland Sea are sketched. (from Arctic Ocean)
Image 24Minke whale (from Arctic Ocean)
Image 25Thule archaeological site (from Arctic Ocean)
Image 26According to the Coastal hypothesis, modern humans spread from Africa along the northern rim of the Indian Ocean. (from Indian Ocean)
Image 27Aldabra giant tortoise from the islands of the Aldabra Atoll in the Seychelles (from Indian Ocean)
Image 28Banks of the North-West Atlantic (from Atlantic Ocean)
Image 29Extent of the Atlantic Ocean according to the 2002 IHO definition, excluding Arctic and Antarctic regions
Image 30A bathymetric/topographic map of the Arctic Ocean and the surrounding lands. (from Arctic Ocean)
Image 31A general delineation of the Antarctic Convergence, sometimes used by scientists^[who?] as the demarcation of the Southern Ocean (from Southern Ocean)
Image 32Location of the Southern Ocean gyres. (from Southern Ocean)
Image 33Banks of the North-East Atlantic (from Atlantic Ocean)
Image 34Universalis Cosmographia, the Waldseemüller map dated 1507, from a time when the nature of the Americas was ambiguous, particularly North America, as a possible part of Asia, was the first map to show the Americas separating two distinct oceans. South America was generally considered a "new world" and shows the name "America" for the first time, after Amerigo Vespucci (from Pacific Ocean)
Image 35Marine debris strewn over the beaches of the South Atlantic Inaccessible Island (from Atlantic Ocean)
Image 36USS Vincennes at Disappointment Bay, Antarctica in early 1840. (from Southern Ocean)
Image 37The economically important Silk Road was blocked from Europe by the Ottoman Empire in c. 1453 with the fall of the Byzantine Empire. This spurred exploration, and a new sea route around Africa was found, triggering the Age of Discovery. (from Indian Ocean)
Image 38A copepod (from Arctic Ocean)
Image 39For most of the 16th century, the Portuguese dominated the Indian Ocean trade. (from Indian Ocean)
Image 40The Arctic Ocean, with borders as delineated by the International Hydrographic Organization (IHO), including Hudson Bay (some of which is south of 57°N latitude, off the map). (from Arctic Ocean)
Image 41Iceberg A22A in the South Atlantic Ocean (from Atlantic Ocean)
Image 42Map of the Pacific Ocean during European Exploration, circa 1702–1707 (from Pacific Ocean)
Image 43Model of a Fijian drua, an example of an Austronesian vessel with a double-canoe (catamaran) hull and a crab claw sail (from Pacific Ocean)
Image 441928 delineation (from Southern Ocean)
Image 451564 Typus Orbis Terrarum, a map by Abraham Ortelius showed the imagined link between the proposed continent of Antarctica and South America. (from Southern Ocean)
Image 46Path of the thermohaline circulation. Purple paths represent deep-water currents, while blue paths represent surface currents.
Image 47Manganese nodule (from Southern Ocean)
Image 48The island geography of the Pacific Ocean Basin (from Pacific Ocean)
Image 49Marine debris on a Hawaiian coast (from Pacific Ocean)
Image 50Continents and islands of the Southern Ocean (from Southern Ocean)
Image 51Portrait of Edmund Halley by Godfrey Kneller (before 1721) (from Southern Ocean)
Image 52An adult and sub-adult Minke whale are dragged aboard the Japanese whaling vessel Nisshin Maru (from Southern Ocean)
Image 53Cod fishery in Norway (from Atlantic Ocean)
Image 54Pacific Ocean currents have created 3 "islands" of debris. (from Pacific Ocean)
Image 55Weddell seals (Leptonychotes weddellii) are the most southerly of Antarctic mammals. (from Southern Ocean)
Image 56Seas that are parts of the Southern Ocean (from Southern Ocean)
Image 57Map showing a large number of Spanish expeditions across the Pacific Ocean from the 16th to 18th centuries including the Manila galleon route between Acapulco and Manila, the first transpacific trade route in history. (from Pacific Ocean)
Image 58Impact of El Niño and La Niña on North America (from Pacific Ocean)
Image 59Tropical wet and dry climate in San Andrés Island Caribbean, Colombia (from Atlantic Ocean)
Image 60Abel Aubert du Petit-Thouars taking over Tahiti on 9 September 1842 (from Pacific Ocean)
Image 61Sea cover in the Arctic Ocean, showing the median, 2005 and 2007 coverage (from Arctic Ocean)
Image 62An iceberg being pushed out of a shipping lane by (L to R) USS Burton Island, USS Atka, and USS Glacier near McMurdo Station, Antarctica, 1965 (from Southern Ocean)
Image 63Agulhas Bank (from Atlantic Ocean)
Image 64During summer, warm continental masses draw moist air from the Indian Ocean hence producing heavy rainfall. The process is reversed during winter, resulting in dry conditions. (from Indian Ocean)
Image 65Sargassum fish (Histrio histrio) (from Atlantic Ocean)
Image 66The bathyscaphe Trieste, before her record dive to the bottom of the Mariana Trench, 23 January 1960 (from Pacific Ocean)
Image 67Fish of the Notothenioidei suborder, such as this young icefish, are mostly restricted to the Antarctic and Subantarctic (from Southern Ocean)
Image 68The Antarctic Ocean, as delineated by the draft 4th edition of the International Hydrographic Organization's Limits of Oceans and Seas (2002) (from Southern Ocean)
Image 69Emanuel Bowen's 1780s map of the Arctic features a "Northern Ocean". (from Arctic Ocean)
Image 70Sunset over the Pacific Ocean as seen from the International Space Station. tops of thunderclouds are also visible. (from Pacific Ocean)
Image 71In the subpolar gyre of the North Atlantic warm subtropical waters are transformed into colder subpolar and polar waters. In the Labrador Sea this water flows back to the subtropical gyre. (from Atlantic Ocean)
Image 72Excavation of the Ertebølle middens in 1880 (from Atlantic Ocean)
Image 73Malé's population has increased from 20,000 people in 1987 to more than 220,000 people in 2020. (from Indian Ocean)
Image 74Madagascar's Elephant bird, Mauritius's Dodo bird and ostrich (from left to right) (from Indian Ocean)
Image 75MS Explorer in Antarctica in January 1999. She sank on 23 November 2007 after hitting an iceberg. (from Southern Ocean)
Image 76Distribution of the major water mass in the Arctic Ocean. The section sketches the different water masses along a vertical section from Bering Strait over the geographic North Pole to Fram Strait. As the stratification is stable, deeper water masses are denser than the layers above. (from Arctic Ocean)
Image 77Partial picture of the Pacific Ocean from space, by the Apollo 11 crew (from Pacific Ocean)
Image 78The Arctic region showing the Northeast Passage, the Northern Sea Route within it, and the Northwest Passage. (from Arctic Ocean)
Image 79Tarawa Atoll in the Republic of Kiribati (from Pacific Ocean)
Image 80Made in 1529, the Diogo Ribeiro map was the first to show the Pacific at about its proper size (from Pacific Ocean)
Image 81Based on the medieval Íslendingasögur sagas, including the Grœnlendinga saga, this interpretative map of the "Norse World" shows that Norse knowledge of the Americas and the Atlantic remained limited. (from Atlantic Ocean)
Image 82A wandering albatross (Diomedea exulans) on South Georgia (from Southern Ocean)
Image 83A map of Australia's official interpretation of the names and limits of oceans and seas around Australia (from Southern Ocean)
Image 84The Arctic region; of note, the region's southerly border on this map is depicted by a red isotherm, with all territory to the north having an average temperature of less than 10 °C (50 °F) in July. (from Arctic Ocean)
Image 85Admiral von Bellingshausen (from Southern Ocean)
Image 86Three polar bears approach USS Honolulu near the North Pole. (from Arctic Ocean)
Image 87Embarked and disembarked slaves in the Atlantic slave trade 1525–1863 (first and last slave voyages) (from Atlantic Ocean)
Image 88Famous official portrait of Captain James Cook who proved that waters encompassed the southern latitudes of the globe. "He holds his own chart of the Southern Ocean on the table and his right hand points to the east coast of Australia on it." (from Southern Ocean)
Image 89The Kennedy Channel. (from Arctic Ocean)
Image 90The Atlantic Gyres influenced the Portuguese discoveries and trading port routes, here shown in the India Run ("Carreira da Índia"), which would be developed in subsequent years. (from Atlantic Ocean)
Image 91Mount Saint Helens in 2020 (from Pacific Ocean)
Image 92Frank Hurley, As time wore on it became more and more evident that the ship was doomed (Endurance trapped in pack ice), National Library of Australia. (from Southern Ocean)
Image 93Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba) are a keystone species of the food web. (from Southern Ocean)
Image 94"Southern Ocean" as alternative to the Aethiopian Ocean, 18th century (from Southern Ocean)
Image 95The Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC) is the strongest current system in the world oceans, linking the Atlantic, Indian and Pacific basins. (from Southern Ocean)
Image 96Typhoon Tip at global peak intensity on 12 October 1979 (from Pacific Ocean)
Image 97Prime Minister Suga declined to drink the bottle of Fukushima's treated radioactive water that he was holding, which would otherwise be discharged to the Pacific. 2020. (from Pacific Ocean)
Image 98Greco-Roman trade with ancient India according to the Periplus Maris Erythraei 1st century CE (from Indian Ocean)
Image 99Bahama Banks (from Atlantic Ocean)
Image 100Decrease of old Arctic Sea ice 1982–2007 (from Arctic Ocean)
Image 101Extent of the Indian Ocean according to International Hydrographic Organization
Image 102The Austronesian maritime trade network was the first trade routes in the Indian Ocean. (from Indian Ocean)
Image 103The Indian Ocean, according to the CIA The World Factbook (blue area), and as defined by the IHO (black outline - excluding marginal waterbodies). (from Indian Ocean)
Image 104Orca (Orcinus orca) hunting a Weddell seal in the Southern Ocean (from Southern Ocean)
Image 105Air pollution in South Asia spread over the Bay of Bengal and beyond. (from Indian Ocean)
Image 1061937 delineation (from Southern Ocean)
Image 107Walruses on Arctic ice floe (from Arctic Ocean)
Image 108The Aethiopian Ocean in a 1710 French map of Africa (from Atlantic Ocean)
Image 109Approximate extent of the Sargasso Sea (from Atlantic Ocean)
Image 110Regions, island nations and territories of Oceania (from Pacific Ocean)
Image 111As the Gulf Stream meanders across the North Atlantic from the North American east coast to Western Europe its temperature drops by 20 °C (36 °F).

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20 May 2022 – South China Sea dispute: The Philippines says that it has established coast guard outposts on three Filipino-controlled islands of the Spratlys in the South China Sea. (AP)
15 May 2022 – Russo-Ukrainian War: Russia launches missile strikes from the Black Sea on "military infrastructure" in Yavoriv Raion, Lviv Oblast, located near Ukraine's western border with Poland. The target was "completely destroyed", according to the region's governor Maksym Kozytskyy. (Reuters)
4 May 2022 – 2021–2022 North Korean missile tests: South Korea and the Japan Coast Guard both accuse North Korea of firing a ballistic missile from Sunan-guyok into the Sea of Japan. (France 24)
26 April 2022 – European migrant crisis: A person is killed and 24 are missing after a migrant vessel crashes off the coast of Spain's Canary Islands. (AP)
17 April 2022 – Russo-Ukrainian War: The Russian Armed Forces give an ultimatum to the last remaining holdout of Ukrainian troops and "foreign fighters" at the Azovstal iron and steel works plant in Mariupol to surrender. Defenders of the Azov Sea port ignore the ultimatum. (Reuters) (Al Jazeera)

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v t e Earth's oceans and seas
Arctic Ocean	Amundsen Gulf Barents Sea Beaufort Sea Chukchi Sea East Siberian Sea Greenland Sea Gulf of Boothia Kara Sea Laptev Sea Lincoln Sea Prince Gustaf Adolf Sea Pechora Sea Queen Victoria Sea Wandel Sea White Sea
Atlantic Ocean	Adriatic Sea Aegean Sea Alboran Sea Archipelago Sea Argentine Sea Baffin Bay Balearic Sea Baltic Sea Bay of Biscay Bay of Bothnia Bay of Campeche Bay of Fundy Black Sea Bothnian Sea Caribbean Sea Celtic Sea English Channel Foxe Basin Greenland Sea Gulf of Bothnia Gulf of Finland Gulf of Lion Gulf of Guinea Gulf of Maine Gulf of Mexico Gulf of Saint Lawrence Gulf of Sidra Gulf of Venezuela Hudson Bay Ionian Sea Irish Sea Irminger Sea James Bay Labrador Sea Levantine Sea Libyan Sea Ligurian Sea Marmara Sea Mediterranean Sea Myrtoan Sea North Sea Norwegian Sea Sargasso Sea Sea of Åland Sea of Azov Sea of Crete Sea of the Hebrides Thracian Sea Tyrrhenian Sea Wadden Sea
Indian Ocean	Andaman Sea Arabian Sea Bay of Bengal Flores Sea Great Australian Bight Gulf of Aden Gulf of Aqaba Gulf of Khambhat Gulf of Kutch Gulf of Oman Gulf of Suez Laccadive Sea Mozambique Channel Persian Gulf Red Sea Timor Sea
Pacific Ocean	Arafura Sea Bali Sea Banda Sea Bering Sea Bismarck Sea Bohai Sea Bohol Sea Camotes Sea Celebes Sea Chilean Sea Coral Sea East China Sea Gulf of Alaska Gulf of Anadyr Gulf of California Gulf of Carpentaria Gulf of Fonseca Gulf of Panama Gulf of Thailand Gulf of Tonkin Halmahera Sea Java Sea Koro Sea Mar de Grau Molucca Sea Moro Gulf Philippine Sea Salish Sea Savu Sea Sea of Japan Sea of Okhotsk Seram Sea Seto Inland Sea Shantar Sea Sibuyan Sea Solomon Sea South China Sea Sulu Sea Tasman Sea Visayan Sea Yellow Sea
Southern Ocean	Amundsen Sea Bellingshausen Sea Cooperation Sea Cosmonauts Sea Davis Sea D'Urville Sea King Haakon VII Sea Lazarev Sea Mawson Sea Riiser-Larsen Sea Ross Sea Scotia Sea Somov Sea Weddell Sea
Endorheic basins	Aral Sea Caspian Sea Dead Sea Salton Sea
Others	Ocean Sea Superocean
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v t e Physical oceanography
Waves	Airy wave theory Ballantine scale Benjamin–Feir instability Boussinesq approximation Breaking wave Clapotis Cnoidal wave Cross sea Dispersion Edge wave Equatorial waves Fetch Gravity wave Green's law Infragravity wave Internal wave Iribarren number Kelvin wave Kinematic wave Longshore drift Luke's variational principle Mild-slope equation Radiation stress Rogue wave Rossby wave Rossby-gravity waves Sea state Seiche Significant wave height Soliton Stokes boundary layer Stokes drift Stokes wave Swell Trochoidal wave Tsunami megatsunami Undertow Ursell number Wave action Wave base Wave height Wave nonlinearity Wave power Wave radar Wave setup Wave shoaling Wave turbulence Wave–current interaction Waves and shallow water one-dimensional Saint-Venant equations shallow water equations Wind wave model
Circulation	Atmospheric circulation Baroclinity Boundary current Coriolis force Coriolis–Stokes force Craik–Leibovich vortex force Downwelling Eddy Ekman layer Ekman spiral Ekman transport El Niño–Southern Oscillation General circulation model Geochemical Ocean Sections Study Geostrophic current Global Ocean Data Analysis Project Gulf Stream Halothermal circulation Humboldt Current Hydrothermal circulation Langmuir circulation Longshore drift Loop Current Modular Ocean Model Ocean current Ocean dynamics Ocean dynamical thermostat Ocean gyre Princeton ocean model Rip current Subsurface currents Sverdrup balance Thermohaline circulation shutdown Upwelling Wind generated current Whirlpool World Ocean Circulation Experiment
Tides	Amphidromic point Earth tide Head of tide Internal tide Lunitidal interval Perigean spring tide Rip tide Rule of twelfths Slack water Tidal bore Tidal force Tidal power Tidal race Tidal range Tidal resonance Tide gauge Tideline Theory of tides
Landforms	Abyssal fan Abyssal plain Atoll Bathymetric chart Coastal geography Cold seep Continental margin Continental rise Continental shelf Contourite Guyot Hydrography Knoll Oceanic basin Oceanic plateau Oceanic trench Passive margin Seabed Seamount Submarine canyon Submarine volcano
Plate tectonics	Convergent boundary Divergent boundary Fracture zone Hydrothermal vent Marine geology Mid-ocean ridge Mohorovičić discontinuity Vine–Matthews–Morley hypothesis Oceanic crust Outer trench swell Ridge push Seafloor spreading Slab pull Slab suction Slab window Subduction Transform fault Volcanic arc
Ocean zones	Benthic Deep ocean water Deep sea Littoral Mesopelagic Oceanic Pelagic Photic Surf Swash
Sea level	Deep-ocean Assessment and Reporting of Tsunamis Future sea level Global Sea Level Observing System North West Shelf Operational Oceanographic System Sea-level curve Sea level rise World Geodetic System
Acoustics	Deep scattering layer Hydroacoustics Ocean acoustic tomography Sofar bomb SOFAR channel Underwater acoustics
Satellites	Jason-1 Jason-2 (Ocean Surface Topography Mission) Jason-3
Related	Argo Benthic lander Color of water DSV Alvin Marginal sea Marine energy Marine pollution Mooring National Oceanographic Data Center Ocean Ocean exploration Ocean observations Ocean reanalysis Ocean surface topography Ocean thermal energy conversion Oceanography Outline of oceanography Pelagic sediment Sea surface microlayer Sea surface temperature Seawater Science On a Sphere Thermocline Underwater glider Water column World Ocean Atlas
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Ocean currents and gyres

Currents

Arctic Ocean	East Greenland North Icelandic Norwegian Transpolar Drift Stream
Atlantic Ocean	Angola Antilles Azores Baffin Island Benguela Brazil Canary Cape Horn Caribbean East Greenland East Iceland Falkland Florida Guinea Gulf Stream Irminger Labrador Lomonosov Loop North Atlantic North Brazil North Equatorial Norwegian Portugal South Atlantic South Equatorial West Greenland West Spitsbergen
Indian Ocean	Agulhas Agulhas Return East Madagascar Equatorial Counter Indian Monsoon Indonesian Throughflow Leeuwin Madagascar Mozambique North Madagascar Somali South Equatorial West Australian
Pacific Ocean	Alaska Aleutian California Cromwell Davidson East Australian East Korea Warm Equatorial Counter Humboldt Indonesian Throughflow Kamchatka Kuroshio Mindanao North Equatorial North Korea Cold North Pacific Oyashio South Equatorial Tasman Front
Southern Ocean	Antarctic Circumpolar Tasman Outflow

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Major gyres	Indian Ocean Gyre North Atlantic Gyre South Atlantic Gyre North Pacific Gyre South Pacific Gyre
Other gyres	Beaufort Gyre Ross Gyre Weddell Gyre

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v t e Mid-ocean ridges
Present	Central Indian Chile East Pacific Explorer Gakkel Gorda Juan de Fuca Mid-Atlantic Pacific-Antarctic South American-Antarctic Southeast Indian Southwest Indian
Former	Aegir Alpha Kula-Farallon Mid-Labrador Pacific-Farallon Pacific-Kula Phoenix
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Marine aquatic ecosystem components

Marine	Marine biology Marine chemistry Deep scattering layer Diel vertical migration Ecosystems large marine marine) f-ratio Food web Iron fertilization Marine snow Ocean nourishment Oceanic physical-biological process Primary production Ocean turbidity Photophore Thorson's rule Upwelling Viral shunt Whale fall More...
Marine life	Bacteriophages Census Fish coastal coral reef deep sea demersal pelagic Deep sea communities Deep sea creature Deep-water coral Invertebrates Larvae Mammals Marine life Microorganisms Paradox of the plankton Prokaryotes Protists Reptiles Seabirds Seashore wildlife Vertebrates Viruses Wild fisheries
Marine habitats	Bay mud Coastal biogeomorphology Cold seeps Coral reefs Davidson Seamount Estuaries Intertidal ecology Intertidal wetlands Kelp forests Hydrothermal vents Lagoons Mangroves Marine biomes Marine habitats Mudflats Rocky shores Salt marshes Salt pannes and pools Seagrass meadows Sponge grounds Sponge reefs Tide pools
Issues	Coral bleaching Ecological values of mangroves Fisheries and climate change HERMIONE Human impact on marine life Marine conservation Marine conservation activism Marine pollution Marine Protected Area
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v t e African seas
Oceans and seas	Alboran Sea Atlantic Ocean Indian Ocean Levantine Sea Mediterranean Sea Red Sea Southern Ocean
Gulfs and bays	Abu Qir Bay Acheïl Dakhlet Al Hoceima Bay Algiers Bay Algoa Bay Ambas Bay Ana Chaves Bay Angra de Cintra Antongil Bay Antsiranana Bay Arab's Gulf Baía Almeida Baía da Condúcia Baía da Corimba Baía de Mocambo Baía de Mossuril Baia de Porto Amboim Baía de Santa Marta Baía de Sucujaque Baía de Tombua Baía do Ambriz Baía do Bengo Baía do Dande Baía do Govuro Baía do Lúrio Baía do Nzeto Baía do Suto Baie de Gorée Baie de Sangareya Baie de Yof Bandombaai Bay of Anfile Bay of Arguin Bay of Aseb Bay of Arzew Bight of Benin Bay of Beylul Bay of Edd Bay of Hawakil Bay of Langarano Bay of Saint-Augustin Bay of Tangier Benguela Bay Bera’esoli Betty’s Bay Bight of Biafra Bocock’s Bay Bombetoka Bay Bootbaai Bosluisbaai Cabinda Bay Cape Cross Bay Cape Negro Bay Chake-Chake Bay Chameis Bay Chwaka Bay Conception Bay Cuio Bay Dakhlet Nouadhibou Dalwakteah Bay Deurloopbaai Doringbaai Dungonab Bay Durissa Bay Elands Bay Enseada das Pombas Enseada de São Braz Enseada do Catumbo Enseada do Chalungo Enseada do Quicombo Enseada do Quitungo Enseada dos Três Irmãos Equimina Bay False Bay Farta Bay Fernao Veloso Bay Foul Bay Frederik se Baai Grosse Bucht Gulf of Aden Gulf of 'Agig Gulf of Gabès Gulf of Guinea Gulf of Hammamet Gulf of Sirte Gulf of Suez Gulf of Tadjoura Gulf of Tunis Gulf of Zula Ghoubbet-el-Kharab Hafun Bay South Hann Bay Harrison Cove Henties Bay Hirghīgo Bahir Selat’ē Horingbaai Hottentotsbaai Hurdiyo Hydra Bay Inhambane Bay Jammer Bucht John Owen Bay Kalawy Bay Kiwaiyu Bay Lambert Bay Lamu Bay Langbaai Loango Bay Lobito Bay Luanda Bay Lüderitz Bay McDougall Bay Manza Bay Maputo Bay Markusbaai Memba Bay Menai Bay Meob Bay Mietjie Frans se Baai Moraha Bahir Selat’ē Mossel Bay Möwebaai Namibe Bay Noopbaai Oran Gulf Pemba Bay Pipas Bay Platbaai Plaatjieskraalbaai Plettenbergbaai Pointe-Noire Bay Porto Alexandre, Angola Prinzen Bucht Río de Oro Bay Rock Bay Roode Bay Rooiwalbaai Saint Francis Bay Saint Francis Bay (Eastern Cape) St Helena Bay Saint Sebastian Bay Saldanha Bay Sandwich Harbour Sierra Bay Skoonbergbaai Skurfbaai Slangbaai Sodwana Bay Sofala Bay Somnaasbaai Spencer Bay Struisbaai Spoegrivierbaai Swartstraat Table Bay Thysbaai Tietiesbaai Ungama Bay Walker Bay Walvis Bay (bay) Yawri Bay
Straits	Bab-el-Mandeb Bab Iskender Canal de Bolama Canal de Bolola Canal de Caió Canal de São Vicente Canal do Meio Mafia Channel Massawa Channel Mozambique Channel‎ Tigres Strait Pemba Channel Shubuk Channel Guardafui Channel Strait of Gibraltar Strait of Sicily Straits of Tiran Zanzibar Channel
Historical seas	Aethiopian Sea Erythraean Sea Sea of Zanj
Africa portal Oceans portal

v t e Coastal geography
Landforms	Anchialine pool Archipelago Atoll Avulsion Ayre Barrier island Bay Bight Bodden Brackish marsh Cape Channel Cliff Coast Coastal plain Coastal waterfall Continental margin Continental shelf Coral reef Cove Dune cliff-top Estuary Firth Fjard Fjord Freshwater marsh Fundus Gat Geo Gulf Gut Hapua Headland Inlet Intertidal wetland Island Islet Isthmus Lagoon Machair Mudflat Natural arch Peninsula Reef Ria Salt marsh Shoal Shore Skerry Sound Spit Stack Strait Strand plain Submarine canyon Tidal island Tidal marsh Tide pool Tied island Tombolo Windwatt
Beaches	Beach cusps Beach evolution Coastal morphodynamics Beach ridge Beachrock Beaches in estuaries and bays Pocket beach Raised beach Recession Shell beach Shingle beach Storm beach Wash margin
River mouths	Debouch River delta mega regressive Mouth bar baymouth
Processes	Blowhole Cliffed coast Coastal biogeomorphology Coastal erosion Concordant coastline Current Cuspate foreland Discordant coastline Emergent coastline Feeder bluff Fetch Flat coast Graded shoreline Ingression coast Large-scale coastal behaviour Longshore drift Marine regression Marine transgression Raised shoreline Rip current Rocky shore Sea cave Sea foam Shoal Steep coast Submergent coastline Surf break Surf zone Surge channel Swash Undertow Volcanic arc Wave-cut platform Wave shoaling Wind wave Wrack zone
Management	Accretion Coastal management Integrated coastal zone management Submersion
Related	Bulkhead line Grain size boulder clay cobble granule pebble sand shingle silt Intertidal zone Littoral zone Physical oceanography River plume Region of freshwater influence
Geography portal Oceans portal Category Commons

v t e Indonesian seas
East Indian Archipelago
Ocean	Indian Ocean Pacific Ocean
Sea	Andaman Sea Arafura Sea Bali Sea Banda Sea Celebes Sea Flores Sea Halmahera Sea Java Sea Molucca Sea Natuna Sea Philippine Sea Savu Sea Seram Sea South China Sea Timor Sea
Strait	Alas Strait Alor Strait Badung Strait Bali Strait Bangka Strait Berhala Strait Dampier Strait Gaspar Strait Karimata Strait Laut Strait Lombok Strait Madura Strait Makassar Strait Malacca Strait Mentawai Strait Ombai Strait Pitt Strait Riau Strait Rupat Strait Sape Strait Selayar Strait Singapore Strait Sumba Strait Sunda Strait Wetar Strait
Gulf	Ambon Bay Balikpapan Bay Berau Gulf Bintuni Bay Boni Gulf Cenderawasih Bay Jakarta Bay Lampung Bay Pelabuhanratu Bay Saleh Bay Semangka Bay Tolo Gulf Tomini Gulf Yos Sudarso Bay
Indonesia portal Oceans portal

v t e International law of sea
Sources of international law of sea	United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea MARPOL 73/78 Law of salvage Seabed Arms Control Treaty London Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping of Wastes and Other Matter
Main Concepts	International waters Exclusive economic zone
International courts	International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea International Seabed Authority
History	Geneva Naval Conference

v t e List of Australian seas
Ocean	Indian Ocean Pacific Ocean Southern Ocean
Sea	Arafura Sea Coral Sea Tasman Sea Timor Sea
Strait	Backstairs Passage Bass Strait Clarence Strait Dundas Strait Endeavour Strait Investigator Strait Torres Strait
Gulf	Admiralty Gulf Beagle Gulf Cambridge Gulf Gulf of Carpentaria Great Australian Bight Exmouth Gulf Joseph Bonaparte Gulf Gulf St Vincent Spencer Gulf Van Diemen Gulf
Australia portal Oceans portal

v t e Marginal seas of the Atlantic Ocean
Basins	Foxe Basin
Bays	Baffin Bay Bay of Biscay Bay of Bothnia Bay of Campeche Bay of Fundy Hudson Bay James Bay Pottles Bay
Channels	English Channel
Gulfs	Gulf of Bothnia Gulf of Finland Gulf of Lion Gulf of Guinea Gulf of Maine Gulf of Mexico Gulf of St. Lawrence Gulf of Sidra Gulf of Venezuela
Seas	Adriatic Sea Aegean Sea Alboran Sea Archipelago Sea Argentine Sea Balearic Sea Baltic Sea Black Sea Bothnian Sea Caribbean Sea Celtic Sea Greenland Sea Icarian Sea Ionian Sea Irish Sea Irminger Sea Labrador Sea Levantine Sea Libyan Sea Ligurian Sea Marmara Sea Mediterranean Sea Myrtoan Sea North Sea Norwegian Sea Sargasso Sea Sea of Åland Sea of Azov Sea of Crete Sea of the Hebrides Thracian Sea Tyrrhenian Sea Wadden Sea
Oceans portal

Marine pollution

v t e Marine protected areas
Marine protected areas by nation	List of marine protected areas Australia Canada MPAs NMCAs Scotland South Africa
International marine conservation organisations	International Union for Conservation of Nature World Wide Fund for Nature
Related	Biodiversity Marine biodiversity Marine ecoregion Marine protected area Protected area
Categories: Marine protected areas Commons

v t e Marine energy
Wave power	Australia New Zealand United States
Tidal power	New Zealand Annapolis Royal Generating Station
Other	Marine current power Offshore construction Ocean thermal energy conversion Osmotic power Pelamis Wave Energy Converter SDE Sea Wave Wind power (offshore) Wave farm
Energy portal Renewable energy portal Oceans portal Ocean energy

v t e Seafood
Fish	Anchovy Barramundi Billfish Carp Catfish Cod Eel Flatfish Flounder Herring Mackerel Salmon Sardine Shark Sturgeon Swordfish Tilapia Trout Tuna Whitebait
Shellfish	Abalone Cockles Conch Crab meat Crayfish Geoduck Krill Lobster Mussels Oysters Scallops Shrimp Sea urchins Crustaceans Molluscs
Other seafood	Edible seaweed Jellyfish Marine mammals Octopus Sea cucumber Squid Whale meat Algae List of seafoods more...
Processed seafood	Caviar Dried fish Canned fish Cod liver oil Cured fish Fermented fish Fish fillet Fish head Fish oil Fish sauce Fish paste Fish steak Fish stock Lutefisk Salted fish Salted squid Shark liver oil Shrimp paste Smoked fish Stockfish Surimi Roe more...
Seafood dishes	List of seafood dishes List of crab dishes List of fish dishes List of raw fish dishes List of tuna dishes Bisque Chowder Fish and chips Fish pie Fish soup Fried fish Seafood boil Shark fin soup Sushi more...
Health hazards	Ciguatera Fish diseases and parasites Mercury in fish Metagonimiasis Scombroid food poisoning Shellfish poisoning
Advisory services	Seafood mislabelling Sustainable seafood Sustainable seafood advisory lists and certification
Animal welfare	Declawing of crabs Eyestalk ablation Eating live seafood Live fish trade Pain in fish Pain in crustaceans Shark finning
Related topics	Fish preservation Fish processing Gathering seafood by hand History of seafood History of sushi List of seafood companies Pescetarianism Raw bar Salmon cannery Seafood restaurant
Food portal Category: Seafood

v t e Seas of the Philippines
Ocean	Pacific Ocean
Sea	Bohol Sea Camotes Sea Celebes Sea Philippine Sea Samar Sea Sibuyan Sea Sulu Sea Visayan Sea South China Sea
Strait	Babuyan Channel Balintang Channel Balabac Strait Basilan Strait Burias Pass Canigao Channel Cebu Strait Guimaras Strait Iloilo Strait Jintotolo Channel Linapacan Strait Luzon Strait Maqueda Channel Mindoro Strait Polillo Strait San Bernardino Strait San Juanico Strait Surigao Strait Tablas Strait Tañon Strait Tapiantana Channel Ticao Pass Verde Island Passage
Gulf	Albay Gulf Asid Gulf Davao Gulf Lagonoy Gulf Leyte Gulf Lingayen Gulf Moro Gulf Panay Gulf Ragay Gulf
Philippines portal Oceans portal See also: Bodies of water of the Philippines

v t e Timeline of largest passenger ships
Briefly held the title before the preceding ship reclaimed it† Shared record‡
SS Royal William (1831) SS Great Western (1837) SS British Queen (1839) SS President (1840)† SS Great Britain (1843) RMS Atrato (1853) SS Great Eastern (1858) SS City of New York (1888) RMS Campania (1893)‡ SS Kaiser Wilhelm der Grosse (1897) RMS Oceanic (1899) RMS Celtic (1901) RMS Cedric (1903) RMS Baltic (1904) RMS Empress of Scotland (1906) RMS Lusitania (1907) RMS Mauretania (1907) RMS Olympic (1911) RMS Titanic (1912)† SS Imperator (1913) SS Leviathan (1914) RMS Majestic (1922) SS Normandie (1935) RMS Queen Mary (1936)† RMS Queen Elizabeth (1946) SS France (1972) MS Sovereign of the Seas (1987)† Sun Princess (1995) MS Carnival Destiny (1996) MS Grand Princess (1998) MS Voyager of the Seas (1999) MS Explorer of the Seas (2000) MS Navigator of the Seas (2002) RMS Queen Mary 2 (2003) MS Freedom of the Seas (2006) Liberty of the Seas (2007) Oasis of the Seas (2009)‡ Harmony of the Seas (2016) Symphony of the Seas (2018) Wonder of the Seas (2022)
Oceans portal

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Admiralty law

Admiralty law

History
Code of Hammurabi Corpus Juris Civilis Digesta Ordinamenta et consuetudo maris Amalfian Laws Hanseatic League
Features
Maritime transport Shipping/Ferry Cargo Freight Passenger Merchant marine Cargo ship Passenger ship Owner Mortgage Registration Marine insurance Act of God Cargo Collision Construction General average Seaworthiness Total loss
Contract of carriage/Charterparty
Affreightment Agency Bill of lading Bill of parcel Brokerage Chartering Consignment Demurrage Force majeure Invoice Commercial Pro forma Laytime Lien Maritime Manifest Proof of delivery Salvage Terms International Waybill
Parties
Agent Factor Freight forwarder Principal Carrier Captain Charterer Freight company Manager Consignee Stevedore Consignor Seaman
Judiciary
Admiralty court Vice admiralty court
International conventions
Hague-Visby Rules Hamburg Rules Rotterdam Rules Maritime Labour Convention International Convention on Salvage United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) SOLAS Convention Ballast Water Management Convention International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea
International organisations
International Maritime Organization London Maritime Arbitrators Association
v t e