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Poverty in South America is prevalent in most of its countries. Those that have the highest rates of poverty per population are Suriname, Bolivia and Venezuela.[1] Recent political shifts in the region have led to improvements in some of these countries.[example needed] In general, most South American economies[which?] have attempted to tackle poverty with stronger economic regulations, foreign direct investments and implementation of microeconomic policies to reduce poverty.[citation needed]

Conditions by nation

Argentina

Argentina is one of two countries that has seen an upward shift in its poverty population in 2017. Its poverty population was recorded at 27.5% and 32% in 2018.[2] Critics of the official INDEC survey charge that both the inflation rate used to measure poverty and the official baseline household budgets themselves are understated. The official income poverty line also increased 150% between 2001 and early 2010; but most private surveys of household conditions in Argentina estimate it at half again as much as the official threshold,[3] and the effective poverty rate at around 25% of the population.[4][5] Absolute poverty estimates, as measured by the inability to meet a minimum nutritional budget, also differ: this condition includes 3.5% of the population officially, and around 10% per private estimates.[4]

Poverty in Argentina varies widely according to region, and provinces in the north have historically shouldered the nation's highest poverty rates. Estimates of income poverty in this region ranged from around 20% officially,[6] to over 40% in private estimates;[5] substandard living conditions affected around 30% of this region's population in the 2001 Census.[7] The city of Buenos Aires proper, Santa Cruz and Tierra del Fuego Provinces benefit from the nation's lowest poverty rates (around 7 to 14%, depending on the measurement).[7][5] The majority of Argentina's public social programs, aside from those related to health, are administered by the National Social Security Administration (ANSES). Argentines in the labor force earning less than 4,800 pesos (US$1,230) monthly, are entitled to benefits upon marriage, birth or adoption of a child, for maternity leave or prenatal care, and for a disability in a child, as well as to a modest unemployment insurance benefit for up to 6 months.[8] The most important poverty relief program administered by the ANSES is the Universal Childhood Entitlement. The benefit, of 180 pesos (US$46) a month per child, is assigned to 3.7 million children under age 18 (30% of the nation's total), and includes the deposit of 20% of the check in a savings account accessible only upon certification of the child's enrollment in school.[9]

The health needs of the poor in Argentina (and of a sizable proportion of the working class) is attended to by the public hospital system, which received funding of around US$8 billion in 2009, and whose quality of care typically falls short of the systems relied on by the nation's middle and upper classes (health cooperatives and private health insurance); health care for poor (and most non-poor) senior citizens is overseen by PAMI.[10] The National Housing Fund (FONAVI) and its successors, the Provincial Housing Institutes, have also benefited the poor by facilitating access to affordable housing,[11] and since 1976, has completed over a million housing units.[12] The socio-economic crisis at the time prompted the enactment of the Program for Unemployed Heads of Households in early 2002, and at its height in 2003, around 2 million beneficiaries received debit cards worth 150 pesos (US$50) for part-time work;[13] by 2010, the plan's impact on employment had become negligible.[14]

Birth control among the poor, especially access to contraceptives, has long been discouraged by a succession of Argentine governments. Government policy instead rewards large families with subsidies that rise disproportionately with the seventh child,[15] Argentine women have long had among Latin America's lowest birth rates (averaging 2.3 births per woman in recent years).

Bolivia

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Bolivia was one of the poorest countries in South America, but between 2006 and 2014, GDP per capita doubled and the extreme poverty rate declined from 38 to 18%.[16] This represents a great improvement in comparison to the situation by 2005, diminishing poverty from 59.6% to 38.6% in a decade.[17] These changes are mainly attributed to the socialist government of Evo Morales[citation needed], who came to power in 2005. This government introduced a number of measures to combat poverty:

Brazil

Main article: Poverty in Brazil
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Brazil is the largest country in South America and has a low to moderate poverty rate[citation needed]. Poverty in Brazil is concentrated in the north-eastern region of the country, with 60% of the country's poorest. The majority of those in poverty are of Afro-Brazilian heritage.[18] Over 8.9 million Brazilians live on less than $2 a day.[19]

After the macroeconomic stabilization in the second half of the 1990s, different Brazilian administrations have increasingly addressed the issue of poverty. The Fome Zero (Zero Hunger) and Brasil Sem Miséria (Brazil Without Poverty) programmes have lifted hundreds of thousands of people out of poverty[citation needed]. The former served as an umbrella programme for multiple conditional cash transfer initiative Bolsa Família. All three programmes were established under the Partido dos Trabalhadores (Workers' Party) governments. The latter was instrumental in achieving the Millennium Development Goal (MDGs) of reducing extreme poverty in Brazil, with Brazil surpassing the target.[citation needed] The poverty headcount in 2012 stood at 9%, down from 21% in 2005 and 34% in 1996.[citation needed] The rate of extreme poverty was 3.6% in 2012 compared to 13.4% in 1990. In 2014 Brazil managed to exit FAO's world map of malnutrition. [1]

Colombia

Main article: Poverty in Colombia

Colombia has the 4th largest economy in Latin America, tourism booms, and consistent GDP growth. In recent years, the government has instituted new micro-economic regulations that have led to poverty reduction by increasing and supporting new opportunities to improve the lives of rural populations. This has helped Colombia shift from moderate to high levels of poverty to low to moderate levels of rural poverty.[20] Their poverty reduction strategy focuses on three components: rural development, social and infrastructural services and decentralization.[21] This country feels[clarification needed] that if they put their main focus on these particular issues it has a good chance at dramatically reducing its rural-area poverty.[22]

Ecuador

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Ecuador has 21% of its population living in poverty, with another 12% being vulnerable to it. One million out of its 13 million inhabitants cannot meet the proper standards of living.[23][full citation needed] Ecuador country has a high rural poverty.[citation needed] Its malnutrition rate is relatively low; healthcare is provided by the state, preventing high child mortality rates.[citation needed]

Paraguay

23.8% of the population is below the poverty line[24] and 4% is very poor, per national surveys;[citation needed] the proportion of Paraguayans living in absolute poverty was 10.3%, as measured in the UN Human Development Index.[25] The problems associated with poverty that this country deals with is migration, language and that there is no standard welfare system. Water and sanitation conditions are also inefficient in rural areas, where the majority of the poor population is concentrated, which leads to the poor getting sick from the unsanitary way of living.[26]

Peru

Main article: Poverty in Peru

From 2000 to 2018, Peru's poverty rates dropped from 54.7% to 20.5%.[27] The country's total poverty is 20.5%.[28]

According to the World Bank, Peru has recently made great advances in development. It has been successful with "high growth rates, low inflation, macroeconomic stability, reduction of external debt and poverty and significant advances in social and development indicators". However, 1.4% of Peru's urban population lives below the poverty line, while the rural population sits at 19.7%. Reductions of inequality have occurred in Peru, but inequality is still high, with a GINI Index of 0.45.[29]

This country suffers from low income jobs, poor teaching skills in the rural areas, as well as absence of full benefits for the primary health care and chronic problems that the country has. The poor people in rural areas are at greater risks for health illness because they lack access to clean water and sanitation.[30]

The population has grown, and this is causing more poverty because the country's cities are becoming over crowded. Over the last few years Peru is showing a little improvement with the social welfare system and the consumption poverty rates. The social welfare system is reaching more out to the poor because the government is receiving more funding.[31] The consumption poverty rates are slightly lower from 19% to 15%, but there are still millions of Peruvians suffering from severe poverty.[32]

Uruguay

By 2022, 9.1% of the population remains under the poverty line.[33] Due to this, it is one of the South American countries with the lowest poverty rate.[34]

Income poverty in Uruguay, historically low by regional standards, had increased substantially during that country's struggle with chronic stagflation from the 1960s until the mid-1980s; from 1986 to 1999, however, income poverty declined sharply, from 46% to 15%.[35] Fallout from an earlier financial crisis in neighboring Argentina helped lead to a resurgence in poverty, to 27%, by 2006,[36] though by 2008, a reduction of the rate to around 24% was measured, while 2.2% of the population remained in absolute poverty; as in many other nations, the poor in Uruguay suffer from far higher rates of unemployment than the population at large (27%, compared to an average of 7.5%).[37] The rate of absolute poverty in Uruguay, measured as part of the UN Human Development Index, was 3.0% in 2009, and was the lowest in Latin America.[25]

Venezuela

See also: Crisis in Venezuela

As of 2011, recent income official statistics show that the total poverty rate in the country stands at 31.9%. Of this group, 23.3% corresponds to relative poverty and 8.6% corresponds to absolute poverty.[38]

A United Nations report estimated in March 2019 that 94% of Venezuelans lived in poverty.[39][40]

By 2021, 94.5% of the population was living in poverty based on income according to the national Living Conditions Survey (ENCOVI), out of which 76.6% lived under extreme poverty, the highest figure ever recorded in the country.[41]

See also

References

  1. ^ "Poverty headcount ratio at national poverty line (% of population)". The World Bank. Retrieved 24 April 2014.
  2. ^ "Poverty headcount ratio at national poverty lines (% of population) - Latin America & Caribbean, Argentina". World Bank. Retrieved November 22, 2020.
  3. ^ "La línea de pobreza del INDEC, cada vez más lejos de las mediciones privadas" [INDEC's poverty line, increasingly far from private measurements]. Clarin (in Spanish). Retrieved November 22, 2020.
  4. ^ a b "La Nación: Estiman que la pobreza es casi el doble de la admitida por el Gobierno" (in Spanish).
  5. ^ a b c "INSTITUTO ARGENTINO PARA EL DESARROLLO DE LAS ECONOMIAS REGIONALES". INSTITUTO ARGENTINO PARA EL DESARROLLO DE LAS ECONOMIAS REGIONALES.
  6. ^ "INDEC: Poverty line and baseline household budgets".
  7. ^ a b "INDEC: Population with unsatisfied basic needs".
  8. ^ "ANSES" (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 2011-07-04. Retrieved 2010-07-13.
  9. ^ "ANSES: Extensión de Plazos de Libreta" (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 2011-07-06. Retrieved 2010-07-13.
  10. ^ Clarín. Salud privada: obras sociales y medicina prepaga en Argentina (in Spanish)
  11. ^ "Argentina: Políticas Sociales, Vivieda y servicios" (in Spanish).
  12. ^ Subsecretaría de Desarollo Urbano y Vivienda (in Spanish)
  13. ^ Ministerio de Desarollo Social: Tarjeta del Plan Jefes y Jefas de Hogar (in Spanish)
  14. ^ "INDEC: Encuesta Permanente de Hogares (May 21, 2010)" (PDF) (in Spanish). Archived from the original (PDF) on July 15, 2010. Retrieved July 13, 2010.
  15. ^ "La fábrica de hijos: conciben en serie y obtienen una mejor pensión del Estado". Clarín. April 5, 2009.
  16. ^ "Evo Morales en route pour un troisième mandat | Investig'Action". www.investigaction.net. 7 October 2014.
  17. ^ Mendoza, Luz (18 October 2016). "La pobreza en Bolivia disminuyó de 59,6% a 38,6% en diez años, de 2005 a 2015".
  18. ^ "Viasat Satellite Internet | Viasat Internet".
  19. ^ World Bank Country Assistance Strategy 2000
  20. ^ World Bank
  21. ^ World Bank Poverty Assessment Colombia
  22. ^ World Bank
  23. ^ World Bank Poverty Assessment: Ecuador.
  24. ^ "Paraguay". Central Intelligence Agency. January 12, 2022 – via CIA.gov.
  25. ^ a b UNDP Human Development Report 2 009 Update. "Table 3: Human poverty index: developing countries" (PDF). Retrieved 2010-01-19.((cite web)): CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  26. ^ World Bank
  27. ^ Keppel, Stephen (17 January 2014). "5 Ways Hugo Chavez Has Destroyed the Venezuelan Economy". Fusion (TV channel). Retrieved 21 April 2014.
  28. ^ "Data: Peru". The World Bank. Retrieved 24 April 2014.
  29. ^ "Peru Overview". The World Bank. Retrieved 24 April 2014.
  30. ^ World Bank Archived May 9, 2008, at the Wayback Machine
  31. ^ World Bank Poverty Assessment: Peru.
  32. ^ World Bank Archived May 9, 2008, at the Wayback Machine
  33. ^ "La pobreza en Uruguay cerró el segundo semestre de 2022 en 9,1% con una mejora de 1,5 puntos porcentuales". 2023-03-27. Archived from the original on 2023-03-27. Retrieved 2023-03-31.
  34. ^ "La pobreza en Uruguay cayó al 9,1 % tras el segundo semestre de 2022". infobae (in European Spanish). 28 March 2023. Retrieved 2023-03-31.
  35. ^ "INE Uruguay: Evolución de la pobreza por el método del ingreso" (PDF) (in Spanish). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2005-11-09.
  36. ^ UNDP: Uruguay (in Spanish) Archived 2007-03-11 at the Wayback Machine
  37. ^ "INE Uruguay: Estimaciones de pobreza (2008)" (PDF) (in Spanish). Archived from the original (PDF) on June 14, 2013.
  38. ^ INE Venezuela: Pobreza por línea de ingreso, 1er semestre 1997 - 2do semestre 2011 (in Spanish)
  39. ^ Nichols, Michelle (29 March 2019). "Venezuelans facing 'unprecedented challenges,' many need aid - internal U.N. report". Reuters. Retrieved 6 April 2019.
  40. ^ "Venezuelan migrant exodus hits 3 million: U.N." Reuters. 8 November 2018. Retrieved 28 February 2019.
  41. ^ "Encovi 2021: Venezuela Is The Poorest Country in Latin America". Caracas Chronicles. 2021-09-30. Retrieved 2021-12-24.
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