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((short description|Leader of the Powhatan))
((pp-pc1|small=yes))
((use mdy dates|date=December 2023))
((more citations needed|date=October 2022))
((Infobox person
| name               = Wahunsenacawh, Powhatan
| image              = Powhatan john smith map.jpg
| birth_date         = [[Wiktionary:circa|c.]] 1547
| image_size         = 
| caption            = Powhatan, detail of map published by English [[colonization|colonizer]] [[John Smith (explorer)|John Smith]] (1612)
| birth_place        = [[Tsenacommacah]]
| death_date         = c. 1618 (aged 70–71)
| death_place        = [[Colony of Virginia]], [[British America]]
| resting_place      = [[Pamunkey Indian Reservation|Pamunkey Reservation]], [[King William, Virginia]], United States
| occupation         = Leader of the [[Powhatan]] people of [[Tsenacommacah]], an alliance of [[Algonquian languages|Algonquian]]-speaking [[Virginia Indians|people]]
| relatives          = [[Opchanacanough|Opechancanough]] (brother)<br />[[John Rolfe]] (son-in-law)
| children           = [[Pocahontas]] and others
))
'''Powhatan''' ([[Wiktionary:circa|c.]] 1547 – c. 1618), whose proper name was '''Wahunsenacawh''' (alternately spelled '''Wahunsenacah''', '''Wahunsunacock,''' or '''Wahunsonacock'''), was the leader of the [[Powhatan]], an alliance of [[Algonquian languages|Algonquian]]-speaking Native Americans living in [[Tsenacommacah]], in the [[Tidewater region]] of [[Virginia]] at the time when English settlers landed at [[History of Jamestown, Virginia (1607–1699)|Jamestown]] in 1607.

Powhatan, alternately called "King" or "Chief" Powhatan by English settlers, led the main political and military power facing the early colonists, and was probably the older brother of [[Opchanacanough|Opechancanough]], who led attacks against the settlers in [[Indian massacre of 1622|1622]] and 1644. He was the father of Matoaka ([[Pocahontas]]).

==Name==
In 1607, the English colonists were introduced to Wahunsenacawh as Powhatan and understood this latter name to come from Powhatan's hometown near the falls of the [[James River]] near present-day [[Richmond, Virginia]].<ref name="Huber 2011">((cite encyclopedia|last=Huber|first=Margaret Williamson|date=January 12, 2011|url=http://encyclopediavirginia.org/Powhatan_d_1618|title=Powhatan (d. 1618)|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia Virginia|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170503103811/http://www.encyclopediavirginia.org/|archive-date=May 3, 2017|access-date=February 18, 2011|url-status=live))</ref>

Seventeenth-century English spellings were not standardized, and representations were many of the sounds of the [[Algonquian languages|Algonquian]] language spoken by ''Wahunsenacawh'' and his people. [[Charles Dudley Warner]], writing in the 19th century, but quoting extensively from John Smith's 17th-century writings, in his essay on Pocahontas states: "In 1618 died the great Powhatan, full of years and satiated with fighting and the savage delights of life. He had many names and titles; his people called him Ottaniack, sometimes Mamauatonick, and usually in his presence Wahunsenasawk." Many variants are used in texts:

* The place: 
::Powhatan, Powatan, Powhaten, Pohetan, Powhattan, Poughwaton
* The description (meaning chief?): 
::[[weroance]], weeroance, wyrounce, wyrounnces, werowance, wyroance, werowans
* The name: 
::Wahunsunacock, Wahunsenasawk, Wahunsenacawh, Wahunsenacock, Wahunsenakah
* The title: 
::Mamanatowick (paramount- or great-chief)

==Life==
Little is known of Powhatan's life before the arrival of English colonists in 1607. He apparently inherited the leadership of about 4–6 tribes, with its base at the [[Atlantic Seaboard fall line|Fall Line]] near present-day Richmond. Through diplomacy and/or force, he had assembled a total of about 30 tribes into the [[Powhatan Confederacy]] by the early 17th century. The confederacy was estimated to include 10,000–15,000 people.<ref>((cite book|last1=Egloff|first1=Keith|first2=Deborah B.|last2=Woodward|title=First People: The Early Indians of Virginia|location=Charlottesville|publisher=The University Press of Virginia|year=1992|isbn=978-0-8139-1474-9))</ref>((pn|date=December 2023))

In December 1607, [[Kingdom of England|English]] explorer and pioneer [[John Smith (explorer)|John Smith]], one of the Jamestown colony's leaders, was captured by a hunting expedition led by [[Opchanacanough]], the younger brother of Powhatan. Smith was taken to [[Werowocomoco]], Powhatan's capital along the [[York River (Virginia)|York River]]. Smith recounted in 1624 that [[Pocahontas]] (whose given name was Matoaka), one of Powhatan's daughters, kept her father from executing him. However, since Smith's 1608 and 1612 reports omitted this account, many historians have doubted its accuracy. Some believe that the event Smith recounted as a prelude to his execution was an adoption ceremony by which Smith was ritually accepted as subchief of the town of Capahosic in Powhatan's alliance.<ref>((Cite book | last=Horwitz | first=Tony | title=A Voyage Long and Strange: Rediscovering the New World | date= 2008| publisher=Henry Holt and Co. | isbn=978-0-8050-7603-5 | page=[https://archive.org/details/voyagelongstrang00horw/page/336 336] | url-access=registration | url=https://archive.org/details/voyagelongstrang00horw/page/336 ))
</ref> As the historian Margaret Williamson Huber has written, "Powhatan calculated that moving Smith and his men to Capahosic would keep them nearby and better under his control."<ref name="Huber 2011" />

In January 1609, Smith recorded directing some of his men to build an English-style house for Powhatan at Werowocomoco, in exchange for food supplies for the hungry English colony.<ref>((cite book|first=Lisa|last=Sita|title=Pocahontas: The Powhatan Culture and the Jamestown Colony|year=2005|location=New York|publisher=PowerPlus Books|isbn=978-1-4042-2653-1|page=63))</ref> Both sides looked for opportunities to surprise one another. Smith proceeded to Opchanacanough's village. When ambushed, he held Powhatan at gunpoint before the [[warrior]]s. When Smith returned to Werowocomoco, he found the house unfinished and the place abandoned. The men had deserted to the Powhatan side. At a village now called Wicomico in [[Gloucester County, Virginia|Gloucester County]], the reconstructed ruins of what were traditionally believed to be the chimney and part of the building for Powhatan are known as [[Powhatan's Chimney]].

Since 2003, state officials and researchers have concluded the likely site of Werowocomoco is further west along the York River at Purtan Bay. There [[archeologists]] have found evidence of a large residential settlement dating to 1200, with major [[Earthworks (archaeology)|earthworks]] built about 1400. They have found extensive [[Artifact (archaeology)|artifacts]], including European goods, which indicate likely interaction with English colonists in the early 17th century. In 2006 the Werowocomoco Archeological Site was listed on the [[National Register of Historic Places]]. Excavations continue by a team headed by the [[College of William and Mary]].

Powhatan made his next capital at Orapake, located about ((convert|50|mi|km)) west in a swamp at the head of the [[Chickahominy River]]. The modern-day interchange of [[Interstate 64]] and [[Interstate 295 (Virginia)|Interstate 295]] is near this location. Sometime between 1611 and 1614, Powhatan moved further north to Matchut, in present-day [[King William County, Virginia|King William County]] on the north bank of the [[Pamunkey River]], near where his younger brother Opchanacanough ruled at Youghtanund.

By the time Smith left Virginia in 1609, the fragile peace between colonists and Algonquians was already beginning to fray. Soon conflict led to the [[First Anglo-Powhatan War]], and further English colonial settlement beyond [[Jamestown, Virginia|Jamestown]] and into Powhatan's territory. The colonists effectively destroyed two subtribes, the [[Kecoughtan]] and the [[Paspahegh]], at the beginning of this war. Powhatan sent [[Nemattanew]] to operate against English colonists on the upper James River, though they held out at [[Henricus]]. With the capture of Pocahontas by Captain [[Samuel Argall]] in 1613, Powhatan sued for peace. It came about after her alliance in marriage on April 5, 1614, to [[John Rolfe]], a leading tobacco planter. John Rolfe was one of Pocahontas's many Jamestown teachers before their marriage; he instructed her in matters of the new culture she was being assimilated into, and he also taught her all about Christianity. According to various accounts, Pocahontas and John Rolfe did, in fact, fall in love with each other—it was a consensual relationship. This might, at least in part, explain Pocahontas's apparent willingness to assimilate, convert to Christianity, and remain with the colonists: she wanted to be with Rolfe.<ref>((cite book|last=Rountree|first=Helen C.|title=Pocahontas, Powhatan, Opechancanough: Three Indian Lives Changed by Jamestown|location=Charlottesville|publisher=The University of Virginia Press|year=2005|page=163|isbn=978-0-8139-2323-9))</ref> Rolfe's longtime friend, Reverend [[Richard Buck (chaplain)|Richard Buck]], presided the wedding. Before the wedding, Reverend [[Alexander Whitaker]] converted Pocahontas and renamed her "Rebecca" at her baptism.

[[File:Baptism of Pocahontas.jpg|thumb|upright=1.05|Whitaker (left, in white vestments) as portrayed in ''[[Baptism of Pocahontas]]'', 1840, by [[John Gadsby Chapman]]]]

Meanwhile, English colonists continued to expand along the James Riverfront. The aged Powhatan's final years have been called "ineffectual" (Rountree 1990). Opchanacanough became the greater Native power in the region. Upon the death of Wahunsunacock in 1618, his next younger brother Opitchapam officially became [[paramount chief]]. However, Opchanacanough, the youngest brother, had achieved the greatest power and effectively became the Powhatan. By initiating the [[Indian Massacre of 1622]], and attacks in 1644, he attempted to expel the colonists from Virginia. These attempts met with strong reprisals from the colonists, ultimately resulting in the near destruction of the tribe.

Through his daughter Pocahontas (and her marriage to the English colonist John Rolfe), Wahunsunacock was the grandfather of [[Thomas Rolfe]]. In 1635 Rolfe returned to Virginia from England. Although Rolfe was raised as an Englishman, he did honor his Native American heritage and even visited his uncle, Opchanacanough, along with his aunt, “Cleopatra” upon returning to Jamestown. His true loyalty remained with the colonists and he was made a commander of James Fort on the Chickahominy after the next war. Like his mother, Pocahontas, Thomas Rolfe was not a celebrity while he was alive.<ref>Rountree 2005, p. 186.</ref> The numerous Rolfe family descendants comprised one of the [[First Families of Virginia]], one with both English and Virginia Indian roots. The modern [[Mattaponi]] and [[Patawomeck]] tribes believe that Powhatan's line also survives through Ka-Okee, Pocahontas' daughter by her first husband [[Pocahontas#Possible first marriage|Kocoum]].<ref>((cite journal |last=Deyo |first=William "Night Owl" |date=September 5, 2009 |title=Our Patawomeck Ancestors |url=http://patawomeckindians.org/Patawomeck%20Tides%202009.pdf |journal=Patawomeck Tides |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=2–7 |access-date=July 6, 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714145119/http://patawomeckindians.org/Patawomeck%20Tides%202009.pdf |archive-date=July 14, 2014 ))</ref>

According to one legend, Powhatan, returning homeward from a battle near what is now [[Philadelphia]],<ref>C. E. Olmstead, 1958, ''Takoma Park: a photo history'' p. 16; cited in ''Geology and Ground-Water Resources of Washington DC and vicinity'', US Geological Survey, 1964 [https://books.google.com/books?id=JLNgAAAAIAAJ&dq=+takoma+powhatan+spring&pg=PA43]</ref> stopped at the Big Spring on [[Sligo Creek]] (present-day [[Takoma Park, Maryland]], near [[Washington, DC]]) to recuperate from his wounds in the medicinal waters there.<ref>((Cite web |url=http://takomadc.info/history-long.htm |title=History of Takoma Park, Md. |access-date=March 29, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929140908/http://takomadc.info/history-long.htm |archive-date=September 29, 2007 |url-status=dead ))</ref> Modern historians have dismissed this tale as lacking credibility; nonetheless, a commemorative sculpture of Powhatan has stood at the site since 1985.<ref>((Cite web |url=http://www.takoma.com/archives/copy/2008/02/springpark.html |title=Takoma Voice, Feb. 2008 |access-date=March 28, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110723055536/http://www.takoma.com/archives/copy/2008/02/springpark.html |archive-date=July 23, 2011 |url-status=dead ))</ref>

==Appearance==
[[File:Powhatan's mantle, lithography 1888.jpg|thumb|upright=0.85|The Mantle of [[Chief Powhatan]]]]
In ''A True Relation of such Occurrences and Accidents of Note as Happened in Virginia'' (1608), Smith described Powhatan thus: "[...] their Emperor proudly [lay] upon a bedstead a foot high upon ten or twelve mats, richly hung with many chains of great pearls about his neck, and covered with a great covering of ''Rahaughcums'' [raccoon skins]. At his head sat a woman, at his feet another, on each side, sitting upon a mat upon the ground, were ranged his chief men on each side [of] the fire, ten in a rank, and behind them as many young women, each a great chain of white beads over their shoulders, their heads painted in red, and [he] with such a grave a majestical countenance as drove me into admiration to see such state in a naked savage."<ref>Smith, John. ''A True Relation of such Occurrences and Accidents of Noate as hath Hapned in Virginia''<!---This is Smith's spelling, not a typo!--->. 1608. ((cite web|url=http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/etcbin/jamestown-browse?id=J1007|title=Personal Narratives from the Virtual Jamestown Project, 1575–1705|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928085017/http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/etcbin/jamestown-browse?id=J1007|archive-date=September 28, 2013|access-date=September 22, 2009)) Repr. in ''The Complete Works of John Smith (1580–1631)''. Ed. Philip L. Barbour. Chapel Hill: University Press of Virginia, 1983. Vol. 1, p. 53.</ref>

"Powhatan's Mantle" is the name given to a cloak of [[deerskin]], decorated with shell patterns and figures, held by the [[Ashmolean Museum]] in [[Oxford]]. It allegedly belonged to Powhatan, although the evidence is questionable. The Mantle is certainly one of the earliest North American artifacts to have survived in a European collection. It likely belonged originally to a Native American of high social status, as it was decorated with numerous valuable native shell beads.<ref>[http://www.she-philosopher.com/gallery/powhatan-map.html she-philosopher.com: Gallery exhibit (Powhatan's map on deerskin mantle)<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>

In his 1906 work ''Lives of Famous Chiefs'', Norman Wood provided a description of Powhatan, based on reports from English colonists. He was said to be a "tall, well-proportioned man with a sower looke, his head somewhat gray, his beard so thinne that it seemeth none at all, his age neare sixtie, of a very able and hardy body, to endure any labor."<ref>((cite web |url=http://journals.aol.com/ondamitag/NorthernHistorically/entries/2008/08/01/powhatan-or-wah-un-so-na-cook.-part-1-of-2/5171 |title= Powhatan, or Wah-Un-So-Na-Cook. (Part 1 of 2)|website=journals.aol.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080917050111/http://journals.aol.com/ondamitag/NorthernHistorically/entries/2008/08/01/powhatan-or-wah-un-so-na-cook.-part-1-of-2/5171 |archive-date=September 17, 2008))</ref>

==Sites associated with Powhatan==
*Powhatan's [[burial mound]] is located on the [[Pamunkey Indian Reservation]] in [[King William, Virginia|King William]]. The remains were relocated there by his brother, Opchanacanough.
*[[Powhatan County]], although located somewhat to the west of their territory, was named for Powhatan and his tribe.
*In the independent [[Richmond, Virginia|City of Richmond]], Powhatan Hill is believed to be located near Powhatan's main village. It was ruled by a subject weroance called ''Parahunt'', or ''Tanx'' ("little") Powhatan. On first meeting him, English colonists mistook him for the Great Powhatan.  The confusion persists in historic accounts.
* Powhatan's central village, Werowocomoco, is believed to have been located in [[Gloucester County, Virginia]]. The Werowocomoco Archeological Site has been listed on the [[National Register of Historic Places]]. Excavations there have revealed much about the early Powhatan people and their interaction with English colonists.

== Tribes associated with Powhatan ==
Powhatan gained control of six tribes when he became chief. He inherited them from his father, whose name is unknown.

Those six tribes included:

• [[Arrohattoc]] (Arro-hattoc/Arrohateck) • [[Appomattoc]] (Appomattox) • [[Mattaponi]] (Mattapa-nient) • [[Pamunkey]] • Youghtanund • [[Powhatan]]

Through his chiefdom, Powhatan obtained the following tribes known as [[Powhatan Confederacy|The Powhatan Confederacy]] (Tsenacommacah):

• [[Accohannock]] • [[Accomac people|Accomac]] • [[Chesapeake people|Chesapeake]] • [[Chickahominy people|Chickahominy]] • [[Kiskiack]] ([[Chiskiack]]) • Cuttatawomen • Kecoughtan • Moraughtacund (Morattico) • Nandtaughta-cund • [[Nansemond]]

• Opiscopank ([[Piscataway people|Piscataway]]) • [[Paspahegh]] • Piankatank • Pissaseck • [[Patawomeck]] (Potomac) • Quiyoughcohannock • [[Rappahannock people|Rappahannock]] (Tappahannock) • Sekakawon (Secacawoni)

• [[Warraskoyack]] (Warrascocake/Warwick-squeak) • [[Weyanoke people|Weanoc]] ([[Weyanock]]) • [[Werowocomoco]], • [[Wicocomico|Wiccocomico]] ([[Wicocomico|Wiccomico]]).<ref name=":0">((Cite book |last=Barrett |first=Carole A. |title=American Indian History |publisher=Salem Press |year=2003 |page=421 |chapter=Volume 2 – Powhatan's Confederacy |isbn=978-1-58765-067-3))</ref><ref>((Cite journal |last=Cole |first=Dan |date=March 3, 2014 |title=Atlas of Indian Nations |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15230406.2014.886819 |journal=Cartography and Geographic Information Science |volume=41 |issue=4 |pages=391–392 |doi=10.1080/15230406.2014.886819 |bibcode=2014CGISc..41..391C |s2cid=128959255 |issn=1523-0406))</ref>

==References==
((reflist))

==Further reading==
((Library resources box|onlinebooks=yes|lcheading=Powhatan, approximately 1550-1618))
*David A. Price, ''Love and Hate in Jamestown: John Smith, Pocahontas, and the Start of A New Nation'', Alfred A. Knopf, 2003
* Huber, Margaret Williamson (January 12, 2011). [http://encyclopediavirginia.org/Powhatan_d_1618 "Powhatan (d. 1618)"]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20170503103811/http://www.encyclopediavirginia.org/ Encyclopedia Virginia]. Retrieved February 18, 2011.
*Townsend, Camilla. ''Pocahontas and the Powhatan Dilemma'', New York: Hill and Wang, 2004. ((ISBN|0-8090-7738-8))

==External links==
* [http://www.virginiaplaces.org/nativeamerican/anglopowhatan.html The Anglo-Powhatan Wars]
* [http://www.she-philosopher.com/gallery/powhatan-map.html Powhatan's Mantle in the Ashmolean Museum] – Pictures and extensive description and history
* ((Cite Appletons' |last=Weidemeyer |first=John William |author-link=John William Weidemeyer |wstitle=Powhatan|year=1900 |notaref=x |short=x))
* ((Cite AmCyc|wstitle=Powhatan |short=x))
* [http://www.highres.factum-arte.org/Powahatans_Mantle_HTML/shared/viewer.html High-resolution 3D image viewer] by Factum Foundation for Digital Technology in Conservation

((S-start))
((succession box| before=unknown, no prior contact| title=[[Weroance]]|after=[[Opchanacanough]]| years=unknown–1618))
((S-end))

((Jamestown Colony))
((Authority control))

((DEFAULTSORT:Powhatan))
[[Category:1545 births]]
[[Category:1618 deaths]]
[[Category:People of the Powhatan Confederacy]]
[[Category:People from colonial Virginia]]
[[Category:American folklore]]
[[Category:17th-century Native American leaders]]
[[Category:Tribal chiefs]]
[[Category:Pamunkey people]]
[[Category:Burials in Virginia]]
[[Category:16th-century Native Americans]]

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Module:Category handler/blacklist (view source) (protected)
Module:Category handler/config (view source) (protected)
Module:Category handler/data (view source) (protected)
Module:Category handler/shared (view source) (protected)
Module:Check for clobbered parameters (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Check for unknown parameters (view source) (protected)
Module:Check isxn (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Citation/CS1 (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/COinS (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/Date validation (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/Identifiers (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/Utilities (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/Whitelist (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css (view source) (protected)
Module:Convert (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Convert/data (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Convert/text (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Delink (view source) (protected)
Module:Detect singular (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Disambiguation/templates (view source) (protected)
Module:EditAtWikidata (view source) (protected)
Module:Effective protection expiry (view source) (protected)
Module:Effective protection level (view source) (protected)
Module:File link (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Find sources (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Find sources/config (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Find sources/links (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Find sources/templates/Find sources mainspace (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:If empty (view source) (protected)
Module:Infobox (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Infobox/styles.css (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:InfoboxImage (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:List (view source) (protected)
Module:Message box (view source) (protected)
Module:Message box/ambox.css (view source) (protected)
Module:Message box/configuration (view source) (protected)
Module:MultiReplace (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Namespace detect/config (view source) (protected)
Module:Namespace detect/data (view source) (protected)
Module:Navbar (view source) (protected)
Module:Navbar/configuration (view source) (protected)
Module:Navbar/styles.css (view source) (protected)
Module:Navbox (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Navbox/configuration (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Navbox/styles.css (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Ns has subpages (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/config (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/disambiguation (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/setindex (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/softredirect (view source) (protected)
Module:ParameterCount (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Protection banner (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Protection banner/config (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:SDcat (view source) (protected)
Module:Separated entries (view source) (protected)
Module:Side box (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Side box/styles.css (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:String (view source) (protected)
Module:TableTools (view source) (protected)
Module:Template wrapper (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Text (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Unsubst (view source) (protected)
Module:Wikitext Parsing (view source) (protected)
Module:Yesno (view source) (protected)

Return to Powhatan (Native American leader).

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