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((more citations needed|date=September 2009))
((Infobox military conflict
|conflict             = Praieira revolt
|partof               = 
|image                = 
|caption              = 
|date                 = November 6, 1848 – March, 1849((sfn|Barman|1999|p=124))
|place                = [[Pernambuco]]
|territory            = 
|result               = Imperial victory
|combatant1           = 
((plainlist |
((flag|Empire of Brazil))
))
*[[File:CoA Empire of Brazil (1822-1870).svg|15px]] [[Brazilian Army|National Guard]]
|combatant2           = ((flagicon image|Bandeira Província de Pernambuco.svg)) ((flagicon image|Flag of pernambucan revolt.svg)) ''Praieiros''
|strength1            = 3,500 troops  
|strength2            = 2,800 insurgents
|casualties1          = '''826'''((sfn|Nabuco|1975|p=109))<br>313 killed<br>513 wounded
|casualties2          = '''1,690'''((sfn|Nabuco|1975|p=109))<br>502 killed<br>1,188 wounded
|casus                = 
))

The '''Praieira revolt''', also known as the '''Beach rebellion''', was a movement in the [[Pernambuco]] province of the [[Empire of Brazil]] that lasted from 1848 to 1849. The revolt, influenced by revolutions taking place in Europe, was due in part to unresolved conflicts left over from the [[Regency period (Empire of Brazil)|Regency period]] and local resistance to the consolidation of the Empire of Brazil that had been proclaimed in 1822. The movement was led by radical elements of the Liberal Party of Pernambuco against the ruling Conservatives.

==Background==
The Praieira Revolt was the Brazilian response to the [[Revolutions of 1848|series of revolutions]] taking place at the same time in Europe. Although they had no permanent liberalizing effect, the successful [[The Revolutions of 1848 in France|February revolution in France]] gave visions of a better life for ordinary people and struck a responsive chord with the Brazilians.<ref>Freyre, Gilberto (1963). ''The Mansions and the shanties (Sobrados e mucambos): the making of modern Brazil.'' Knopf. p. 53.</ref> The journalist-politician José Tomás Nabuco de Araújo recorded that "the proclamation of the republic in France shook our political world to its depths."
[[Socialism|Socialist]] writers such as [[Pierre-Joseph Proudhon]] and [[Charles Fourier]], who were widely read in Brazil, gave inspiration to the Brazilians.<ref name=fausto>Fausto, Boris (1999). ''A concise history of Brazil.'' Cambridge University Press. p. 98.</ref>

The Conservatives were in power between 1841 and 1845. The Liberals were returned to power once again in 1845 to form a cabinet, and managed to enact several programs: a protectionist tariff (1844), electoral reforms that extended suffrage and reduced the number of electors (1846),((clarify|these two claims are contradictory|date=November 2017)) and the creation of a new office, president of the Council of Ministers (1847). This last act facilitated parliamentary procedure, contributed to the power of the cabinet, and consequently extended the authority of the imperial government.

== Event ==
The principal event occurred near the newspaper ''Diário Novo'' ("New Daily") which is located on the Praia Street (Beach Street) in [[Recife]], the capital of Pernambuco and its principal port (the revolution is named after the name of the street).<ref>Ministério das Relações Exteriores. Assessoria de Comunicação Social, Brazil. Ministério das Relações Exteriores. Direçâo-Geral Cultural (1997). ''Texts from Brazil, Issue 1. Issues 3–5.'' Ministry of Foreign Relations, Office for Public Information and Affairs. p. 88.</ref> The radical wing of the Liberal Party of that state, also known as the "praieiros", met regularly in the premises of Diário Novo.<ref>Nagel Publishers (1955). ''Nagel's Brazil: travel guide.'' p. 165.</ref> They were committed to removing the provincial governor Antônio Chicorro da Gama and the powerful entrenched Pernambucan aristocracy that was linked to the Conservatives.

The revolt was a culmination of mounting conflicts between Liberals and Conservatives that escalated with the end of the [[Ragamuffin War]] in 1845. Under the unreformed colonial social structure that remained from the 18th century, a small group of landowners in the influential province of Pernambuco controlled most of the workable land and preferred to concentrate on agricultural products for export. Since [[Economy of Brazil|Brazilian economy]] was based on [[slavery]] and [[sugar]], the long depression in the world sugar market aggravated social and racial ills in the 1840s.

In this feudal atmosphere of enforced silence, the editor of the short-lived journal ''O Progresso'' (1846–1848), [[Antônio Pedro de Figueiredo]], spoke out for half of the province's population that were "vassals under the yoke" and declared that "the division of our soil in grand properties is the source of the major part of our ills." Another contemporary observer maintained that the Cavalcanti family owned one third of Pernambuco's sugar plantations (engenhos).<ref>Graham, Richard (1994). ''Patronage and Politics in Nineteenth-Century Brazil.'' Stanford University Press. p. 127.</ref> Cavalcante was head of the Conservative Party in Pernambuco and a network of kinship ties extended the family's power. A popular saying of the time went:

:''Quem viver em Pernambuco,''
:''Deve estar desenganado.''
:''Ou há de ser Cavalcante,''
:''Ou há de ser cavalgado.''<ref>Beltrão, Luiz (2001). ''Folkcommunicação.'' EDIPUCRS. p. 132.</ref>

which translates approximately as:

:''Whoever lives in Pernambuco,''
:''Should not be deceived.''
:''Either you are Cavalcante (mounter),''
:''Or you will be mounted.''

The key to this saying is the witty Portuguese pun between Cavalcante (a rich family of Pernambuco, but also horse rider, mounter) and cavalgado (ridden, mounted).

The breaking point was the appointment by the Emperor of a new Conservative cabinet led by Pedro de Araújo Lima.<ref>Graham (1994), p. 170.</ref> A rebellion against the new provincial government, initiated by the "praieiros" in [[Olinda]], began on November 7, 1848 and spread rapidly through the state.<ref>Thomson, Guy P. C. (2002). ''The European revolutions of 1848 and the Americas.'' Institute of Latin American Studies. p. 113.</ref> A "Manifesto to the World" calling for free and universal voting rights, [[freedom of the press]], [[federalism]] and the end of the "Poder Moderador" (the [[Moderating power (Empire of Brazil)|Moderating Power]] – the supremacy of the emperor over the executive, legislative, and judiciary branches of the government that was instituted in the [[Brazilian Constitution of 1824]]), was on January 1, 1849. However, with only 2500 combatants, the movement quickly collapsed and was dispersed by the government forces. Other similar provincial movements swiftly followed suit.

==See also==
* [[Rebellions and revolutions in Brazil]]

==Bibliography==

===Footnotes===
((Reflist))

===References===
* Barman, Roderick J. ''Citizen Emperor: Pedro II and the Making of Brazil, 1825–1891.'' Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1999. ((in lang|en))
* Nabuco, Joaquim. ''Um Estadista do Império''. Volume único. 4 ed. Rio de Janeiro: Nova Aguilar, 1975. ((in lang|pt))

==Further reading==
* Naro, Nancy (1980). ''Brazil's 1848: the Praieira revolt.'' University of Chicago.

==External links==
* [http://www.multirio.rj.gov.br/historia/modulo02/rev_praeira.html An account of the incident with social context] ((in lang|pt))

((Revolutions of 1848))
((Authority control))

((DEFAULTSORT:Praieira Revolt))
[[Category:Revolutions of 1848]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1849]]
[[Category:Rebellions in Brazil]]
[[Category:1848 in Brazil]]
[[Category:Wars involving Brazil]]
[[Category:History of Pernambuco]]

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