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((Short description|Ecclesiastical State of the Holy Roman Empire))
((about|the secular jurisdiction of the bishops of Bamberg between 1245 and 1802|their spiritual jurisdiction|Diocese of Bamberg))
((refimprove|date=August 2023))
((Infobox country
|native_name            = ((native name|de|Hochstift Bamberg))
|conventional_long_name = Prince-Bishopric of Bamberg
|common_name            = Bamberg
|era             = [[Middle Ages]]
|status          = Prince-Bishopric
|empire          = Holy Roman Empire
|government_type = [[Prince-Bishopric]]
|status_text     = 
|year_start   = 1245
|year_end     = 1802
|life_span    = 1245–1802
|event_pre    = Diocese established
|date_pre     = 1007
|event_start  = Elevated to [[Prince-bishop]]ric
|date_start   = 
|event1       = Joined [[Franconian Circle]]
|date_event1  = 1500
|event_end    = [[German Mediatisation|Mediatised]] to [[Electorate of Bavaria|Bavaria]]
|date_end     = 
|p1           = Duchy of Franconia
|s1           = Electorate of Bavaria
|flag_s1     = Electoral Standard of Bavaria (1623-1806).svg
|image_flag   = 
|image_coat   = Wappen Bistum Bamberg.png
|image_map    = Karte Hochstift Bamberg.JPG
|image_map_caption = Hochstift Bamberg with its Carinthian estates, [[Johann Homann|J.B. Homann]], c.1700
|capital      = [[Bamberg]]
|common_languages  = [[East Franconian German|East Franconian]]
|footnotes    = 
))
The '''Prince-Bishopric of Bamberg''' (((lang-de|Hochstift Bamberg))) was an ecclesiastical [[State of the Holy Roman Empire]].<ref>((Cite web |last=Bayerns |first=Generaldirektion der Staatlichen Archive |title=Hochstift und Domkapitel Bamberg - Generaldirektion der Staatlichen Archive Bayerns |url=https://www.gda.bayern.de/bamberg/bestaende/altbestaende/hochstift-und-domkapitel-bamberg/ |access-date=2023-08-06 |website=www.gda.bayern.de |language=de))</ref> It goes back to the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Bamberg|Roman Catholic Diocese of Bamberg]] established at the 1007 [[synod]] in [[Frankfurt]], at the behest of King [[Henry II, Holy Roman Emperor|Henry II]] to further expand the spread of [[Christianity]] in the [[Duchy of Franconia|Franconian]] lands. The bishops obtained the status of [[Imperial immediacy]] about 1245 and ruled their estates as [[Prince-bishop]]s until they were subsumed to the [[Electorate of Bavaria]] in the course of the [[German Mediatisation]] in 1802.

==State==
[[File:Bamberger Dom BW 6.JPG|thumb|left|[[Bamberg Cathedral]]]] 
The Bishops of Bamberg received the [[Princes of the Holy Roman Empire|princely]] title by Emperor [[Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor|Frederick II of Hohenstaufen]] before his deposition by [[Pope Innocent IV]] in 1245, whereby the diocese became an [[Imperial state]], covering large parts of the current Bavarian region of [[Franconia (region)|Franconia]] ("Main Franconia").

Part of the [[Franconian Circle]] (territories grouped together within the Holy Roman Empire for defensive purposes) from 1500 onwards, the Bamberg territory  was bordered, among others, by the [[Bishopric of Würzburg|Prince-Bishopric of Würzburg]] to the west, by the [[House of Hohenzollern|Hohenzollern]] margraviate of [[Principality of Ansbach|Brandenburg-Ansbach]] and the [[Free Imperial City of Nuremberg]] to the south, by the margraviate of [[Principality of Bayreuth|Brandenburg-Bayreuth]] to the east and by the [[House of Wettin|Wettin]] duchy of [[Saxe-Coburg]] to the north. During the 18th century, it was often held in conjunction with the neighbouring Diocese of Würzburg, whose rulers since 1168 claimed the archaic title of a "Duke of Franconia".

The Prince-bishopric was also vested with large possessions within the [[Duchy of Carinthia]] that were strategically important for crossing the [[Eastern Alps]], including the towns of [[Villach]], [[Feldkirchen in Kärnten|Feldkirchen]], [[Wolfsberg, Carinthia|Wolfsberg]] and [[Tarvisio|Tarvis]], located at the trade route to [[Republic of Venice|Venice]], as well as [[Kirchdorf an der Krems]] in the [[Archduchy of Austria]]. The [[House of Habsburg|Habsburg]] Empress [[Maria Theresa]] purchased these territories in 1759.

In the course of the German Mediatisation of 1802/3 which saw the suppression of virtually all the ecclesiastical principalities, Bamberg was annexed to Bavaria. The former prince-bishopric then had an area of 3,580&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup> and a population of 207,000.

== History ==
===Establishment===
Beginning on 1 November 1007, a synod was held in the city of Frankfurt am Main. Eight archbishops and twenty-seven bishops were present, led by Archbishop [[Willigis]] of Mainz, as well as the [[Ottonian dynasty|Ottonian]] ruler [[Henry II, Holy Roman Emperor|Henry II]], elected [[King of the Romans]] in 1002. The king, having suppressed the revolt of Margrave [[Henry of Schweinfurt]] in 1003, intended to strengthen his rule and to create a new diocese that would aid in the final conquest of paganism in the Franconian area around Bamberg. Nevertheless, as the territory of the [[Wends]] on the upper [[Main (river)|Main]], [[Wiesent (Regnitz)|Wiesent]], and [[Aisch]] rivers had belonged to the dioceses of [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Würzburg|Würzburg]] since the organization of the Middle German bishoprics by [[St. Boniface]], the new bishopric could not be erected without the consent of the occupant of that see. Bishop Henry I of Würzburg was willing to go along with parting with some of his territory, as the king promised to have Würzburg raised to an [[archbishopric]] and to give him an equivalent in [[Meiningen]]. The consent of [[Pope John XVII]] was obtained for this arrangement, however, the elevation of Würzburg to an archbishopric proved impracticable also due to Willigis' reservations, and Bishop Henry I at first withdrew his consent.

Nevertheless, after several further concessions, King Henry II obtained the consent for the foundation of the diocese of Bamberg from parts of the dioceses of Würzburg and - later - the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Eichstätt|Diocese of Eichstätt]]. Bamberg first was made [[Exemption (church)|exempt]], i.e. directly subordinate to Rome. It was also decided that Eberhard, the king's [[archchancellor|chancellor]], would be ordained by Archbishop Willigis of Mainz, to be the head of the new border area diocese. The new diocese had expensive gifts at the synod confirmed by documents, in order to place it on a solid foundation.

Henry wanted the celebrated monkish rigour and studiousness of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Hildesheim|Hildesheim]] cathedral chapter - Henry himself was educated there—linked together with the churches under his control, including his favourite bishopric of Bamberg. The next seven bishops were appointed by the Holy Roman Emperors, after which election by the cathedral chapter became the rule, as in all the German prince-bishoprics. Eberhard's immediate successor, Suidger of Morsleben, became pope in 1046 as [[Pope Clement II]]. He was the only pope to be interred north of the Alps at the [[Bamberg Cathedral]]. Bishop Hermann I oversaw the foundation of [[Banz Abbey]] in 1070; Bishop [[Otto of Bamberg]] (d. 1139) became known as the "Apostle of the [[Pomerania]]ns".

===Imperial state===
[[File:Altenburg Bamberg 02.JPG|thumb|Altenburg, residence of the Bamberg prince-bishops from 1305 to 1553]]
In the early 13th century, the Bamberg bishops interfered in the [[German throne dispute]] between the [[House of Welf|Welf]] and [[Hohenstaufen]] dynasties: Bishop [[Ekbert of Bamberg|Ekbert]] of [[Counts of Andechs|Andechs]], son of Duke [[Berthold, Duke of Merania|Berthold of Merania]], was faced with the suspicion of being involved in the murder of [[Philip of Swabia]] in 1208 and temporarily had to flee to the [[Kingdom of Hungary|Hungarian]] court of his brother-in-law King [[Andrew II of Hungary|Andrew II]]. His relative Poppo, bishop from 1238, was deposed by the Hohenstaufen emperor [[Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor|Frederick II]] in 1242.

Emperor Frederick II appointed a local supporter, the Bamberg canon Henry of Bilversheim, bishop. Bishop Henry became the first Prince-bishop; under his rule, the diocese gradually became a territorial principality, and its bishops took secular precedence next after the [[Electorate of Mainz|Mainz]] archbishops From about 1305, [[Altenburg (Bamberg)|Altenburg]] Castle was used as a secondary residence. In 1390 Bishop Lamprecht, former chancellor of Emperor [[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor|Charles V]], also acquired the fortress of [[Giechburg]]. The early 15th century saw fierce conflicts with [[Hussite Wars|Hussite]] rebels as well as with the [[Bamberg]] citizens. Bishop [[Heinrich Groß von Trockau]] (d. 1501) entered into several fights with the Hohenzollern prince [[Casimir, Margrave of Brandenburg-Bayreuth|Casimir of Brandenburg-Bayreuth]].

===Protestant Reformation===
[[File:Bamberg-Domplatz-Panorama.jpg|thumb|Bamberg Cathedral with the old and new palaces of the prince-bishops]]
[[File:Seehof-Hauptseite.jpg|thumb|Seehof Castle near Bamberg, summer residence]]
The 39th bishop, [[Georg Schenk von Limpurg]] had a procedure for the judgment of [[High, middle and low justice|capital crimes]] (((lang|de|Halsgerichtsordnung))) drawn up by [[Johann of Schwarzenberg]] in 1507, which later became a model for the [[Constitutio Criminalis Carolina]] agreed at the 1530 [[Diet of Augsburg]]. Bishop Georg, though a confidant of Emperor [[Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor|Maximilian I]], was inclined toward the [[Protestant Reformation|Reformation]] movement of [[Martin Luther]], which caused a violent social outbreak under his successor Weigand, ruling from 1522 to 1556. Morevover, the city suffered severely in the [[Second Margrave War]] (1552–54), when [[Albert Alcibiades, Margrave of Brandenburg-Kulmbach|Albert Alcibiades]]' forces occupied large parts of the bishopric. After the war, the bishop had the [[Forchheim Fortress]] erected.

From 1609 onwards Prince-Bishop [[Johann Gottfried von Aschhausen]], also elected Bishop of Würzburg in 1617, and his successor [[Johann Georg Fuchs von Dornheim]] enacted stern [[Counter-Reformation]] measures. Under their rule, Bamberg also became notorious as a centre of [[witch-hunt]] in the Holy Roman Empire. Among the numerous victims of the [[Bamberg witch trials]] were [[Dorothea Flock]] as well as the Bamberg mayor [[Johannes Junius]], which even provoked an intervention by the [[Diet of Regensburg (1630)|Diet of Regensburg]] in 1630.

Meanwhile, the Bamberg estates were devastated in the [[Thirty Years' War]]. Bishop Johann Georg fled to his remote Carinthian estates in 1631 and his successor [[Franz von Hatzfeld]] was likewise expelled, when the Bamberg and Würzburg bishoprics was placed under the jurisdiction of Prince [[Bernard of Saxe-Weimar]], who obtained the title of a "Duke of Franconia" from the hands of the [[Swedish Empire|Swedish]] chancellor [[Axel Oxenstierna]] in 1633. The prince-bishops were able to return and recover their possessions after Bernard's defeat at [[Battle of Nördlingen (1634)|Nördlingen]] 1634.

In 1647 Bishop [[Melchior Otto Voit von Salzburg]] established the [[University of Bamberg]] (((lang|la|Academia Bambergensis))). In the late 17th century his successors had the [[Baroque architecture|Baroque]] summer residence [[Schloss Seehof]] erected and a new residence in Bamberg completed according to plans by [[Leonhard Dientzenhofer]]. Highly indebted by the burdens of the [[Seven Years' War]], the prince-bishops had to sell the Carinthian estates to their [[Habsburg monarchy|Habsburg]] allies in 1759.

===Secularisation===
During the [[French Revolutionary Wars]], Bamberg was overrun by French troops and the last prince-bishop, [[Christoph Franz von Buseck]], fled to [[Prague]] in 1796. Though he once again returned in 1800 and appointed his nephew [[Georg Karl Ignaz von Fechenbach zu Laudenbach]] coadjutor, he had to face the occupation by the Bavarian troops of Elector [[Maximilian I Joseph of Bavaria|Maximilian IV Joseph]] in 1802.

After Bishop Christoph Franz officially resigned on 29 September 1802, the Bamberg estates and assets, such as the extensive collections of the Banz and [[Michaelsberg Abbey, Bamberg|Michaelsberg]] abbeys or the Bamberg treasury with the [[Reliquary Crown of Henry II]], were seized by the Bavarian state. In the course of the German Mediatisation, agreed by the [[Perpetual Diet of Regensburg]] on 25 February 1803 (''Reichsdeputationshauptschluss''), Bamberg was finally annexed to Bavaria. From 1808 to 1817 the See was vacant; but by the Bavarian Concordat of the latter year it was raised to an archbishopric, with Würzburg, [[Diocese of Speyer|Speyer]], and Eichstädt as suffragan sees.

==Bishops of Bamberg==
((For|a list of bishops before 1245 and prince-bishops thereafter|List of bishops and archbishops of Bamberg))

==Patronage==
The prince-bishops operated courts like minor royalty and employed artists, in particular musicians. Kapellmeisters and organists attached to the court included several minor South German masters such as [[Heinrich Pfendner]], [[Johann Baal]], [[Georg Arnold]] and [[Georg Mengel]].

==See also==
* [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Bamberg]]

==References==
((reflist))

==External links==
* [http://www.hoeckmann.de/germany/bavaria.htm Map of the Bishopric of Bamberg 1789]

((Franconian Circle))
((Catholic League))
((Authority control))
((coord missing|Bavaria))

((DEFAULTSORT:Bamberg, Prince-Bishopric of))
[[Category:Prince-Bishops of Bamberg| ]]
[[Category:Prince-bishoprics of the Holy Roman Empire in Germany]]
[[Category:Franconian Circle]]
[[Category:Bamberg|Prince-Bishopric of Bamberg]]
[[Category:States and territories established in 1007]]
[[Category:1240s establishments in the Holy Roman Empire]]
[[Category:1245 establishments in Europe]]
[[Category:1802 disestablishments in the Holy Roman Empire]]

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