Princess Victoria of Hesse and by Rhine
Marchioness of Milford Haven
Portrait by Alexander Bassano, c. 1878
BornPrincess Victoria Alberta Elisabeth Mathilde Marie of Hesse and by Rhine
(1863-04-05)5 April 1863
Windsor Castle, Windsor, Berkshire, England
Died24 September 1950(1950-09-24) (aged 87)
Kensington Palace, London, England
Burial28 September 1950
St Mildred's Church, Whippingham, Isle of Wight
Spouse
​
​
(m. 1884; died 1921)​
Issue
HouseHesse-Darmstadt
FatherLouis IV, Grand Duke of Hesse and by Rhine
MotherPrincess Alice of the United Kingdom

Princess Victoria of Hesse and by Rhine, then Princess Louis of Battenberg, later Victoria Mountbatten, Marchioness of Milford Haven (5 April 1863 – 24 September 1950), was the eldest daughter of Louis IV, Grand Duke of Hesse and by Rhine, and Princess Alice of the United Kingdom, daughter of Queen Victoria and Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha.

Born in Windsor Castle in the presence of her maternal grandmother, Princess Victoria was raised in Germany and England. Her mother died while Victoria's brother and sisters were still young, which placed her in an early position of responsibility over her siblings. Over her father's disapproval, she married his morganatic first cousin Prince Louis of Battenberg, an officer in the United Kingdom's Royal Navy, and lived most of her married life in various parts of Europe at her husband's naval posts and visiting her many royal relations. She was perceived by her family as liberal in outlook, straightforward, practical and bright.

During World War I, she and her husband abandoned their German titles and adopted the surname of Mountbatten, which was an anglicised version of the German "Battenberg". Two of her sisters—Elisabeth and Alix, who had married into the Russian imperial family—were murdered by communist revolutionaries. She was the mother of Queen Louise of Sweden and the British statesman and Royal Navy officer Louis Mountbatten; the maternal grandmother of Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, consort of Queen Elizabeth II; and paternal great-grandmother of King Charles III.

Early life

Four of the Hesse sisters: (left to right) Irene, Victoria, Elisabeth, and Alix, 1885

Victoria was born on Easter Sunday at Windsor Castle in the presence of her maternal grandmother, Queen Victoria. She was christened in the Lutheran faith in the Green Drawing Room at Windsor Castle, in the arms of the Queen on 27 April.[1] Her godparents were Queen Victoria, Princess Mary Adelaide of Cambridge, Louis III, Grand Duke of Hesse and by Rhine (represented by Prince Alexander of Hesse and by Rhine), the Prince of Wales and Prince Heinrich of Hesse and by Rhine.[2]

Her early life was spent at Bessungen, a suburb of Darmstadt, until the family moved to the New Palace in Darmstadt when she was three years old. There, she shared a room with her younger sister, Elisabeth, until adulthood. She was privately educated to a high standard and was, throughout her life, an avid reader.[3]

During the Prussian invasion of Hesse in June 1866, Victoria and Elisabeth were sent to Britain to live with their grandmother until hostilities were ended by the absorption of Hesse-Kassel and parts of Hesse-Darmstadt into Prussia.[4] During the Franco-Prussian War of 1870, military hospitals were set up in the palace grounds at Darmstadt, and she helped in the soup kitchens with her mother. She remembered the intense cold of the winter, and being burned on the arm by hot soup.[5]

In 1872, Victoria's eighteen-month-old brother, Friedrich, was diagnosed with haemophilia. The diagnosis came as a shock to the royal families of Europe; it had been twenty years since Queen Victoria had given birth to her haemophiliac son, Prince Leopold, Duke of Albany, and it was the first indication that the bleeding disorder in the royal family was hereditary.[6] The following year, Friedrich fell from a window onto stone steps and died. It was the first of many tragedies to beset the Hesse family.[7]

Photograph by Alexander Bassano, c. 1878

In early November 1878, Victoria contracted diphtheria. Elisabeth was swiftly moved out of their room and was the only member of the family to escape the disease. For days, Victoria's mother, Princess Alice, nursed the sick, but she was unable to save her youngest daughter, Victoria's sister Marie, who died in mid-November. Just as the rest of the family seemed to have recovered, Princess Alice fell ill. She died on 14 December, the anniversary of the death of her father, Prince Albert.[8] As the eldest child, Victoria partly assumed the role of mother to the younger children and of companion to her father.[7] She later wrote, "My mother's death was an irreparable loss ... My childhood ended with her death, for I became the eldest and most responsible".[9]

Marriage and family

At family gatherings, Victoria had often met Prince Louis of Battenberg, who was her first cousin once removed and a member of a morganatic branch of the Hessian royal family. Prince Louis had adopted British nationality and was serving as an officer in the Royal Navy. In the winter of 1882, they met again at Darmstadt, and were engaged the following summer.[10]

After a brief postponement because of the death of her maternal uncle Prince Leopold, Duke of Albany,[11] Victoria married Prince Louis on 30 April 1884 at Darmstadt. Her father did not approve of the match; in his view Prince Louis—his own first cousin—had little money and would deprive him of his daughter's company, as the couple would naturally live abroad in Britain. However, Victoria was of an independent mind and took little notice of her father's displeasure.[12] Remarkably, that same evening, Victoria's father secretly married his mistress, Countess Alexandrine von Hutten-Czapska,[13] the former wife of Alexander von Kolemine, the Russian chargé d'affaires in Darmstadt. His marriage to a divorcee who was not of equal rank shocked the assembled royalty of Europe and through diplomatic and family pressure Victoria's father was forced to seek an annulment of his own marriage.[14]

Over the next sixteen years, Victoria and her husband had four children:

Name Birth Death Marriage
Alice 25 February 1885 5 December 1969 Married 1903 Prince Andrew of Greece and Denmark
Five children, including the Duke of Edinburgh[15]
Louise 13 July 1889 7 March 1965 Married 1923 King Gustaf VI Adolf of Sweden (his second marriage)
One stillborn daughter
George 6 November 1892 8 April 1938 Married 1916 Countess Nadejda Mikhailovna de Torby
Two children[16]
Louis 25 June 1900 27 August 1979 Married 1922 Edwina Cynthia Annette Ashley
Two children[17]
Victoria (back row, second from right) at the marriage of her brother Ernest Louis (back row, right) to Princess Victoria Melita of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (seated, second from right), 1894. Nicholas II of Russia and his fiancé Alix are on the back row left, Irene and Elisabeth are seated front row left, and Grand Duke Sergei Alexandrovich of Russia (Elisabeth's husband) is seated right.

They lived in a succession of houses at Chichester, Sussex, Walton-on-Thames, and Schloss Heiligenberg, Jugenheim. When Prince Louis was serving with the Mediterranean Fleet, she spent some winters in Malta.[7] In 1887, she contracted typhoid but, after being nursed through her illness by her husband, was sufficiently recovered by June to attend Queen Victoria's Golden Jubilee celebrations in London.[18] She was interested in science and drew a detailed geological map of Malta and also participated in archaeological digs both on the island and in Germany.[19] In leather-bound volumes she kept meticulous records of books she had read, which reveal a wide range of interests, including socialist philosophy.[20]

She personally taught her own children and exposed them to new ideas and inventions.[21] She gave lessons to her younger son, Louis, until he was ten years of age. He said of her in 1968 that she was "a walking encyclopedia. All through her life she stored up knowledge on all sorts of subjects, and she had the great gift of being able to make it all interesting when she taught it to me. She was completely methodical; we had time-tables for each subject, and I had to do preparation, and so forth. She taught me to enjoy working hard, and to be thorough. She was outspoken and open-minded to a degree quite unusual in members of the Royal Family. And she was also entirely free from prejudice about politics or colour and things of that kind."[22]

In 1906, she flew in a Zeppelin airship, and even more daringly later flew in a biplane even though it was "not made to carry passengers, and we perched securely attached on a little stool holding on to the flyer's back".[23] Up until 1914, Victoria regularly visited her relatives abroad in both Germany and Russia, including her two sisters who had married into the Russian imperial family: Elisabeth, who had married Grand Duke Sergei Alexandrovich, and Alix, who had married Emperor Nicholas II. Victoria was one of the Empress's relatives who tried to persuade her away from the influence of Rasputin.[24] On the outbreak of war between Germany and Britain in 1914, Victoria and her daughter, Louise, were in Russia at Yekaterinburg. By train and steamer, they travelled to St Petersburg and from there through Tornio to Stockholm. They sailed from Bergen, Norway, on "the last ship" back to Britain.[25]

Later life

A 1917 Punch cartoon depicting King George V sweeping away the German titles held by members of his family

Prince Louis was forced to resign from the navy at the start of the war when his German origins became an embarrassment, and the couple retired for the war years to Kent House on the Isle of Wight, which Victoria had been given by her aunt Princess Louise, Duchess of Argyll.[26] Victoria blamed her husband's forced resignation on the Government "who few greatly respect or trust".[27] She distrusted the First Lord of the Admiralty, Winston Churchill, because she thought him unreliable—he had once borrowed a book and failed to return it.[28] Continued public hostility to Germany led King George V of the United Kingdom to renounce his German titles, and at the same time on 14 July 1917 Prince Louis and Victoria renounced theirs, assuming an anglicised version of Battenberg—Mountbatten—as their surname.[29] Four months later Louis was re-ennobled by the King as Marquess of Milford Haven. During the war, Victoria's two sisters, Alix and Elisabeth, were murdered in the Russian revolution, and her brother, Ernest Louis, Grand Duke of Hesse, was deposed. On her last visit to Russia in 1914, Victoria had driven past the very house in Yekaterinburg where Alix would be murdered.[30] In January 1921, after a long and convoluted journey, Elisabeth's body was interred in Jerusalem in Victoria's presence. Alix's body was never recovered during Victoria's lifetime.[31]

Victoria in 1932

Victoria's husband died in London in September 1921. After meeting her at the Naval and Military Club in Piccadilly, he complained of feeling unwell and Victoria persuaded him to rest in a room they had booked in the club annexe. She called a doctor, who prescribed some medicine, and Victoria went out to fill the prescription at a nearby pharmacy. When she came back, Louis was dead.[32] On her widowhood, Victoria moved into a grace-and-favour residence at Kensington Palace and, in the words of her biographer, "became a central matriarchal figure in the lives of Europe's surviving royalty".[33] In 1930, her eldest daughter, Alice, suffered a nervous breakdown and was diagnosed as schizophrenic.[34] In the following decade Victoria was largely responsible for her grandson Prince Philip's education and upbringing during his parents' separation and his mother's institutionalisation. Prince Philip recalled, "I liked my grandmother very much and she was always helpful. She was very good with children ... she took the practical approach to them. She treated them in the right way—the right combination of the rational and the emotional."[35]

In 1937, Victoria's brother, Ernest Louis, died and soon afterwards her widowed sister-in-law, nephew, granddaughter and two of her great-grandchildren all died in an air crash at Ostend. Victoria's granddaughter, Princess Cecilie of Greece and Denmark, had married Victoria's nephew (Ernest Louis's son), George Donatus of Hesse. They and their two young sons, Louis and Alexander, were all killed. Cecilie's youngest child, Johanna, who was not on the plane, was adopted by her uncle Prince Louis of Hesse and by Rhine, whose wedding the crash victims were en route to, but the little girl only survived her parents and older brothers by eighteen months, dying in 1939 of meningitis.[36]

Further tragedy soon followed when Victoria's son, George, died of bone cancer the following year. Her granddaughter, Lady Pamela Hicks, remembered her grandmother's tears.[37] In World War II Victoria was bombed out of Kensington Palace, and spent some time at Windsor Castle with King George VI. Her surviving son (Louis) and her two grandsons (David Mountbatten and Prince Philip) served in the Royal Navy, while her German relations fought with the opposing forces. She spent most of her time reading and worrying about her children; her daughter, Alice, remained in occupied Greece and was unable to communicate with her mother for four years at the height of the war.[38] After the Allied victory, her son, Louis, was made Viscount Mountbatten of Burma. He was offered the post of Viceroy of India, but she was deeply opposed to his accepting, knowing that the position would be dangerous and difficult; he accepted anyway.[39]

On 15 December 1948, the Dowager Marchioness attended the christening of her great-grandson, Prince Charles. She was one of eight sponsors or godparents, along with King George VI, King Haakon VII of Norway, Queen Mary, Princess Margaret, Prince George of Greece and Denmark, Lady Brabourne, and David Bowes-Lyon.[40]

She fell ill with bronchitis (she had smoked since the age of sixteen[41]) at Lord Mountbatten's home at Broadlands, Hampshire, in the summer of 1950. Saying "it is better to die at home",[42] Victoria moved back to Kensington Palace, where she died on 24 September aged 87. She was buried four days later in the grounds of St. Mildred's Church, Whippingham on the Isle of Wight.[7]

Portrait by Philip de László, 1937

Legacy

With the help of her lady-in-waiting, Baroness Sophie Buxhoeveden, Victoria wrote a memoir, held in the Mountbatten archive at the University of Southampton, which remains an interesting source for royal historians.[7][43] A selection of Queen Victoria's letters to Victoria have been published with a commentary by Richard Hough and an introduction by Victoria's granddaughter, Patricia Mountbatten.[44]

Lord Mountbatten remembered her fondly: "My mother was very quick on the uptake, very talkative, very aggressive and argumentative. With her marvellous brain she sharpened people's wits."[45] Her granddaughter thought her "formidable, but never intimidating ... a supremely honest woman, full of commonsense and modesty".[46] Victoria wrote her own typically forthright epitaph at the end of her life in letters to and conversation with her son: "What will live in history is the good work done by the individual & that has nothing to do with rank or title ... I never thought I would be known only as your mother. You're so well known now and no one knows about me, and I don't want them to."[47]

Honours

Ancestry

References

Grand Ducal Family of
Hesse and by Rhine
Louis IV
Children
Victoria, Marchioness of Milford Haven
Grand Duchess Elizaveta Feodorovna of Russia
Irene, Princess Heinrich of Prussia
Ernest Louis
Prince Friedrich
Alexandra Feodorovna, Empress of Russia
Princess Marie
  1. ^ Hough, Richard (1984). Louis and Victoria: The Family History of the Mountbattens. Second edition. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. p. 28. ISBN 0-297-78470-6.
  2. ^ Queen Victoria's Journals – Monday 27 April 1863
  3. ^ Hough, p. 30
  4. ^ Hough, p. 29
  5. ^ Hough, p. 34
  6. ^ Hough, p. 36
  7. ^ a b c d e Vickers, Hugo (2004). "Mountbatten, Victoria Alberta Elisabeth Mathilde Marie, marchioness of Milford Haven (1863–1950)". In Matthew, H. C. G.; Harrison, Brian (eds.). Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/66334. ISBN 978-0-19-861411-1. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
  8. ^ Hough, pp. 46–48
  9. ^ Hough, p. 50
  10. ^ Hough, p. 57
  11. ^ Hough, p. 114
  12. ^ Ziegler, Philip (1985). Mountbatten. London: Collins. p. 24. ISBN 0-00-216543-0.
  13. ^ Huberty, Michel; Giraud, F. Alain; Magdelaine, F. & B. (1976). L'Allemagne Dynastique: Tome I Hesse-Reuss-Saxe. Le Perreu. p. 345. ISBN 2-901138-01-2.((cite book)): CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  14. ^ Hough, pp. 117–122
  15. ^ Ziegler, Philip (2004). "Alice, Princess [Princess Alice of Battenberg; married name Princess Andrew of Greece]". In Matthew, H. C. G.; Harrison, Brian (eds.). Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/66337. ISBN 978-0-19-861411-1. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
  16. ^ Ziegler, Philip (2004). "Mountbatten, George Louis Victor Henry Sergius, second marquess of Milford Haven". In Matthew, H. C. G.; Harrison, Brian (eds.). Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/66662. ISBN 978-0-19-861411-1. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
  17. ^ Ziegler, Philip (2004). "Mountbatten, Louis Francis Albert Victor Nicholas, first Earl Mountbatten of Burma". In Matthew, H. C. G.; Harrison, Brian (eds.). Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/31480. ISBN 978-0-19-861411-1. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
  18. ^ Hough, pp. 158–159
  19. ^ Hough, p. 169
  20. ^ Hough, pp. 213–214, 372 and 375
  21. ^ Hough, p. 177
  22. ^ Terraine, John; Foreword by Lord Mountbatten (1980). The Life and Times of Lord Mountbatten. London: Arrow Books Ltd. p. 6. ISBN 0-09-922630-8.
  23. ^ Victoria Milford Haven quoted in Hough, p. 215
  24. ^ Hough, p. 264
  25. ^ Hough, p. 289
  26. ^ Hough, p. 274
  27. ^ Vickers, Hugo (2000). Alice, Princess Andrew of Greece. London: Hamish Hamilton. p. 113. ISBN 0-241-13686-5.
  28. ^ Terraine, p. 10
  29. ^ Eilers, Marlene A. (1987). Queen Victoria's Descendants. Baltimore, Maryland: Genealogical Publishing Co. p. 187. ISBN 978-0-938311-04-1.
  30. ^ Hough, p. 288
  31. ^ Kerr, Mark (1934). Prince Louis of Battenberg. London: Longmans, Green and Co. p. 261.
  32. ^ Hough, p. 333
  33. ^ Hough, p. 338
  34. ^ Vickers, pp. 200–205
  35. ^ Prince Philip quoted in Hough, p. 354
  36. ^ Duff, David (1967). Hessian Tapestry. London: Muller. pp. 350–353. OCLC 565356978.
  37. ^ Hough, p. 365
  38. ^ Hough, pp. 375 and 382
  39. ^ Ziegler, p. 359
  40. ^ "The Christening of Prince Charles". Royal Collection Trust. Retrieved 18 February 2022.
  41. ^ Hough, p. 53
  42. ^ Ziegler, p. 506
  43. ^ The memoir is available online.
  44. ^ Victoria; edited by Hough, Richard (1975). Advice to a grand-daughter: letters from Queen Victoria to Princess Victoria of Hesse. London: Heinemann. ISBN 0-434-34861-9.
  45. ^ Earl Mountbatten of Burma quoted in Hough, p. 339
  46. ^ Lady Pamela Hicks quoted in Hough, p. 373
  47. ^ Quoted in Hough, p. 387
  48. ^ "Goldener Löwen-orden", Großherzoglich Hessische Ordensliste (in German), Darmstadt: Staatsverlag, 1914, p. 1 – via hathitrust.org
  49. ^ a b c "Genealogie", Hof- und Staats-Handbuch des Großherzogs Hessen, 1904, p. 2
  50. ^ Joseph Whitaker (1897). An Almanack for the Year of Our Lord ... J. Whitaker. p. 110.
  51. ^ a b c d e f g h Weir, Alison (1996). Britain's Royal Families: The Complete Genealogy (Revised ed.). London: Pimlico. pp. 305–307. ISBN 0-7126-7448-9.

Further reading

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