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((short description|First Court painter in Great Britain))
[[File:Catherine of Braganza - Lely 1663-65.jpg|thumb|[[Catherine of Braganza]], Charles II's queen, by [[Sir Peter Lely]], 1663-65.  Portraits were the main output of the Principal Painters.]]
The title of '''Principal Painter in Ordinary''' to the King or Queen of England or, later, Great Britain, was awarded to a number of artists, nearly all mainly portraitists.  It was different from the role of [[Serjeant Painter]], and similar to the earlier role of "[[Artists of the Tudor Court|King's Painter]]".  Other painters, for example [[Nicholas Hilliard]] had similar roles with different titles.  "Principal Painter in Ordinary", first used for [[Anthony van Dyck|Sir Anthony Van Dyck]], became settled as the usual title with [[John Riley (painter)|John Riley]] in 1689.<ref name="British History Online 2019">((cite web |title=The artistic establishment: Painters, Menders and Surveyors of the Pictures |website=British History Online |date=1 May 2019 |url=https://www.british-history.ac.uk/office-holders/vol11/pp181-183 |access-date=1 May 2019))</ref>

The title reflected those used in other courts, especially the French ''[[Premier peintre du Roi]]'', which dated to 1603. After the death of [[Queen Victoria]] in 1901, the appointment of the last and not very distinguished holder, [[James Sant]], who was in his eighties, was not renewed for the new reign.

The following is a partial list of painters (in chronological order) who held the appointment of Principal Painter in Ordinary to the King, or Queen:

== Born 16th or 17th century ==
* [[Anthony van Dyck|Sir Anthony Van Dyck]] (Flemish, 1599–1641), Principalle Paynter in Ordinary to King Charles I and his Queen (1632, at a £200 per annum retainer, plus payment for pictures made)<ref name="Grosvenor Gallery Stephens 1887 p. 14">((cite book |author=Grosvenor Gallery |last2=Stephens |first2=F.G. |title=Exhibition of the Works of Sir Anthony Van Dyck |publisher=H. Good and Son, Printers |year=1887 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v5gTAAAAQAAJ |access-date=1 May 2019 |page=14 |quote=About the end of March or the beginning of April, 1632, Van Dyck arrived in England; he was almost immediately appointed Principal Painter in Ordinary to the King, knighted, presented with a gold chain, similar to that which had been given to ...))</ref><ref name="Sharpe Lake 1993 p. 223">((cite book |last=Sharpe |first=K. |last2=Lake |first2=P. |title=Culture and Politics in Early Stuart England |publisher=Stanford University Press |year=1993 |isbn=978-0-8047-2261-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0AjPfEmjXXsC&pg=PA223 |access-date=1 May 2019 |page=223))</ref>
* [[Sir Peter Lely]] (Dutch, 1618–1680), Limner and Picture Drawer to King Charles II (1661, also £200 per annum)<ref name="Sainty Bucholz 1997 p. 51">((cite book |last=Sainty |first=J.C. |last2=Bucholz |first2=R.O. |title=Officials of the Royal Household, 1660–1837: Department of the Lord Chamberlain and associated offices |publisher=University of London, Institute of Historical Research |series=Office-holders in modern Britain |year=1997 |isbn=978-1-871348-40-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BYeOAAAAMAAJ |access-date=1 May 2019 |page=51 |quote=In 1660 Lely was appointed 'Limner and Picture Drawer', being succeeded in 1681 by Riley as 'Painter and Picture Drawer'.))</ref>
* [[John Riley (painter)|John Riley]] (1646–1691), Painter and Picture Drawer, 1681–1689, then Principal Painter in Ordinary, 1689–1691, jointly with Kneller<ref name="Chilvers 2003 p. 530">((cite book |last=Chilvers |first=I. |title=The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Art and Artists |publisher=Oxford University Press |series=Oxford paperback reference |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-19-953294-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P906UFXIoMUC&pg=PA530 |access-date=1 May 2019 |page=530))</ref>
* [[Antonio Verrio]] (Italian, 1636–1707), Chief First Painter, 1684–1688<ref name="Sainty O 1997 p. 52">((cite book |last=Sainty |first=J.C. |last2=O |first2=B.R. |title=Officials of the Royal Household, 1660–1837: Department of the Lord Chamberlain and associated offices |publisher=University of London, Institute of Historical Research |series=Office-holders in modern Britain |year=1997 |isbn=978-1-871348-40-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OwUWAQAAIAAJ |access-date=1 May 2019 |page=52 |quote=... succeeded in 1681 by Riley as 'Painter and Picture Drawer'. In 1684 Verrio, appointed exceptionally by royal warrant, was designated 'Chief First Painter'. From 1689 'Principal Painter' was the recognized description of the office.))</ref><ref name="Knox Pellegrini 1995 p. 47">((cite book |last=Knox |first=G. |last2=Pellegrini |first2=G.A. |title=Antonio Pellegrini, 1675–1741 |publisher=Clarendon Press |series=Clarendon studies in the history of art |year=1995 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HeTqAAAAMAAJ |access-date=1 May 2019 |page=47 |quote=.. with the great ceiling of the Banqueting House in Whitehall. In 1684, the Italian Antonio Verrio became 'Principal Painter', and for five years worked on grandiose projects at Windsor Castle. With the Revolution of 1688, Verrio fell out of favour ...))</ref>
* [[Sir Godfrey Kneller]] (German, 1646–1723), Principal Painter in Ordinary to the King, 1689–1723 (1689–1691 jointly with Riley)<ref name="Chamberss Encyclopedia 1967 p. 246">((cite book |title=Chambers's Encyclopedia |publisher=Pergamon Press |series=Chambers's Encyclopedia |issue=v. 8 |year=1967 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YWfQAAAAMAAJ |access-date=1 May 2019 |page=246 |quote=... (1646–1723), portrait painter, was born in Lubeck on 8 Aug. 1646 and first ... On Lely's death in 1680 Kneller came to share the royal patronage with Riley (died 1691).))</ref><ref name="Winn 1992 p. 347">((cite book |last=Winn |first=J.A. |title="When beauty fires the blood": love and the arts in the age of Dryden |publisher=University of Michigan Press |year=1992 |isbn=978-0-472-10339-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4L9aAAAAMAAJ |access-date=1 May 2019 |page=347 |quote=... as Principal Painter to the King, first in a joint appointment with Riley (1689), then on his own (1691); King William had ...))</ref><ref name="Chilvers 2017 p. 726">((cite book |last=Chilvers |first=I. |title=The Oxford Dictionary of Art and Artists |publisher=OUP Oxford |series=Oxford Quick Reference |year=2017 |isbn=978-0-19-102417-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HFExDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT726 |access-date=1 May 2019 |page=726))</ref>
* [[Charles Jervas]] (1675–1739), Principal Painter in Ordinary to the King, 1723–1739<ref name="Moore Crawley Norwich Castle Museum 1992 p. 34">((cite book |last=Moore |first=A.W. |last2=Crawley |first2=C. |author3=Norwich Castle Museum |title=Family & friends: a regional survey of British portraiture |publisher=HMSO |year=1992 |isbn=978-0-11-701506-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QqlJAQAAIAAJ |access-date=1 May 2019 |page=34 |quote=The archives at Raynham contain an account for work carried out by Charles Jervas, reputedly Sir Robert Walpole's favourite painter and Principal Painter to the King since 1723.))</ref><ref name="Rogers Rogers Rosenberg 2004 p. 78">((cite book |last=Rogers |first=D.B.P.L.A.P. |last2=Rogers |first2=P. |last3=Rosenberg |first3=M. |title=The Symbolic Design of Windsor-Forest: Iconography, Pageant, and Prophecy in Pope's Early Work |publisher=University of Delaware Press |series=G – Reference, Information and Interdisciplinary Subjects Series |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-87413-837-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=APdT6s_a8GMC&pg=PA78 |access-date=1 May 2019 |page=78))</ref>
* [[William Kent]] (1685–1748), Principal Painter in Ordinary to the King, 1740–1748, mainly a designer of interior decorations<ref name="Clarke 1834 p. 190">((cite book |last=Clarke |title=The Georgian Era: Political and rural economists. Painters, sculptors, architects, and engravers. Composers. Vocal, instrumental and dramatic performers |publisher=Vizetelly, Branston and Company |series=The Georgian Era: Memoirs of the Most Eminent Persons, who Have Flourished in Great Britain, from the Accession of George the First to the Demise of George the Fourth |year=1834 |url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_gPZFAQAAIAAJ |access-date=1 May 2019 |page=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_gPZFAQAAIAAJ/page/n199 190]))</ref><ref name="Phillimore Whitear 1897 p. 175">((cite book |last=Phillimore |first=W.P.W. |last2=Whitear |first2=W.H. |title=Historical Collections Relating to Chiswick |publisher=Phillimore |year=1897 |url=https://archive.org/details/historicalcollec00phil |access-date=1 May 2019 |page=[https://archive.org/details/historicalcollec00phil/page/175 175] ))</ref><ref name="Smith 2006 p. 77">((cite book |last=Smith |first=H. |title=Georgian Monarchy: Politics and Culture, 1714–1760 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |series=Cambridge Studies in Early Modern British History |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-521-82876-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2UNGDIrxy34C&pg=PA77 |access-date=1 May 2019 |page=77 |quote=... The appointment of Kent – famed as a landscape and interior designer but no portraitist – gave rise to derogatory remarks ...))</ref>

== Born 18th century ==
* [[John Shackleton]] (1714–1767), Principal Painter in Ordinary to King George II and then King George III, 1749–1767<ref name="Redgrave Redgrave 1878 p. 388">((cite book |last=Redgrave |first=S. |last2=Redgrave |first2=F.M. |title=A Dictionary of Artists of the English School: Painters, Sculptors, Architects, Engravers and Ornamentists: with Notices of Their Lives and Work |publisher=G. Bell and sons |year=1878 |url=https://archive.org/details/adictionaryarti00redggoog |access-date=1 May 2019 |page=[https://archive.org/details/adictionaryarti00redggoog/page/n408 388]))</ref><ref name="Ormond 1977 p. 30">((cite book |last=Ormond |first=R. |title=The Face of Monarchy: British Royalty Portrayed |publisher=Phaidon |year=1977 |url=https://archive.org/details/faceofmonarchybr0000ormo |url-access=registration |access-date=1 May 2019 |page=[https://archive.org/details/faceofmonarchybr0000ormo/page/30 30]))</ref>
* [[Allan Ramsay (artist)|Allan Ramsay]] (1713–1784), Principal Painter in Ordinary to the King, 1767–1784<ref name="Pech Peabody Richardson 1900 p. 415">((cite book |last=Pech |first=H.T. |last2=Peabody |first2=S.H. |last3=Richardson |first3=C.F. |title=The International Cyclopædia: A Compendium of Human Knowledge. Revised with Large Additions |publisher=Dodd, Mead |series=The International Cyclopædia: A Compendium of Human Knowledge. Revised with Large Additions |issue=v. 12 |year=1900 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bwQoAAAAYAAJ |access-date=1 May 2019 |page=415 |quote=... On his return, being introduced to the Prince of Wales, afterward George III., he rapidly rose into favor, and in 1767 was appointed principal painter to the king.))</ref><ref name="Smart Ramsay Scottish National Portrait Gallery 1992 p. 133">((cite book |last=Smart |first=A. |last2=Ramsay |first2=A. |author3=Scottish National Portrait Gallery |title=Allan Ramsay, 1713–1784 |publisher=Scottish National Portrait Gallery |year=1992 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G9hLAQAAIAAJ |language=tr |access-date=1 May 2019 |page=133 |quote=... On Shackleton's death in 1767 Ramsay succeeded him in the full office of Principal Painter in Ordinary, which, before the ...))</ref>
* [[Joshua Reynolds|Sir Joshua Reynolds]] (1723–1792), Principal Painter in Ordinary to the King, 1784–1792<ref name="Reynolds 1824 p. 64">((cite book |last=Reynolds |first=J. |title=The Complete Works of Sir Joshua Reynolds: First President of the Royal Academy : with an Original Memoir, and Anecdotes of the Author |publisher=T. M'Lean |series=The Complete Works of Sir Joshua Reynolds: First President of the Royal Academy : with an Original Memoir, and Anecdotes of the Author |issue=v. 1 |year=1824 |url=https://archive.org/details/completeworkssi01reyngoog |access-date=1 May 2019 |page=[https://archive.org/details/completeworkssi01reyngoog/page/n161 64] |quote=On the death of Mr. Allan Ramsay, in 1784, Sir Joshua was sworn as principal painter in ordinary to the King ...))</ref><ref name="Agnew Bidwell 1858 p. 136">((cite book |last=Agnew |first=J.H. |last2=Bidwell |first2=W.H. |title=The Eclectic Magazine: Foreign Literature |publisher=Leavitt, Trow & Company |issue=v. 43 |year=1858 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yfMlfIbOlUsC&pg=RA1-PA136 |access-date=1 May 2019 |page=136 |quote=In 1784 he succeeded Allan Ramsay as principal painter in ordinary to the King; and after an unrivaled career as a ...))</ref>
* Sir [[Thomas Lawrence (painter)|Thomas Lawrence]] (1760–1830), Principal Painter in Ordinary to the King, 1792–1830<ref name="Seymour 1858 p. 371">((cite book |last=Seymour |first=C.C.B. |title=Self-made men |publisher=Harper |year=1858 |url=https://archive.org/details/selfmademen00seymgoog |access-date=1 May 2019 |page=[https://archive.org/details/selfmademen00seymgoog/page/n372 371] |quote=In the catalogue of 1792 he is described as "Thomas Lawrence, a principal painter in ordinary to his majesty." The year previous he had been elected an associate of the Royal Academy.))</ref><ref name="Art Journal 1902">((cite book |title=The Art Journal |publisher=Virtue and Company |series=British periodicals in the creative arts |year=1902 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Nj0cAQAAMAAJ |access-date=1 May 2019 |page=viii |quote=... On the death of Sir Joshua Reynolds in 1792, Lawrence had been elected painter to the Dilettanti Society, and at the same time the King appointed him to succeed the late President as Principal Painter in Ordinary. During the ...))</ref>
* [[David Wilkie (artist)|Sir David Wilkie]] (1785–1841), Principal Painter in Ordinary to King William IV and then Queen Victoria, 1830–1841<ref name="Anderson 1877 p. 641">((cite book |last=Anderson |first=W. |title=The Scottish Nation: Or, The Surnames, Families, Literature, Honours, and Biographical History of the People of Scotland |publisher=A. Fullarton & Company |series=The Scottish Nation: Or, The Surnames, Families, Literature, Honours, and Biographical History of the People of Scotland |issue=v. 3 |year=1877 |url=https://archive.org/details/scottishnationor03ande |access-date=1 May 2019 |page=[https://archive.org/details/scottishnationor03ande/page/641 641]))</ref><ref name="Tromans 2007 p. 100">((cite book |last=Tromans |first=N. |title=David Wilkie: The People's Painter: The People's Painter |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-7486-3084-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QueqBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA100 |access-date=1 May 2019 |page=100))</ref>
* [[George Hayter|Sir George Hayter]] (1792–1871), Principal Painter in Ordinary to Queen Victoria, 1841–1871<ref name="Chilvers Osborne 1988 p. 330">((cite book |last=Chilvers |first=I. |last2=Osborne |first2=H. |title=The Oxford dictionary of art |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1988 |isbn=978-0-19-860476-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WYaRX58a0_IC&pg=PA330 |access-date=1 May 2019 |page=330))</ref><ref name="Henry 2016 p. 129">((cite book |last=Henry |first=M. |title=Politics Personified: Portraiture, caricature and visual culture in Britain, c.1830-80 |publisher=Manchester University Press |year=2016 |isbn=978-1-5261-1170-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RBuDDQAAQBAJ&pg=PT129 |access-date=1 May 2019 |page=129))</ref>

== Born 19th century ==
* [[James Sant]] (1820–1916), Principal Painter in Ordinary to Queen Victoria, 1871–1901<ref name="Gere 2010 p. 42">((cite book |last=Gere |first=C. |title=Artistic Circles: Design & Decoration in the Aesthetic Movement |publisher=Harry N. Abrams |year=2010 |isbn=978-1-85177-602-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hF1JAQAAIAAJ |access-date=1 May 2019 |page=42 |quote=James Sant, who in 1871 succeeded Sir George Hayter as Queen Victoria's Principal Painter-in-Ordinary, had a successful career as a portrait painter.))</ref>

== Similar titles ==
Van Dyck's appointment, like that of Kneller, was specifically to both the king and queen, but later ones normally only mentioned the monarch. Queen consorts sometimes made their own appointments. In 1796, when Lawrence was Principal Painter in Ordinary to the King, [[William Beechey]] was "Portraitist" to Queen Charlotte, and also [[John Hoppner]] was "Portrait Painter to the Prince of Wales", having succeeded Sir Joshua Reynolds.<ref>Dias, Rosie, [https://chronicle250.com/1796 "1796: Portraiture after Reynolds"] in ''The Royal Academy Summer Exhibition: A Chronicle, 1769–2018''</ref>  Other occasional positions created included the "Flower Painter in Ordinary" (during the reigns of Queen Adelaide and Queen Victoria), "Miniature Painter in Ordinary", and "Marine Painter in Ordinary" (Queen Victoria). Sir [[Francis Bourgeois (painter)|Francis Bourgeois]] was appointed as royal landscape painter by George III in 1791. [[Painter and Limner|Her Majesty's Painter and Limner]] is part of the Royal Household in Scotland.

== Self-portrait gallery ==
<gallery>
Anthonis van Dyck 034.jpg|Self portrait of Sir Anthony van Dyck (1623)
Peter Lely Selfportrait.jpg|Sir Peter Lely self-portrait (1660)
Godfrey Kneller Selfportrait.jpg|Self Portrait of Sir Godfrey Kneller (1685)
William Kent.jpg|Self portrait of William Kent
Allan Ramsay, Selbstportrait.jpg|Self portrait of Allan Ramsay (1737)
Joshua Reynolds Self Portrait.jpg|Self portrait of Sir Joshua Reynolds (1776)
Sir Thomas Lawrence01.jpg|Self portrait of Sir Thomas Lawrence
David Wilkie.jpg|Self portrait of Sir David Wilkie
Self portrait by Sir George Hayter 1843 v3.jpg|Self Portrait of Sir George Hayter (1843)
James Sant, by James Sant.jpg|Self Portrait of James Sant (1884)
</gallery>

== References ==
((Reflist))

[[Category:Positions within the British Royal Household]]
[[Category:English painters]]
[[Category:Court painters|*]]
[[Category:1632 establishments in England]]
[[Category:Principal Painters in Ordinary| ]]

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