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((For|the principal of ecological success following disturbance|ecological succession))
((Short description|Concept in geology))
((More citations needed|date=February 2009))
((Geology sidebar))
The '''principle of faunal succession''', also known as the '''law of faunal succession''', is based on the observation that sedimentary rock [[stratum|strata]] contain [[fossil]]ized [[flora (plants)|flora]] and [[fauna (animals)|fauna]], and that these fossils succeed each other vertically in a specific, reliable order that can be identified over wide horizontal distances.  A fossilized [[Neanderthal]] bone (less than 500,000 years old) will never be found in the same stratum as a fossilized [[Megalosaurus]] (about 160 million years old), for example, because neanderthals and megalosaurs lived during different [[Period (geology)|geological periods]], separated by millions of years. This allows for strata to be identified and dated by the fossils found within.

This principle, which received its name from the English [[geologist]] [[William Smith (geologist)|William Smith]], is of great importance in determining the relative age of rocks and strata.<ref>((Citation |first=Simon |last=Winchester |author-link=Simon Winchester |title=[[The Map that Changed the World|The Map that Changed the World: William Smith and the Birth of Modern Geology]] |place=New York |publisher=HarperCollins |year=2001 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/mapthatchanged00winc/page/59 59–91] |isbn=0-06-093180-9 ))</ref>  The fossil content of rocks together with the [[law of superposition]] helps to determine the time sequence in which sedimentary rocks were laid down.

[[Evolution]] explains the observed faunal and floral succession preserved in rocks. Faunal succession was documented by Smith in England during the first decade of the 19th century, and concurrently in France by [[Georges Cuvier|Cuvier]] (with the assistance of the mineralogist [[Alexandre Brongniart]]). Archaic biological features and organisms are succeeded in the [[fossil record]] by more modern versions.  For instance, [[paleontology|paleontologists]] investigating the evolution of [[bird]]s predicted that [[feather]]s would first be seen in primitive forms on flightless predecessor organisms such as [[feathered dinosaur]]s. This is precisely what has been discovered in the fossil record: simple feathers, incapable of supporting flight, are succeeded by increasingly large and complex feathers.<ref name = "Nature">((Citation |first1=Mingke |last1=Yu |first2=Ping |last2=Wu |first3=Randall B. |last3=Widelitz |first4=Cheng-Ming |last4=Chuong|author-link4=Cheng-Ming Chuong |title=The morphogenesis of feathers |journal=Nature |volume=420 |date=21 November 2002 |pages=308–312 |doi=10.1038/nature01196 |issue=6913|pmc=4386656 |pmid=12442169|bibcode=2002Natur.420..308Y ))</ref>

In practice, the most useful '''diagnostic species''' are those with the fastest rate of species turnover and the widest distribution; their study is termed [[biostratigraphy]], the science of dating rocks by using the [[fossil]]s contained within them. In [[Cenozoic]] strata, fossilized tests of [[foraminifera]] are often used to determine faunal succession on a refined scale, each biostratigraphic unit ([[biozone]]) being a geological stratum that is defined on the basis of its characteristic fossil [[Taxon|taxa]]. An outline microfaunal zonal scheme based on both foraminifera and [[ostracod]]a was compiled by M. B. Hart (1972).

Earlier fossil life forms are simpler than more recent forms, and more recent fossil forms are more similar to living forms (principle of faunal succession).<ref>''Evolutionary Analysis'', 4th Edition. p 61.</ref>

==See also==

((Wikibooks|Historical Geology|Principle of faunal succession))
*[[Index fossil]]
*[[Law of superposition]]
*[[Principle of cross-cutting relationships]]
*[[Principle of lateral continuity]]
*[[Principle of original horizontality]]
*[[History of paleontology]]

== References ==
<references />

((Geologic Principles))

[[Category:Paleontological concepts and hypotheses]]
[[Category:Dating methods]]
[[Category:Stratigraphy]]

[[de:Biostratigraphie#Das Prinzip der Fossilfolge]]

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