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((short description|British satirical and current affairs magazine))
((Other uses|Private eye (disambiguation)))
((EngvarB|date=October 2020))
((Use dmy dates|date=October 2020))
((Infobox magazine
| title = Private Eye
| logo = Private Eye logo.png
| logo_size = 
| image_file = Private Eye Cover.jpg
| image_size = 
| image_alt = Magazine cover dominated by large colour photograph overlaid with cartoon-style speech bubbles, captioned with tabloid-style headline, below a yellow-and-green masthead. There is no prose on the cover.
| image_caption = A July 2011 cover following the closure of the ''[[News of the World]]'', making ironic use of a [[The Sun (United Kingdom)#Falklands War|famous 1982 headline]] from ''[[The Sun (United Kingdom)|The Sun]]''
| editor = [[Ian Hislop]]
| editor_title = 
| previous_editor = 
| staff_writer = 
| photographer = 
| category = [[Satirical]] [[news magazine]]
| frequency = [[Fortnight]]ly
| circulation = ((increase)) 248,133<br/>(Jul–Dec 2022)<ref>((cite web |url=https://www.abc.org.uk/product/3379 |title=Private Eye – circulation |date=12 February 2023 |publisher=[[Audit Bureau of Circulations (UK)|ABC]] |access-date=11 May 2023))</ref>
| publisher = 
| founder = 
| founded = ((start date and age|1961))
| firstdate = <!-- ((Start date|year|month|day)) -->
| company = Pressdram Ltd
| country = 
| based = London ((postcode|W|1))<br/>United Kingdom
| language = English
| website = ((Official URL))
| issn = 0032-888X
| oclc = 
))

'''''Private Eye''''' is a British fortnightly [[satirical]] and [[current affairs (news format)|current affairs]] [[news magazine]], founded in 1961.<ref>((cite web |url=http://www.private-eye.co.uk/covers/cover-1 |title=Covers Library: Issue 1 |website=Private Eye |access-date=16 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170614233703/http://www.private-eye.co.uk///covers/cover-1 |archive-date=14 June 2017 |url-status=live ))</ref> It is published in London and has been edited by [[Ian Hislop]] since 1986. The publication is widely recognised for its prominent criticism and [[Parody|lampooning]] of public figures. It is also known for its in-depth investigative journalism into under-reported scandals and cover-ups.<ref name="BBC-scandals">((Cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-15279371 |title=Private Eye and public scandals |last=Douglas |first=Torin |date=14 October 2011 |access-date=13 August 2019 |language=en-GB))</ref>

''Private Eye'' is Britain's best-selling current affairs magazine,<ref name="Dowell">((Cite news | url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2012/feb/16/private-eye-circulation-25-years | newspaper=The Guardian | title=Private Eye hits highest circulation for more than 25 years | access-date=28 March 2013 | location=London | first=Ben | last=Dowell | date=16 February 2012 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141007220302/http://www.theguardian.com/media/2012/feb/16/private-eye-circulation-25-years | archive-date=7 October 2014 | url-status=live | df=dmy-all ))</ref> and such is its long-term popularity and impact that many of [[Recurring jokes in Private Eye|its recurring in-jokes]] have entered popular culture in the United Kingdom. The magazine bucks the trend of declining circulation for print media, having recorded its highest-ever circulation in the second half of 2016.<ref>((cite magazine |url=http://www.pressgazette.co.uk/private-eye-hits-highest-circulation-in-55-year-history-which-is-quite-something-given-that-print-is-meant-to-be-dead/ |title=Private Eye hits highest circulation in 55-year history 'which is quite something given that print is meant to be dead' |magazine=[[Press Gazette]] |access-date=16 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170614181117/http://www.pressgazette.co.uk/private-eye-hits-highest-circulation-in-55-year-history-which-is-quite-something-given-that-print-is-meant-to-be-dead |archive-date=14 June 2017 |url-status=live ))</ref> It is privately owned and highly profitable.<ref name="NYT-Hislop">((Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/12/12/world/europe/britain-private-eye-ian-hislop.html |title=An Enduring and Erudite Court Jester in Britain |last=Erlanger |first=Steven |date=11 December 2015 |work=The New York Times |access-date=13 August 2019 |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331))</ref>

With a "deeply conservative resistance to change",<ref>((Cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/theobserver/2000/apr/09/features.review7 |title=The laughing Gnome |last=Anthony |first=Andrew |date=9 April 2000 |website=The Observer |language=en-GB |access-date=28 October 2019))</ref> it has resisted moves to online content or glossy format: it has always been printed on cheap paper and resembles, in format and content, a comic rather than a serious magazine.<ref name="NYT-Hislop"/><ref name="Indie-Hislop">((Cite news |url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/profiles/ian-hislop-provocateur-in-the-public-eye-2276884.html |title=Ian Hislop: Provocateur in the public eye |date=30 April 2011 |access-date=13 August 2019 |language=en))</ref> Both its satire and investigative journalism have led to numerous [[libel]] suits.<ref name="BBC-scandals"/> It is known for the use of [[pseudonym]]s by its contributors, many of whom have been prominent in public life—this even extends to a fictional proprietor, Lord Gnome.<ref name="NYT-StreetOfShame">((Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/06/30/world/europe/alan-cowell-letter-from-britain.html |title=Alan Cowell: Letter from Britain |date=30 June 2005 |work=The New York Times |access-date=13 August 2019 |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331))</ref><ref>((Cite book |title=Anonymous speech: literature, law and politics |last=Barendt |first=E. M. |isbn=9781849466134 |location=Oxford |pages=35 |oclc=940796081|year = 2016))</ref>

==History==
The forerunner of ''Private Eye'' was ''The Walopian'', an underground magazine published at [[Shrewsbury School]] by pupils in the mid-1950s and edited by [[Richard Ingrams]], [[Willie Rushton]], [[Christopher Booker]] and [[Paul Foot (journalist)|Paul Foot]]. ''The Walopian'' (a play on the school magazine name ''The Salopian'') mocked school spirit, traditions and the masters. After [[Conscription in the United Kingdom|National Service]], Ingrams and Foot went as undergraduates to [[Oxford University]], where they met future collaborators including [[Peter Usborne]], [[Andrew Osmond (satirist)|Andrew Osmond]]<ref>((Cite news | newspaper=The Guardian | url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/1999/apr/19/guardianobituaries2 | title=Andrew Osmond – Obituary | date=19 April 1999 | access-date=12 December 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161128140521/https://www.theguardian.com/news/1999/apr/19/guardianobituaries2 | archive-date=28 November 2016 | url-status=live ))</ref> and [[John Wells (satirist)|John Wells]].<ref>((Cite news |url=https://www.shropshirestar.com/news/features/2019/07/06/private-eye-founder-dies-at-81/ |title=Private Eye founder and former Shrewsbury School pupil Christopher Booker dies at 81 |last=Neal |first=Toby |access-date=13 August 2019 |language=en))</ref>

The magazine was properly begun when they learned of a new printing process, [[offset printing|photo-litho offset]], which meant that anybody with a [[typewriter]] and [[Letraset]] could produce a magazine. The publication was initially funded by Osmond and launched in 1961.<ref>((cite news |title=Private Eye at 60 shows winning formula of bad jokes and brilliant journalism |url=https://www.thenational.scot/news/19622370.private-eye-60-shows-winning-formula-bad-jokes-brilliant-journalism/ |access-date=1 February 2022 |work=The National |language=en))</ref> It is agreed that Osmond suggested the title, and sold many of the early copies in person, in London pubs.<ref>((Cite news |url=https://www.scotsman.com/news/opinion/eye-and-mighty-50-years-on-the-satirical-highway-1-1925918 |title=Eye and mighty: 50 years on the satirical highway |access-date=13 August 2019 |language=en))</ref>

The magazine was initially edited by Booker and designed by Rushton, who drew cartoons for it. Usborne was its first managing director.<ref>((Cite web |date=2023-03-31 |title='Genius' children's publisher Peter Usborne dies aged 85 |url=https://www.irishnews.com/magazine/entertainment/2023/03/31/news/_genius_children_s_publisher_peter_usborne_dies_aged_85-3179840/ |access-date=2023-04-02 |website=The Irish News |language=en))</ref> Its subsequent editor, Ingrams, who was then pursuing a career as an actor, shared the editorship with Booker from around issue number 10 and took over from issue 40. At first, ''Private Eye'' was a vehicle for juvenile jokes: an extension of the original school magazine, and an alternative to ''[[Punch (magazine)|Punch]]''.

[[Peter Cook]]—who in October 1961 founded [[The Establishment (club)|The Establishment]], the first satirical nightclub in London—purchased ''Private Eye'' in 1962, together with [[Nicholas Luard]],<ref>((cite web |title=Peter Cook |url=https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/person/mp06073/peter-edward-cook |website=[[National Portrait Gallery, London]] |access-date=1 February 2022 |language=en))</ref> and was a long-time contributor.<ref>((cite web |title=Remembering Peter Cook: 'The Funniest Man Who Ever Drew Breath' |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/yvq7ww/remembering-peter-cook-the-funniest-dead-man-alive |website=vice.com |access-date=1 February 2022 |language=en))</ref> Others essential to the development of the magazine were [[Auberon Waugh]], [[Claud Cockburn]] (who had run a pre-war scandal sheet, ''[[The Week (1933)|The Week]]''), [[Barry Fantoni]], [[Gerald Scarfe]], Tony Rushton, [[Patrick Marnham]] and [[Candida Lycett-Green|Candida Betjeman]]. [[Christopher Logue]] was another long-time contributor, providing the column "True Stories", featuring cuttings from the national press. The [[gossip columnist]] [[Nigel Dempster]] wrote extensively for the magazine before he fell out with [[Ian Hislop]] and other writers, while Foot wrote on politics, local government and corruption. The receptionist and general factotum from 1984 to 2014 was [[Hilary Lowinger]].<ref>((Cite news |date=2023-09-01 |title=Hilary Lowinger, long-serving gatekeeper, counsellor and keeper of secrets at Private Eye – obituary |language=en-GB |work=The Telegraph |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/obituaries/2023/09/01/hilary-lowinger-receptionist-ingrams-hislop-peter-cook-soho/ |access-date=2023-09-05 |issn=0307-1235))</ref>

[[File:Ian Hislop - 2009.jpg|thumb|Ian Hislop at an ''Eye'' book launch in 2009]]
Ingrams continued as editor until 1986 when he was succeeded by Hislop. Ingrams remains chairman of the holding company.<ref>((cite web |title=Press Conference With...(or without) RICHARD INGRAMS |url=https://www.pressgazette.co.uk/press-conference-withor-without-richard-ingrams/ |website=Press Gazette |date=15 December 2005 ))</ref>

==Style of the magazine==
((Unreferenced section|date=March 2021))
''Private Eye'' often reports on the misdeeds of powerful and important individuals and, consequently, has received numerous [[Defamation#Libel|libel]] [[writ]]s throughout its history. These include three issued by [[James Goldsmith]] (known in the magazine as "(Sir) Jammy Fishpaste" and "Jonah Jammy fingers") and several by [[Robert Maxwell]] (known as "Captain Bob"), one of which resulted in the award of costs and reported damages of £225,000, and attacks on the magazine by Maxwell through a book, ''Malice in Wonderland'', and a one-off magazine, ''[[Not Private Eye]]''. Its defenders point out that it often carries news that the mainstream press will not print for fear of legal reprisals or because the material is of minority interest.

As well as covering a wide range of current affairs, ''Private Eye'' is also known for highlighting the errors and hypocritical behaviour of newspapers in the "Street of Shame" column, named after [[Fleet Street]], the former home of many papers. It reports on parliamentary and national political issues, with regional and local politics covered in equal depth under the "Rotten Boroughs" column (named after the [[rotten boroughs]] of the pre-[[Reform Act of 1832]] House of Commons). Extensive [[investigative journalism]] is published under the "In the Back" section, often tackling cover-ups and unreported scandals. A financial column called "In the City" (referring to the [[City of London]]), written by Michael Gillard under the pseudonym "Slicker", has exposed several significant financial scandals and described unethical business practices.

Some contributors to ''Private Eye'' are media figures or specialists in their field who write anonymously, often under humorous pseudonyms, such as "Dr B Ching" (a reference to the [[Beeching cuts]]) who writes the "Signal Failures" column about the railways. Stories sometimes originate from writers for more mainstream publications who cannot get their stories published by their main employers.

''Private Eye'' has traditionally lagged other magazines in adopting new typesetting and printing technologies. At the start, it was laid out with scissors and paste and typed on three [[IBM Electric]] typewriters—[[italics]], [[Pica (typography)|pica]] and [[Aldo Novarese|elite]]—lending an amateurish look to the pages. For some years after layout tools became available the magazine retained this technique to maintain its look, although the three older typewriters were replaced with an IBM composer. Today the magazine is still predominantly in black and white (though the cover and some cartoons inside appear in colour) and there is more text and less white space than is typical for a modern magazine. Much of the text is printed in the standard [[Times New Roman]] font. The former "Colour Section" was printed in black and white like the rest of the magazine: only the content was colourful.

==Notable columns==
A series of [[Prime Minister parodies (Private Eye)|parody columns referring to the Prime Minister of the day]] has been a long-term feature of ''Private Eye''. While satirical, during the 1980s, Ingrams and [[John Wells (satirist)|John Wells]] wrote an affectionate series of fictional letters from [[Denis Thatcher]] to [[Bill Deedes]] in the ''[[Dear Bill]]'' column, mocking Thatcher as an amiable, golf-playing drunk. The column was collected in a series of books and became a stage play ("Anyone for Denis?") in which Wells played the fictional Denis, a character now inextricably "blurred with the real historical figure", according to Ingrams.<ref>((cite web |first=Richard |last=Ingrams |url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2005/jun/12/politicalcolumnists.comment |title=Diary: Dishonourable, dishonest |newspaper=The Observer |date=12 June 2005 |access-date=15 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140919002758/http://www.theguardian.com/politics/2005/jun/12/politicalcolumnists.comment |archive-date=19 September 2014 |url-status=live ))</ref>

''In The Back'' is an investigative journalism section notably associated with journalist [[Paul Foot (journalist)|Paul Foot]]<ref>((Cite news |url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/paul-foot-crusading-journalist-dies-at-66-6hjqj5mv8xb |title=Paul Foot, crusading journalist, dies at 66 |last=McGreevy |first=Ronan |date=19 July 2004 |work=The Times |access-date=13 August 2019 |language=en |issn=0140-0460))</ref> (the ''Eye'' has always published its investigative journalism at the back of the magazine).<ref>((Cite web |url=http://www.eyemagazine.com/feature/article/publish-and-be-damned |title=Publish and be damned |website=eyemagazine.com |access-date=13 August 2019))</ref> ''Private Eye'' was one of the journalistic organisations involved in sifting and analysing the [[Paradise Papers]], and this commentary appears in ''In the Back''.<ref>((Cite news |url=https://www.pressgazette.co.uk/some-380-journalists-including-bbc-guardian-and-private-eye-work-with-icij-on-paradise-papers-tax-havens-data-leak/ |title=Some 380 journalists including BBC, Guardian and Private Eye work with ICIJ on 'Paradise Papers' tax havens data leak |last=Walker |first=James |date=6 November 2017 |access-date=13 August 2019 |language=en-US))</ref><ref>((Cite news |last=Peck |first=Tom |date=17 November 2017 |title=Philip May has 'questions to answer' over Paradise Papers |language=en |work=The Independent |url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/philip-may-theresa-may-paradise-papers-questions-to-answer-a8059996.html |access-date=13 August 2019))</ref>

''Nooks and Corners'' (originally ''Nooks and Corners of the New Barbarism''), an architectural column severely critical of architectural vandalism and "barbarism",<ref>((Cite web |url=https://www.architecture.com/knowledge-and-resources/knowledge-landing-page/gavin-stamp-passion-polemic-and-piloti |title=Gavin Stamp: Passion, Polemic and Piloti |website=architecture.com |access-date=13 August 2019))</ref> notably modernism and [[brutalism]],<ref>((Cite book |title=Raw concrete: the beauty of brutalism |last=Calder, Barnabas |isbn=9781448151295 |location=London |pages=331 |oclc=1012156615|date = 21 April 2016))</ref> was originally founded by [[John Betjeman]] in 1971 (his first article attacked a building praised by his enemy [[Nikolaus Pevsner]])<ref>((Cite news |url=http://archive.spectator.co.uk/article/13th-january-1990/8/another-vision-of-britain |title=ANOTHER VISION OF BRITAIN » 13 Jan 1990 » The Spectator Archive |access-date=13 August 2019))</ref> and carried on by his daughter [[Candida Lycett Green]].<ref>((Cite web |url=https://archpaper.com/2017/12/british-historian-gavin-stamp-passes-away-69/ |title=British architecture historian Gavin Stamp passes away at 69 |date=31 December 2017 |website=Archpaper.com |language=en-US |access-date=13 August 2019))</ref><ref name="Grauniad-Stamp">((Cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2018/jan/07/gavin-stamp-obituary |title=Gavin Stamp obituary |last=Jack |first=Ian |date=7 January 2018 |work=The Guardian |access-date=13 August 2019 |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077))</ref> For four decades beginning in 1978, it was edited by [[Gavin Stamp]] under the pseudonym ''Piloti''.<ref name="Grauniad-Stamp"/> The column notably features a discussion of the state of public architecture and especially the preservation (or otherwise) of Britain's architectural heritage.<ref>((Cite book |title=Laughing at architecture : architectural histories of humour, satire and wit |publisher=Bloomsbury |isbn=9781350022782 |location=London |pages=Introduction, note 6 |oclc=1030446818|date = 29 November 2018))</ref>

''Street of Shame'' is a column addressing journalistic misconduct and excesses,<ref>((Cite news |url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/i-wish-we-had-gone-harder-earlier-on-hacking-story-says-times-editor-d7ndhvhtjnw |title=I wish we had gone harder, earlier on hacking story, says Times Editor |date=17 January 2012 |work=The Times |access-date=13 August 2019 |language=en |issn=0140-0460))</ref><ref>((Cite news |url=https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-britain-privateeye-50-idUKTRE79J2XR20111020 |title=UK satire's scourge of power: Private Eye hits 50 |date=20 October 2011 |work=Reuters |access-date=13 August 2019 |language=en))</ref> hypocrisy, and undue influence by proprietors and editors, mostly sourced from tipoffs<ref name="Grauniad-Leveson"/>—it sometimes serves as a venue for the settling of scores within the trade,<ref>((Cite web |last=McCormack |first=David |date=16 May 2006 |title=Private Eye: more than a gossip rag |url=https://www.prweek.com/article/559242/private-eye-gossip-rag |url-access=registration |access-date=2022-08-03 |website=PR week |language=en))</ref> and is a source of friction with editors.<ref name="Grauniad-Leveson">((Cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2012/jan/17/leveson-inquiry-ian-hislop |title=Leveson inquiry: Ian Hislop claims PCC would not give him a fair hearing |last=Sabbagh |first=Dan |date=17 January 2012 |work=The Guardian |access-date=13 August 2019 |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077))</ref> This work formed the basis of much of Ian Hislop's testimony to the [[Leveson Inquiry]], and Leveson was complimentary about the magazine and the column.<ref>((Cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-24710506 |title=Press regulation: The 10 major questions |last=Castella |first=Tom de |date=30 October 2013 |access-date=13 August 2019 |language=en-GB))</ref> The term ''street of shame'' is a reference to Fleet Street, the former centre of British journalism, and has become synonymous with it.<ref name="NYT-StreetOfShame"/><ref>((Cite news |url=https://www.newyorker.com/news/john-cassidy/second-shoe-drops-in-fleet-street-phone-hacking-scandal |title=Second Shoe Drops in Fleet Street Phone-Hacking Scandal |last=Cassidy |first=John |magazine=The New Yorker |date=20 November 2012 |access-date=13 August 2019 |language=en |issn=0028-792X))</ref><ref>((Cite news |url=https://www.economist.com/britain/2012/01/21/the-street-of-shame-responds |title=The Street of Shame responds |date=21 January 2012 |newspaper=The Economist |access-date=13 August 2019 |issn=0013-0613))</ref>

The ''Rotten Boroughs'' column focuses on actual or alleged wrongdoing in local or regional governments and elections, for example, corruption, nepotism, hypocrisy and incompetence. The column's name derives from the 18th-century [[rotten borough]]s.

There are also several [[List of regular mini-sections in Private Eye|recurring miniature sections]].

==Special editions==
The magazine has occasionally published special editions dedicated to the reporting of particular events, such as government inadequacy over the [[2001 UK foot and mouth crisis|2001 foot and mouth outbreak]], the conviction in 2001 of [[Abdelbaset al-Megrahi]] for the 1988 [[Lockerbie bombing]] (an incident regularly covered since by "In the Back"), and the purported [[MMR vaccine and autism|MMR vaccine controversy]] (since shown to be medical fraud committed by [[Andrew Wakefield]]) in 2002.

A special issue was published in 2004 to mark the death of long-time contributor [[Paul Foot (journalist)|Paul Foot]]. In 2005, ''The Guardian'' and ''Private Eye'' established the [[Paul Foot Award]] (referred to colloquially as the "Footy"), with an annual £10,000 prize fund, for investigative/campaigning journalism in memory of Foot.<ref>((cite web |url=http://www.private-eye.co.uk/paul-foot-award |title=The Paul Foot Award for campaigning journalism |website=Private Eye |access-date=16 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304195041/http://www.private-eye.co.uk/paul-foot-award |archive-date=4 March 2016 |url-status=live ))</ref>

==In-jokes==
((Main|Recurring jokes in Private Eye))
The magazine has many recurring [[in-joke]]s and convoluted references, often comprehensible only to those who have read the magazine for many years. They include euphemisms designed to avoid the notoriously plaintiff-friendly English libel laws, such as replacing the word "drunk" with "[[tired and emotional]]",<ref name="BBC-10-euphemisms"/><ref>((Cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/notesandqueries/query/0,5753,-2337,00.html |title=Where does the term "tired and emotional", meaning drunk, originate? |access-date=13 August 2019))</ref> or using the phrase "Ugandan discussions" to denote illicit sexual exploits;<ref name="BBC-10-euphemisms">((Cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-22470691 |title=The 10 most scandalous euphemisms |last=Kelly |first=Jon |date=15 May 2013 |access-date=13 August 2019 |language=en-GB))</ref> and more obvious parodies utilising easily recognisable stereotypes, such as the lampooning of [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative]] MPs as "[[Sir Bufton Tufton]]". Some of the terms have fallen into disuse when their hidden meanings have become better known.

The magazine often deliberately misspells the names of certain organisations, such as "Crapita" for the outsourcing company [[Capita]], "Carter-Fuck" for the law firm [[Carter-Ruck]], and "''The Grauniad''" for ''[[The Guardian]]'' (the latter a reference to the newspaper's frequent typos in its days as ''The Manchester Guardian''). Certain individuals may be referred to by another name, for example, [[Piers Morgan]] as "Piers Moron", [[Richard Branson]] as "Beardie", [[Rupert Murdoch]] as the "Dirty Digger", and Queen [[Elizabeth II]] and King [[Charles III]] as "Brenda" and "Brian", respectively.

The first half of each issue, which consists chiefly of news reporting and [[investigative journalism]], tends to include these in-jokes more subtly, to maintain journalistic integrity, while the second half, generally characterised by unrestrained parody and cutting humour, tends to present itself in a more confrontational way.

==Cartoons==
As well as many one-off cartoons, ''Private Eye'' features several regular comic strips:
* '''''Apparently''''' by Mike Barfield – satirising day-to-day life or pop trends
* '''''Celeb''''' by [[Charles Peattie]] and Mark Warren, collectively known as Ligger – a strip about a celebrity rock star named Gary Bloke, which first appeared in 1987. A [[BBC]] sitcom version was spun off in 2002.<ref>((cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/2240601.stm |title=Celeb rocks on and on |website=BBC News |date=6 September 2002 |access-date=15 August 2013))</ref>
* '''''Desperate Business''''' by ''[[Modern Toss]]'' – stereotypes a range of professions, such as an [[estate agent]] showing a couple a minuscule house, with the caption: "It's a bit smaller than it looked on your website".
* '''''EUphemisms''''' by RGJ – features a [[European Union]] bureaucrat making a statement, with a caption suggesting what it means in real terms, depicting the EU in a negative or hypocritical light. For example, an EU official declares: "Punishing Britain for [[Brexit]] would show the world we've lost the plot", with the caption reading: "We're going to punish Britain for Brexit. We've lost the plot".
* '''''Fallen Angels''''' – a regular cartoon with a caption depicting problems (often bureaucratic) in the [[National Health Service]]
* '''''First Drafts''''' by Simon Pearsell – original drafts of popular books
* '''''Forgotten Moments in Music History''''' – features cryptic references to notable songs and performers.
* '''''It's Grim Up North London''''' by [[Knife and Packer]] – a satire about [[Islington]] "trendies" which has been featured since 1999.
* '''''Logos as They Should Be''''' – a satire of logos from some of the world's most-known companies
* '''''The Premiersh*ts''''' by Paul Wood – a satire of professional football and footballers, in the [[Premier League]]
* '''''Snipcock & Tweed''''' by [[Nick Newman]] – about two book publishers
* '''''Supermodels''''' by Neil Kerber – satirising the lifestyle of supermodels; the characters are unfeasibly thin.
* '''''Yobs'' and ''Yobettes''''' by [[Tony Husband]] – satirising [[Yob (slang)|yob]] culture, featuring since the late 1980s
* '''''Young British Artists''''' by Birch – a spoof of the [[Young British Artists]] movement such as [[Tracey Emin]] and [[Damien Hirst]]

Some of the magazine's former cartoon strips include:
* '''''The Adventures of Mr Millibean''''' – former Leader of the Opposition, [[Ed Miliband]], is portrayed as [[Rowan Atkinson]]'s [[Mr. Bean]]
* '''''Andy Capp-in-Ring''''' – a parody of [[Andy Capp]], satirising Labour leadership candidate [[Andy Burnham]] and his rivals, portraying Burnham as Capp
* '''''[[Barry McKenzie]]''''' – a popular strip in the mid-1960s detailing the adventures of an expatriate Australian in [[Earl's Court]], London and elsewhere, written by [[Barry Humphries]] and drawn by [[Nicholas Garland]]
* '''''[[Battle for Britain (Private Eye)|Battle for Britain]]''''' – a satire of British politics (1983–87) in terms of a [[World War II]] [[war comic]]
* '''''The Broon-ites''''' – a pastiche of the Scottish cartoon strip ''[[The Broons]]'', featuring [[Gordon Brown]] and his close associates. The speech bubbles are written in broad [[Scots language|Scots]].
* '''''Dan Dire, Pilot of the Future?''''' and '''''Tony Blair, Pilot for the Foreseeable Future''''' – parodies of the ''[[Dan Dare]]'' comics of the 1950s, satirising (respectively) [[Neil Kinnock]]'s time as Labour leader, and [[Tony Blair]]'s Labour government
* '''''Dave Snooty and his New Pals''''' – drawn in the style of ''[[The Beano]]'', it parodied [[David Cameron]] as "Dave Snooty" (a reference to the ''Beano'' character "[[Lord Snooty]]"), involved in public schoolboy-type behaviour with members of his cabinet. Cameron is portrayed as wearing an [[Eton College]] uniform with bow tie, tailcoat, waistcoat and pinstriped trousers.
* '''''The Directors''''' by Dredge & Rigg – commented on the excesses of boardroom [[Fat cat (term)|fat cat]]s.
* '''''[[The Cloggies]]''''' by [[Bill Tidy]] – about [[clogging]] dancers
* '''''The Commuters''''' by Grizelda – followed the efforts of two commuters to get a train to work.
* '''''Global Warming: The Plus Side''''' – a satire of the [[effects of global warming]], suggesting mock "positive" impacts of the phenomena, such as bus-sized marrows in village vegetable competitions, vastly decreased fossil prices due to melting permafrost, and the proliferation of British citrus orchards
* '''''Gogglebollox''''' by Goddard – a satirical take on recent television shows
* '''''Great Bores of Today''''' by [[Michael Heath (cartoonist)|Michael Heath]]
* '''''The Has-Beano''''' – a pastiche of ''[[The Beano]]'' used to satirise ''[[The Spectator]]'' and [[Boris Johnson]] (who features as the lead character, [[Dennis the Menace (UK)|Boris the Menace]])
* '''''Hom Sap''''' by [[David Austin (cartoonist)|David Austin]]
* '''''Liz''''' – a cartoon about the [[British Royal Family|Royal Family]] drawn by Cutter Perkins and RGJ in the style of the comic magazine ''[[Viz (comic)|Viz]]'' (with the speech in [[Geordie]] dialect). Ran from issue 801 to 833.
* '''''Meet the Clintstones – The Prehistoric First Family''''' – drawn in the style of ''[[The Flintstones]]'', this was a parody of [[Bill Clinton|Bill]] and [[Hillary Clinton]] during his presidency and the [[2008 US presidential election]].
* '''''Off Your Trolley''''' by Reeve & Way – is set in an NHS hospital.
* '''''The Regulars''''' also by Michael Heath – is based on the drinking scene at the [[Coach and Horses, Soho|Coach and Horses]] pub in London (a regular meeting place for the magazine's staff and guests), and features the catchphrase "Jeff bin in?" (a reference to pub regular, the journalist [[Jeffrey Bernard]]).
* '''''Scenes You Seldom See''''' by [[Barry Fantoni]] – satirising the habits of British people by portraying the opposite of what is the accepted norm.

At various times, ''Private Eye'' has also used the work of [[Ralph Steadman]], [[Wally Fawkes]], [[Timothy Birdsall]], [[Martin Honeysett]], [[Willie Rushton]], [[Gerald Scarfe]], Robert Thompson, [[Ken Pyne]], Geoff Thompson, "Jorodo", Ed McLachlan, Simon Pearsall, [[Kevin Woodcock]], Brian Bagnall, [[Kathryn Lamb]] and [[George Worsley Adamson|George Adamson]].

==Other products==
((Unreferenced section|date=March 2021))
''Private Eye'' has, from time to time, produced various spin-offs from the magazine, including:
* [[Private Eye books|Books]], e.g. annuals, cartoon collections and investigative pamphlets;
* [[Private Eye recordings|Audio recordings]];
* ''[[Private Eye TV]]'', a 1971 BBC TV version of the magazine; and
* Memorabilia and commemorative products, such as Christmas cards.

==''Private Eye'' Extras==
* '''Page 94, The Private Eye Podcast''' since Episode 1, 4 March 2015,<ref>((Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2015/apr/12/codes-that-changed-the-world-page-94-max-and-ivan-radio-review|title=The week in radio: Codes that Changed the World; Page 94, The Private Eye podcast; The Casebook of Max and Ivan|last=Sawyer|first=Miranda|date=12 April 2015|website=The Guardian|access-date=23 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180124071119/https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2015/apr/12/codes-that-changed-the-world-page-94-max-and-ivan-radio-review|archive-date=24 January 2018|url-status=live))</ref> named after the running joke ''continued on page 94'' and hosted by [[Andrew Hunter Murray]].
* '''Eyeplayer''' (see [[BBC iPlayer|iPlayer]]) Videos and Audio since 2008.<ref>((cite web |url=http://www.private-eye.co.uk/eyeplayer/archive-2008 |title=Eyeplayer Archive 2008 |website=Private Eye |access-date=16 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170616160849/http://www.private-eye.co.uk/eyeplayer/archive-2008 |archive-date=16 June 2017 |url-status=live ))</ref> [[Adobe Flash|Flash]], hosted [[MP3]]s, and [[YouTube]] videos. Including phone-related pieces,<ref>((cite web |url=http://www.private-eye.co.uk/eyeplayer/play-296 |title=Vodafone's Swiss Swizz |website=Private Eye |access-date=16 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170616121041/http://www.private-eye.co.uk/eyeplayer/play-296 |archive-date=16 June 2017 |url-status=live ))</ref> audio performances at the [[Lyttelton Theatre]], and ''Private Eye: A Review Of'' 2016, 2015 and 2014.
* '''Covers Library'''<ref>((cite web |url=http://www.private-eye.co.uk/covers |title=Covers Library |website=Private Eye |access-date=25 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170626074842/http://www.private-eye.co.uk/covers |archive-date=26 June 2017 |url-status=live ))</ref> – Issue 1 – 25 October 1961 to present
* '''Councillors Map'''<ref>((cite web|url=http://www.private-eye.co.uk/councillors|title=Pay up, pay up and play the game!|website=Private Eye|access-date=25 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170628081506/http://www.private-eye.co.uk/councillors|archive-date=28 June 2017|url-status=live))</ref> – interactive map of local councillors who have not paid their [[council tax]]
* '''UK Tax Haven Map'''<ref>((cite web |url=http://www.private-eye.co.uk/registry |title=Selling England (and Wales) by the pound |website=Private Eye |access-date=25 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170628081509/http://www.private-eye.co.uk/registry |archive-date=28 June 2017 |url-status=live ))</ref> – searchable map of properties, in England and Wales, owned by offshore companies
* '''The Eye At 50 Blog'''<ref>((cite web |url=http://www.private-eye.co.uk/blog/ |title=The Eye At 50 Blog |website=Private Eye |access-date=25 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170625231018/http://www.private-eye.co.uk/blog/ |archive-date=25 June 2017 |url-status=live ))</ref> – February 2009 to September 2013
* '''Cyril Smith'''<ref>((cite web |url=http://www.private-eye.co.uk/extras/smith |title=Cyril Smith Archive |website=Private Eye |access-date=25 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170628081522/http://www.private-eye.co.uk/extras/smith |archive-date=28 June 2017 |url-status=live ))</ref> – Archive of the original stories that ran in Private Eye 454 and the Rochdale Alternative Press (RAP), in 1979, involving the establishment of cover-up child abuse by the late Liberal MP Sir Cyril Smith. In May 2022,<ref>Private Eye issue 1574</ref> in an article titled "Cesspit News", Private Eye reminded readers that the late anti-gay "God's Cop" Sir [[James Anderton]] had ignored the decades-long abuse by Smith of boys in care.

==Criticism and controversy==

===Princess Diana===
[[File:Private Eye Diana Controversy Issue 1997.jpg|thumb|alt=Cover with headline "Media to Blame" shows large crowd gathered at the gates of Buckingham Palace with speech bubbles: "The papers are a disgrace"; "Yes, I couldn't get one anywhere"; "Borrow mine, it's got a picture of the car."|The front cover of the infamous "Diana issue", number 932, in September 1997]]

Some have found the magazine's irreverence and sometimes controversial humour offensive. Following the death of [[Diana, Princess of Wales]] in 1997, ''Private Eye'' printed a cover headed "Media to blame". Under this headline was a picture of many hundreds of people outside [[Buckingham Palace]], with one person commenting that the papers were "a disgrace", another agreeing, saying that it was impossible to get one anywhere, and another saying, "Borrow mine. It's got a picture of the car."<ref>((cite web |url=http://www.private-eye.co.uk/covers.php?showme=932 |title=Private Eye Issue 932 |website=Private Eye |access-date=15 June 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070926234858/http://www.private-eye.co.uk/covers.php?showme=932 |archive-date=26 September 2007 |url-status=live ))</ref>

Following the abrupt change in reporting from newspapers immediately following her death, the issue also featured a mock retraction from "all newspapers" of everything negative that they had ever said about Diana. This was enough to cause a flood of complaints and the temporary removal of the magazine from the shelves of some newsagents. These included [[WHSmith]], which had previously refused to stock ''Private Eye'' until well into the 1970s and was characterised in the magazine as "WH Smugg" or "WH Smut" on account of its policy of stocking pornographic magazines.

===Other complaints===
The issues that followed the [[Ladbroke Grove rail crash]] in 1999 (number 987), the [[September 11 attacks]] of 2001 (number 1037; the magazine even included a special "subscription cancellation coupon" for disgruntled readers to send in) and the [[Soham murders]] of 2002 all attracted similar complaints. Following the [[7 July 2005 London bombings|7/7 London bombings]] the magazine's cover (issue number 1137) featured Prime Minister [[Tony Blair]] saying to London mayor [[Ken Livingstone]]: "We must track down the evil mastermind behind the bombers...", to which Livingstone replies: "...and invite him around for tea", about his controversial invitation of the Islamic theologian [[Yusuf al-Qaradawi]] to London.<ref>((cite web |url=http://www.private-eye.co.uk/covers.php?showme=1137 |title=Private Eye Issue 1137 |website=Private Eye |access-date=15 June 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070926235042/http://www.private-eye.co.uk/covers.php?showme=1137 |archive-date=26 September 2007 |url-status=live ))</ref>

===MMR vaccine===
During the early 2000s ''Private Eye'' published many stories on the [[MMR vaccine controversy]], supporting the interpretation by [[Andrew Wakefield]] of published research in ''[[The Lancet]]'' by the [[Royal Free Hospital]]'s Inflammatory Bowel Disease Study Group, which described an apparent link between the vaccine and [[autism]] and bowel problems. Many of these stories accused medical researchers who supported the vaccine's safety of having conflicts of interest because of funding from the pharmaceutical industry.

Initially dismissive of Wakefield, the magazine rapidly moved to support him, in 2002 publishing a 32-page ''MMR Special Report'' that supported Wakefield's assertion that MMR vaccines "should be given individually at not less than one-year intervals." The ''[[BMJ|British Medical Journal]]'' issued a contemporary press release<ref>((cite journal |url=http://www.bmj.com/cgi/content/full/324/7347/1224/DC1 |title=Private Eye Special Report on MMR |first1=David |last1=Elliman |first2=Helen |last2=Bedford |page=1224 |doi=10.1136/bmj.324.7347.1224 |journal=[[The BMJ]] |date=18 May 2002 |s2cid=70659012 |access-date=28 April 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070307195905/http://www.bmj.com/cgi/content/full/324/7347/1224/DC1 |archive-date=7 March 2007 |url-status=live ))</ref> that concluded: "The ''Eye'' report is dangerous in that it is likely to be read by people who are concerned about the safety of the vaccine. A doubting parent who reads this might be convinced there is a genuine problem, and the absence of any proper references will prevent them from checking the many misleading statements."

In a review article published in 2010, after Wakefield was disciplined by the [[General Medical Council]], regular columnist [[Phil Hammond (comedian)|Phil Hammond]], who contributes to the "Medicine Balls" column under the pseudonym "MD", stated that: "''Private Eye'' got it wrong in its coverage of MMR" in maintaining its support for Wakefield's position long after shortcomings in his work had emerged.<ref>((Cite journal |date=February 2010 |title=Second Opinion: the Editor asks M.D. to peer review Private Eye's MMR coverage |journal=Private Eye |issue=1256 |page=17 |publisher=Pressdram Ltd |url=http://drphilhammond.com/blog/2010/02/18/private-eye/dr-phil%E2%80%99s-private-eye-column-issue-1256-february-17-2010/ |access-date=24 May 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110815065812/http://drphilhammond.com/blog/2010/02/18/private-eye/dr-phil%E2%80%99s-private-eye-column-issue-1256-february-17-2010/ |archive-date=15 August 2011 |url-status=live ))</ref>

===Accusations of hostility===
Senior figures in the trade union movement have accused the publication of having a [[classist]] anti-union bias, with [[Unite the Union|Unite]] chief of staff [[Andrew Murray (trade unionist)|Andrew Murray]] describing ''Private Eye'' as "a publication of assiduous public school boys" and adding that it has "never once written anything about trade unions that isn't informed by cynicism and hostility".<ref>((cite magazine |author=Blackleg |title=TUC News |magazine=Private Eye |issue=1416 |date=15 April 2016 |page=20 |quote=Unite chief of staff Andrew Murray made much of the Eye's coverage of [the expulsion of David Beaumont from Unite], telling the panel: (('))''Private Eye''<!-- emphasis in source --> is((nbsp))... a publication of assiduous ''[sic]''<!-- "Sic" used in source --> public school boys which has never, never once written anything about trade unions that isn't informed by cynicism and hostility.'))</ref> The ''[[Socialist Worker]]'' also wrote that "For the past 50 years, the satirical magazine ''Private Eye'' has upset and enraged the powerful. Its mix of humour and investigation has tirelessly challenged the hypocrisy of the elite. ... But it also has serious weaknesses. Among the witty—if sometimes tired—spoof articles and cartoons, there is a nasty streak of snobbery and prejudice. Its jokes about the poor, women and young people rely on lazy stereotypes you might expect from the columns of the ''Daily Mail''. It is the anti-establishment journal of the establishment."<ref>((cite news |last=Ward |first=Patrick |title=Private Eye: The First 50 Years |url=https://socialistworker.co.uk/art/26069/ |access-date=2 May 2016 |work=Socialist Worker |issue=2276 |publisher=Socialist Workers Party |date=1 November 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160603174933/https://socialistworker.co.uk/art/26069/ |archive-date=3 June 2016 |url-status=live ))</ref>

===Blasphemy===
The 2004 Christmas issue received many complaints after it featured [[Pieter Bruegel the Elder|Pieter Bruegel]]'s painting of a [[nativity scene]], in which one wise man said to another: "Apparently, it's [[David Blunkett]]'s" (who at the time was involved in a scandal in which he was thought to have impregnated a married woman). Many readers sent letters accusing the magazine of [[blasphemy]] and [[Anti-Christian sentiment|anti-Christian]] attitudes. One stated that the "witless, gutless buggers wouldn't dare mock [[Islam]]". It has, however, regularly published Islam-related humour such as the cartoon which portrayed a "Taliban careers master asking a pupil: What would you like to be when you blow up?".<ref>((cite news |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/andy-mcsmiths-diary-jacob-reesmoggs-actions-speak-even-louder-than-his-words-9059932.html |title=Andy McSmith's Diary: Bad taste proves sketchy |date=14 January 2014 |newspaper=The Independent |access-date=14 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140115175718/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/andy-mcsmiths-diary-jacob-reesmoggs-actions-speak-even-louder-than-his-words-9059932.html |archive-date=15 January 2014 |url-status=live ))</ref>

Many letters in the first issue of 2005 disagreed with the former readers' complaints, and some were parodies of those letters, "complaining" about the following issue's cover<ref>((cite web | url=http://www.private-eye.co.uk/covers.php?showme=1122 | title=Private Eye Issue 1122 | website=Private Eye | access-date=15 June 2007 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070926234956/http://www.private-eye.co.uk/covers.php?showme=1122 | archive-date=26 September 2007 | url-status=live ))</ref>—a cartoon depicting [[Santa Claus|Santa]]'s sleigh shredded by a [[wind farm]]: one said: "To use a picture of Our Lord Father Christmas and his Holy Reindeer being torn limb from limb while flying over a windfarm is inappropriate and blasphemous."

==="Fake news"===
((see also|List of fake news websites))
In November 2016, ''Private Eye''(('s)) official website appeared on a list of over 150 [[Fake news websites|"fake news" websites]] compiled by Melissa Zimdars, a US lecturer. The site was listed as a source that is "purposefully fake with the intent of satire/comedy, which can offer important critical commentary on politics and society, but have the potential to be shared as actual/literal news."<ref>((cite news |last=Hughes |first=Owen |title=Breitbart and Private Eye among websites accused of false, misleading, clickbait or satirical 'news' |url=http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/breitbart-and-private-eye-among-websites-accused-of-false-misleading-clickbait-or-satirical-news-1591878 |access-date=13 December 2016 |work=International Business Times UK |date=16 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220121148/http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/breitbart-and-private-eye-among-websites-accused-of-false-misleading-clickbait-or-satirical-news-1591878 |archive-date=20 December 2016 |url-status=live ))</ref> The ''Eye'' rejected any such classification, saying its site "contains none of these things, as the small selection of stories online are drawn from the journalism pages of the magazine", adding that "even US college students might recognise that the Headmistress's letter is not really from a troubled high school".<ref name="Eye1432">((cite news |title=Red-Facebook |work=Private Eye |issue=1432 |publisher=Pressdram Ltd |date=November–December 2016 |page=16))</ref> Zimdars later removed the website from her list, after the ''Eye'' had contacted her for clarification.<ref name="Eye1432"/>

===Israel-Hamas war cover===
In 2023, ''Private Eye'' published a satirical cover on the conflict between Israel and Hamas, reading "This magazine may contain some criticism of the Israeli government and may suggest that killing everyone in Gaza as revenge for Hamas atrocities may not be a good long-term solution to the problems of the region." The magazine was both criticized and praised for its stance, with some accusing the magazine of antisemitism, while others applauded its bravery in criticizing the Israeli government. Critics such as investigative journalist David Collier condemned the magazine, while supporters defended its critique as not antisemitic but a legitimate questioning of the proportionality of Israel's response.<ref>((Cite web |date=2023-10-19 |title=Private Eye sparks debate with Israel-Hamas war cover |url=https://www.thenational.scot/news/23866915.private-eye-sparks-debate-israel-hamas-war-cover/ |access-date=2023-11-09 |website=The National |language=en))</ref>

==Libel cases==

Ian Hislop is listed in the [[Guinness Book of Records]] as the most sued man in English legal history.<ref>((Cite web |title=Satire, libel and investigative journalism: 50 years of Private Eye |url=https://uk.news.yahoo.com/satire--libel-and-investigative-journalism--50-years-of-private-eye.html |access-date=2024-02-06 |website=Yahoo News |language=en-GB))</ref><ref>((Cite web |title=Evidence submitted by Ian Hislop, Editor, Private Eye |url=https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200506/cmselect/cmconst/754/754we34.htm |access-date=2024-02-06))</ref><ref>((Cite web |title=Eye's up |url=https://www.cjr.org/feature/eyes_up.php |access-date=2024-02-06 |website=Columbia Journalism Review |language=en))</ref><ref name=eye-421312 />

<blockquote>
:AM: (Adam Macqueen)
:IH: ([[Ian Hislop]])
:AM: There’s this fact floating around about you that you’re ‘the most sued man in history’…
:IH: Says who?
:AM: Says [[Wikipedia]], I think.
:IH: Yeah, yeah. Must be true!
:AM: In terms of libel cases, would you say the Eye is below or above average?
:IH: In terms of everyone else, or generally? Well, you know, libel collapsed completely. Members of the libel bar had to retrain! The great old days went. It was partly our fault, for whingeing about the need to change the law and then it got changed. Sutcliffe<ref>((cite news |last=Whitney |first=Craig R. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1989/05/27/arts/british-defamation-study.html |title=British Defamation Study |work=[[New York Times]] |date=1989-05-27 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101115234902/https://www.nytimes.com/1989/05/27/arts/british-defamation-study.html |archivedate=2010-11-15 |accessdate=2024-01-30 |quote=A jury's libel award of $960,000 against Private Eye, the satirical British magazine, this week has prompted the Government to undertake a review of defamation law))</ref><ref>((cite web |title=Sutcliffe v Pressdram Ltd |work=[1989] EWCA Civ J1019-6 |url=https://vlex.co.uk/vid/sonia-szurma-sutcliffe-v-793768717 |date=1989-10-19))</ref><ref>((cite web |title=Attorney General v Hislop |work=[1990] EWHC J0726-1 |url=https://vlex.co.uk/vid/attorney-general-v-hislop-793445653 |date=1990-07-26))</ref> was the turnaround, it meant the court of appeal could cap libel damages, the judge was allowed to direct the jury as to amount, everything that had been mad about it started to be changed… It created a real sea change: there was a feeling that if you went to court you might lose. For most of the 80s, you just won, or you settled. So the actual number of libel actions went way down for us. And partly I feel because the journalism was more robust, and stouter. And we did a lot more telling people to fuck off at an early stage, and a lot more winning outside the court. I think at the moment we’re all worried about injunctions and privacy, the whole new game seems to be occupying vast amounts of time and money. And libel has become, touch wood, less of an issue.<ref>((Cite web |title=Private Eye Magazine ((!)) Official Site - the UK's number one best-selling news and current affairs magazine, edited by Ian Hislop |url=https://www.private-eye.co.uk//blog/?p=165 |access-date=2024-02-06 |website=www.private-eye.co.uk))</ref><ref>((Cite web |title=Ian Hislop's top tip for not getting sued: 'allegedly' doesn't work |url=https://www.radiotimes.com/tv/comedy/ian-hislops-top-tip-for-not-getting-sued-allegedly-doesnt-work/ |access-date=2024-02-06 |website=Radio Times |language=en-GB))</ref>
</blockquote>

''Private Eye'' has long been known for attracting [[Defamation#United_Kingdom|libel]] lawsuits which, in [[English law]], can easily lead to the award of damages.<ref>((Cite web |date=2011-10-14 |title=Private Eye and public scandals |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-15279371 |access-date=2024-02-06 |website=BBC News |language=en-GB))</ref> The publication "sets aside almost a quarter of its [[revenue|turnover]] for paying out in libel defeats"<ref>((Cite news |last=Hodgson |first=Jessica |date=2001-11-07 |title=Hislop savours first libel victory |url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2001/nov/07/pressandpublishing2 |access-date=2024-02-06 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077))</ref> although the magazine frequently finds other ways to defuse legal tensions, such as by printing letters from aggrieved parties. As editor since 1986, [[Ian Hislop]] is one of the most sued people in Britain.<ref name=eye-421312 >((Cite news |date=23 October 2006 |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/media/ian-hislop-my-20-years-at-the-eye-421312.html |last=Byrne |first=Ciar |title=Ian Hislop: My 20 years at the "Eye" |newspaper=[[The Independent]] |access-date=13 July 2012 |location=London |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120704162924/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/media/ian-hislop-my-20-years-at-the-eye-421312.html |archive-date=4 July 2012 |url-status=live ))</ref> From 1969 to the mid-1980s, the magazine was represented by human rights lawyer [[Geoffrey Bindman]].<ref name="independent2">((cite news |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/crime/forty-years-old-and-fighting-fit-616732.html |title=Forty years old and fighting fit |last=Robins |first=Jon |date=13 November 2001 |newspaper=[[The Independent]] |access-date=22 July 2011 |location=London, UK |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101021082821/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/crime/forty-years-old-and-fighting-fit-616732.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=21 October 2010 ))</ref>

The writer [[Colin Watson (writer)|Colin Watson]] was the first person to successfully sue ''Private Eye'', objecting to being described as "the little-known author who ... was writing a novel, very [[P. G. Wodehouse|Wodehouse]] but without jokes". He was awarded £750.<ref>((cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2001/oct/07/pressandpublishing.politics |first=Kim |last=Bunce |title=The needle of the Eye |newspaper=The Observer |date=7 October 2001 |access-date=5 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140510023135/http://www.theguardian.com/media/2001/oct/07/pressandpublishing.politics |archive-date=10 May 2014 |url-status=live ))</ref>

The cover of the tenth-anniversary issue in 1971 (number 257) showed a cartoon headstone inscribed with an extensive list of well-known names, and the [[epitaph]]: "They did not sue in vain".<ref name="private-eye">((cite web |url=http://www.private-eye.co.uk/pictures/covers/full/257_big.jpg |title=Covers No. 257 |website=Private Eye |access-date=7 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924081953/http://www.private-eye.co.uk/pictures/covers/full/257_big.jpg |archive-date=24 September 2015 |url-status=live ))</ref>

((anchor|Arkell v. Pressdram))In the 1971 case of ''Arkell v Pressdram'',<ref name="nasw">((cite web |url=http://www.nasw.org/users/nbauman/arkell.htm |title=Correspondence in full |website=National Association of Science Writers |access-date=7 May 2014))</ref> Arkell's lawyers wrote a letter which concluded: "His attitude to damages will be governed by the nature of your reply." ''Private Eye'' responded: "We acknowledge your letter of 29th April referring to Mr J. Arkell. We note that Mr Arkell's attitude to damages will be governed by the nature of our reply and would therefore be grateful if you would inform us what his attitude to damages would be, were he to learn that the nature of our reply is as follows: fuck off."<ref>((Cite magazine |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p5dnAAAAMAAJ&q=fuck+off |title=Without prejudice |magazine=Private Eye |year=1972 |issue=263–264; 266–283; 286–288 |page=ccxxvii))</ref> The plaintiff withdrew the threatened lawsuit.<ref>((Cite book|last=|first=|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yyKMDAAAQBAJ|title=Letters of Note: Volume 2: An Eclectic Collection of Correspondence Deserving of a Wider Audience|date=2016-10-11|publisher=Chronicle Books|isbn=978-1-4521-5903-4|editor-last=Usher|editor-first=Shaun|location=|pages=110|language=en))</ref> The magazine has since used this exchange as a euphemism for a blunt and coarse dismissal, i.e.: "We refer you to the reply given in the case of ''Arkell v. Pressdram''".<ref>((Harvnb|Macqueen|2011|pp=27,28))</ref><ref name=eye1221>((Cite journal |quote=Mr Callaghan is referred to the Eye's reply in the famous case of Arkell v. Pressdram (1971). |date=October 2008 |title=Letters |journal=Private Eye |issue=1221 |page=13 |publisher=Pressdram Ltd |location=London))</ref> As with "[[tired and emotional]]" this usage has spread beyond the magazine.

In 1976 [[James Goldsmith]] brought [[criminal libel]] charges against the magazine, meaning that if found guilty, editor [[Richard Ingrams]] and the author of the article, [[Patrick Marnham]], could be imprisoned. He sued over allegations that he had conspired with the [[Clermont Set]] to assist [[Richard Bingham, 7th Earl of Lucan|Lord Lucan]] to evade the police, who wanted him in connection with the murder of his children's nanny. Goldsmith won a partial victory and eventually settled with the magazine. The case threatened to bankrupt ''Private Eye'', which turned to its readers for financial support in the form of a "Goldenballs Fund". Goldsmith was referred to as "Jaws". Goldsmith's solicitor [[Peter Carter-Ruck]] was involved in many litigation cases against Private Eye; the magazine refers to his firm as "Carter-Fuck".<ref>((Cite news |website=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/essex/3338643.stm |title=A-list libel lawyer dies |date=21 December 2003 |access-date=15 March 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031223101330/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/essex/3338643.stm |archive-date=23 December 2003 |url-status=live ))</ref><ref>((cite news |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/peter-carterruck-37675.html |title=Obituary: Peter Carter-Ruck |newspaper=The Independent |date=22 December 2003 |access-date=10 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150110093346/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/peter-carterruck-37675.html |archive-date=10 January 2015 |url-status=live ))</ref>

[[Robert Maxwell]] won a significant sum from the magazine when he sued over their suggestion that he looked like a criminal. Hislop claimed that his summary of the case: "I've just given a fat cheque to a fat Czech" was the only example of a joke being told on ''[[ITV News at Ten|News at Ten]]''.

[[Sonia Sutcliffe]], wife of the "Yorkshire Ripper" [[Peter Sutcliffe]], sued over allegations in January 1981 that she had used her connection to her husband to make money.<ref name="Greenslade">((cite book |last=Greenslade |first=Roy |url=((GBurl|KPR0pB9UCS4C|page=PA440)) |title=Press Gang: How Newspapers Make Profits From Propaganda |location=London |publisher=Pan Macmillan |year=2004 |pages=440–441|isbn=9780330393768 ))</ref> Outside the court in May 1989, Hislop quipped about the then-record award of £600,000 in damages: "If that's justice then I'm a banana."<ref name="x75">((cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/may/24/newsid_2503000/2503595.stm |title=On This Day, 1989 |website=BBC |date=2008 |access-date=11 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080307113644/http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/may/24/newsid_2503000/2503595.stm |archive-date=7 March 2008 |url-status=live ))</ref> The sum was reduced on appeal to £60,000.<ref name="x75"/> Readers raised a considerable sum in the "Bananaballs Fund", and Private Eye donated the surplus to the families of Peter Sutcliffe's victims. In Sonia Sutcliffe's 1990 libel case against the ''[[News of the World]]'', it emerged that she had indeed benefited financially from her husband's crimes, although the details of ''Private Eye''(('))s article had been inaccurate.<ref name="Greenslade"/>

In 1994, retired police inspector Gordon Anglesea successfully sued the ''Eye'' and three other media outlets for libel over allegations that he had indecently assaulted under-aged boys in [[Wrexham]] in the 1980s. In October 2016, he was convicted of historic sex offences.<ref>((Cite web |title=Gordon Anglesea: Former policeman sentenced to 12 years |date=4 November 2016 |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-wales-37877822 |website=BBC News |access-date=5 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161105163917/http://www.bbc.com/news/uk-wales-37877822 |archive-date=5 November 2016 |url-status=live))</ref> Hislop said the magazine would not attempt to recover the £80,000 damages awarded to Anglesea, stating: "I can't help thinking of the witnesses who came forward to assist our case at the time, one of whom later committed suicide telling his wife that he never got over not being believed. ''Private Eye'' will not be looking to get our money back from the libel damages. Others have paid a far higher price."<ref>((Cite web |url=http://www.pressgazette.co.uk/private-eye-wont-seek-repayment-of-damages-after-gordon-anglesea-conviction-as-others-have-paid-a-far-higher-price/ |title=Private Eye won't seek repayment of damages after Gordon Anglesea conviction as 'others have paid a far higher price' |website=Press Gazette |date=24 October 2016 |access-date=5 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161105095359/http://www.pressgazette.co.uk/private-eye-wont-seek-repayment-of-damages-after-gordon-anglesea-conviction-as-others-have-paid-a-far-higher-price/ |archive-date=5 November 2016 |url-status=live ))</ref> Anglesea died in December 2016, six weeks into a 12-year prison sentence.<ref>((cite web |url=http://news.sky.com/story/paedophile-and-ex-police-officer-gordon-anglesea-dies-in-hospital-10697250 |title=Paedophile ex-police officer dies in hospital |website=Sky News |access-date=16 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170107003954/http://news.sky.com/story/paedophile-and-ex-police-officer-gordon-anglesea-dies-in-hospital-10697250 |archive-date=7 January 2017 |url-status=live ))</ref>

In 1999, former [[Hackney London Borough Council]] executive Samuel Yeboah won substantial damages and an apology after the ''Rotten Borough'' column "at least 13 times" described him as corrupt and claimed he used "the [[race card]]" to avoid criticism.<ref>((cite news|website=BBC News|title=Private Eye loses race slur case|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/282566.stm|date=1999-02-19))</ref>

A victory for the magazine came in late 2001 when a libel case brought by [[Cornwall|Cornish]] [[chartered accountant]] John Stuart Condliffe was dropped after six weeks with an out-of-court settlement in which Condliffe paid £100,000 towards the ''Eye''(('s)) defence.<ref name="Guardian November 2001">((cite news| last= Hodgson| first= Jessica| title= Private Eye hails libel victory| url= https://www.theguardian.com/media/2001/nov/07/pressandpublishing1| work=[[The Guardian]]| date= 7 November 2001 | access-date= 2 October 2020 ))</ref> Writing in [[The Guardian]], Jessica Hodgson noted, "The victory against Condliffe—who was represented by top media firm Peter Carter-Ruck and partners—is a big psychological victory for the magazine".<ref name="Guardian November 2001"/>

In 2009, ''Private Eye'' successfully challenged an injunction brought against it by [[Michael Napier]], the former head of the [[Law Society of England and Wales|Law Society]], who had sought to claim "confidentiality" over a report that he had been disciplined by the Law Society for a conflict of interest.<ref>((cite magazine |url=http://www.private-eye.co.uk/news.php |title=Private Eye Wins Court Case! |magazine=Private Eye |issue=1237 |date=29 May 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090530125915/http://www.private-eye.co.uk/news.php |archive-date=30 May 2009 ))</ref> The ruling had wider significance in that it allowed other rulings by the Law Society to be publicised.<ref>((Cite news |first=Frances |last=Gibb |title=Failure to gag Private Eye clears the way to publication of rulings against lawyers |url=http://business.timesonline.co.uk/tol/business/law/article6329970.ece |newspaper=The Times |date=21 May 2009 |location=London |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110611211652/http://business.timesonline.co.uk/tol/business/law/article6329970.ece |archive-date=11 June 2011 ))</ref>

==Ownership==

The magazine is owned by an eclectic group of people and is published by a limited company, Pressdram Ltd,<ref name="pressdram">((cite web |title=Pressdram |url=https://find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk/company/00708923 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220816152236/https://find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk/company/00708923 |archive-date=16 August 2022 |access-date=3 January 2024 |work=GOV.UK – Find and update company information |publisher=[[Companies House]] |quote=PRESSDRAM LIMITED<br/>C/O MENZIES LLP<br/>LYNTON HOUSE<br/>7–12 TAVISTOCK SQUARE<br/>LONDON WC1H 9LT<br/>Company No. 00708923<br/>Date of Incorporation: 24 November 1961))</ref> which was bought as an [[shelf corporation|"off the shelf" company]] by Peter Cook in November 1961.

''Private Eye'' does not publish a list of its editors, writers, designers and staff. In 1981 the book ''The Private Eye Story'' stated that the owners were Cook, who owned most of the shares, with smaller shareholders including actors [[Dirk Bogarde]] and [[Jane Asher]], and several of those involved with the founding of the magazine. Most of those on the list have since died, however, and it is unclear what happened to their shareholdings. Those concerned are contractually only able to sell their shares at the price they originally paid for them.

Shareholders ((As of|2021|March|26|alt = as of the annual company return dated 26 March 2021)), including shareholders who have inherited shares, are:
* [[Jane Asher]]
* Elizabeth Cook
* The executor of the estate of Lord Faringdon
* Ian Hislop (also a director)
* Private Eye (Productions) Ltd
* Anthony Rushton (also a director)
* The executor of the estate of Sarah Seymour
* The Private Eye Trust
* [[Peter Usborne]] (1937–2023)
* Brock van den Bogaerde (a nephew of Bogarde)
* Sheila Molnar
* Geoff Elwell (also the company secretary).

Within its pages, the magazine always refers to its owner as the mythical proprietor "Lord Gnome", a satirical dig at autocratic press barons.

==Logo==

The magazine's masthead features a cartoon logo of an armoured knight, Gnitty, with a bent sword, parodying the "Crusader" logo of the ''[[Daily Express]]''. During the [[COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom|COVID-19 pandemic]], Gnitty was pictured wearing a [[Face masks during the COVID-19 pandemic|mask]].<ref>Lord Pooter of Wingham: Regular Contributor to PE</ref>((citation needed|date=January 2021))

The logo for the magazine's news page is a naked [[Mr Punch]] caressing his erect and oversized penis while riding a donkey and hugging a female admirer. It is a detail from [[:File:Punch magazine cover 1916 april 26 volume 150 no 3903.png|a frieze]] by [[Richard Doyle (illustrator)|"Dickie" Doyle]] that once formed the masthead of ''[[Punch (magazine)|Punch]]'' magazine, which the editors of ''Private Eye'' had come to loathe for its perceived descent into complacency. The image, hidden away in the detail of the frieze, had appeared on the cover of ''Punch'' for nearly a century and was noticed by [[Malcolm Muggeridge]] during a guest-editing spot on ''Private Eye''. The "[[Rabelais]]ian gnome", as the character was called, was enlarged by [[Gerald Scarfe]] and put on the front cover of issue 69 in 1964 at full size. He was then formally adopted as a mascot on the inside pages, as a symbol of the old, radical incarnation of ''Punch'' magazine that the ''Eye'' admired.

The masthead text was designed by [[Matthew Carter]], who would later design the popular web fonts [[Verdana]] and [[Georgia (typeface)|Georgia]], and the [[Windows 95]] interface font [[Tahoma (typeface)|Tahoma]].<ref>((cite web |last=Walters |first=John |title=Matthew Carter's timeless typographic masthead for Private Eye magazine |url=http://www.eyemagazine.com/blog/post/type-tuesday26 |website=Eye |access-date=24 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150911233858/http://www.eyemagazine.com/blog/post/type-tuesday26 |archive-date=11 September 2015 |url-status=live ))</ref> He wrote, "Nick Luard [then co-owner] wanted to change ''Private Eye'' into a glossy magazine and asked me to design it. I realised that this was a hopeless idea once I had met Christopher Booker, Richard Ingrams and Willie Rushton."<ref>((cite web |last=Carter |first1=Matthew |title=Carter's Battered Stat |url=http://www.eyemagazine.com/feature/article/carters-battered-stat |website=Eye |access-date=5 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160429120243/http://www.eyemagazine.com/feature/article/carters-battered-stat |archive-date=29 April 2016 |url-status=live ))</ref>

==See also==
* ''[[The Spectator]]''
* ''[[The Onion]]''
* [[Humour magazine]]
* [[List of satirical magazines]]
* [[List of satirical news websites]]

==References==
((Reflist))

==Further reading==
* ((cite magazine|magazine=History Today|title=The Satirical Eye|last=Bryant|first=Mark|volume=57|issue=1|date=January 2007|url=https://www.questia.com/magazine/1G1-157745540/the-satirical-eye))
* ((Cite book| title=That Was Satire That Was | publisher=Phoenix | year=2002 | last=Carpenter | first=Humphrey | author-link=Humphrey Carpenter | isbn=0-7538-1393-9))
* Carpenter, Humphrey. (2003) ''A great, silly grin: The British satire boom of the 1960s'' (Da Capo Press, 2003).
* ((Cite book| title=The Complete Gnome Mart Catalogue|publisher=Corgi|year=1990|last=Hislop|first=Ian|author-link=Ian Hislop|isbn=0552137529))
* ((Cite book| title=Goldenballs! | publisher=Harriman House|year=1993|last=Ingrams|first=Richard|author-link=Richard Ingrams|isbn=1897597037))
* ((Cite book| title=The Life and Times of Private Eye | publisher=Penguin | year=1971 | last=Ingrams | first=Richard| isbn=0-14-003357-2))
* Lockyer, Sharon. (2006) "A two-pronged? Exploring Private Eye's satirical humour and investigative reporting." ''Journalism Studies'' 7.5 (2006): 765-781.
* ((Cite book| title=Private Eye: The First 50 Years&nbsp;– An A–Z | publisher=Private Eye Productions | year=2011 | first=Adam | last=Macqueen | isbn=978-1-901784-56-5 |location=London ))
* ((Cite book| title=The Private Eye Story | publisher=Andre Deutsch/Private Eye | year=1982|first=Patrick| last=Marnham | isbn=0-233-97509-8))
* ((cite book|title=From fringe to flying circus: celebrating a unique generation of comedy, 1960–1980|first=Roger|last=Wilmut|publisher=Eyre Methuen|year=1980|isbn=9780413469502|chapter=The Establishment Club, 'Private Eye', 'That Was The Week That Was'))

==External links==
((sisterlinks|d=Q2195701|wikt=Category:Private Eye derivations|b=no|v=no|voy=no|s=no|q=no|mw=no|m=no|species=no|n=no|commons=no))
* ((Official website))
* ((Cite web|url=http://media.guardian.co.uk/top100/story/0,10430,513930,00.html|title=Media top 100: 40. Ian Hislop|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=16 July 2001|access-date=19 March 2002|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040307100053/http://media.guardian.co.uk/top100/story/0,10430,513930,00.html|archive-date=7 March 2004|url-status=bot: unknown))

((Private Eye))
((Authority control))
((Coord|51.51485|-0.13372|type:landmark_region:GB|display= title))


[[Category:Private Eye| ]]
[[Category:1961 establishments in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Biweekly magazines published in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Political magazines published in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Satirical magazines published in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Criticism of journalism]]
[[Category:Magazines established in 1961]]
[[Category:Magazines published in London]]

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Module:Navbox/configuration (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Navbox/styles.css (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Ns has subpages (view source) (protected)
Module:Official website (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Other uses (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Pagetype (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/config (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/disambiguation (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/setindex (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/softredirect (view source) (protected)
Module:SDcat (view source) (protected)
Module:Side box (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Side box/styles.css (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Sister project links (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Sister project links/styles.css (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:String (view source) (protected)
Module:TableTools (view source) (protected)
Module:URL (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Unsubst (view source) (protected)
Module:Wd (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Wd/i18n (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Wikitext Parsing (view source) (protected)
Module:Yesno (view source) (protected)

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