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((Short description|English engineer and palaeontologist))
((More citations needed|date=January 2018))
((EngvarB|date=August 2014))
((Use dmy dates|date=August 2014))
((Infobox  artist
| image      = Proby Cautley.jpg
| caption    = Portrait of Proby Cautley
| birth_name =  Proby Cautley
| birth_date = ((Birth date|1802|01|03|df=y))
| death_date = ((Death date and age|1871|01|25|1802|01|03|df=yes))
))

'''Sir Proby Thomas Cautley''', [[Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath|KCB]] (3 January 1802 – 25 January 1871), English engineer and [[palaeontologist]], born in [[Stratford St Mary]], [[Suffolk]],<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=QP8u1RHKQAUC&dq=Proby+Cautley+stratford+st+mary&pg=PA259 History of Physical Anthropology - Frank Spencer - Google Books] Retrieved 2016-11-03.</ref> is best known for conceiving and supervising the construction of the [[Ganges canal]] during [[Company rule in India|East India Company rule in India]].  The canal stretches some 350 miles between its headworks at [[Haridwar]] and, after [[river bifurcation|bifurcation]] near [[Aligarh]], its [[confluence]]s with the [[Ganges river]] [[mainstem (hydrology)|mainstem]] in [[Kanpur]] and the [[Yamuna river]] in [[Etawah]].<ref name=stone2002p18>Stone (2002) p.18</ref> At the time of completion, it had the greatest discharge of any irrigation canal in the world.<ref name=stone2002p18/>

Proby Cautley was educated at [[Charterhouse School]] (1813–18), followed by the [[East India Company]]'s [[Addiscombe Military Seminary|Military Seminary at Addiscombe]] (1818–19). After less than a year there, he was commissioned second lieutenant and dispatched to India, joining the [[Bengal Presidency]] artillery in Calcutta. In 1825, he assisted Captain Robert Smith, the engineer in charge of constructing the Eastern [[Yamuna]] canal, also called the [[Doab]] canal. He was in charge of this canal for 12 years between 1831 and 1843. By 1836, he was Superintendent-General of Canals.

==Ganges canal==
((main|Ganges canal))
In 1840 Cautley reported on the proposed [[Ganges canal]], for the irrigation of the country between the rivers [[Ganges River|Ganges]], [[Hindan River|Hindan]] and [[Yamuna River|Yamuna]] (then called the Jumna), which was his most important work. Cautley began working towards his dream of building a Ganges canal, and spent six months walking and riding through the area taking each measurement himself. He was confident that a 500-kilometre canal was feasible. There were many obstacles and objections to his project, mostly financial, but Cautley persevered and eventually persuaded the [[British East India Company]] to back him. This project was sanctioned in 1841, but the work was not begun till 1843, and even then Cautley found himself hampered in its execution by the opposition of [[Edward Law, 1st Earl of Ellenborough|Lord Ellenborough]].

Digging of the canal began in April 1842.<ref>[https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V12_144.gif Upper Ganges Canal] ''[[The Imperial Gazetteer of India]]'', v. 12, p. 138.</ref> Cautley had to make his own bricks, [[Kiln|brick kiln]] and mortar. Initially, he was opposed by the [[Hindu]] priests at Haridwar, who felt that the waters of the [[holy river]] Ganges would be imprisoned; but Cautley pacified them by agreeing to leave a gap in the dam from where the water could flow unchecked. He further appeased the priests by undertaking the repair of bathing [[ghat]]s along the river. He also inaugurated the dam by the worship of [[Ganesh|Lord Ganesh]], the god of good beginnings. Construction of the dam faced many complications, including the problem of the mountainous streams that threatened the canal. Near [[Roorkee]], the land fell away sharply and Cautley had to build an aqueduct to carry the canal for half a kilometre. As a result, at Roorkee the canal is 25 metres higher than the original river. From 1845 to 1848 he was absent in England owing to ill-health, and on his return to India he was appointed director of canals in the North-Western Provinces. When the canal formally opened on 8 April 1854,<ref>((Cite book|title=Report on the Ganges canal works:from their commencement until the opening of the canal in 1854.|last=Cautley|first=Proby Thomas|date=1860-01-01|publisher=London|hdl = 2027/uc1.c2697499))</ref> its main channel was ((convert|348|mi|km)) long, its branches ((convert|306|mi|km)) long and the various tributaries over ((convert|3000|mi|km)) long. Over ((convert|767000|acre|km2|-1)) in 5,000 villages were irrigated.

He was also instrumental in the establishment of the Roorkee college, named the Thomason College of Civil Engineering in 1854 and now known as [[IIT Roorkee]]. One of the twelve student hostels of IIT Roorkee is named after him.<ref name=":0">((cite web|title=Cautley Bhawan|url=http://www.iitr.ac.in/campus_life/pages/Hostels+Cautley_Bhawan.html|publisher=IIT Roorkee|accessdate=11 October 2013))</ref>

==Dehradun canal network==
((main|Dehradun canals))
While the first canal in [[Dehradun]] was laid in the 17th century, Cautley significantly expanded the network in the 1850s. Five canals were laid in the city that irrigated the surrounding villages and produced a cooler microclimate. Since 2000, when the city became the state capital, most of the heritage canal network has been covered or demolished to expand the roads for ever-increasing traffic.<ref>((Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/the-missing-canals-of-dun/articleshow/71150406.cms|title=The missing canals of Dun - Times of India|website=The Times of India))</ref>

==Fossil work==
Cautley was actively involved in [[Hugh Falconer|Dr Hugh Falconer]]'s fossil expeditions in the [[Siwalik Hills]]. He presented a large collection of mammalian fossils, including [[hippopotamus]] and [[crocodile]] fossils indicating that the area had once been a swampland. Other animal remains that he found here included the [[Smilodon|sabre-toothed tiger]], ''Elephis ganesa'' (an elephant with a trunk length of about 10((1/2)) feet), the bones of a fossil [[ostrich]] and the remains of giant [[Crane (bird)|cranes]] and [[tortoises]].

He also contributed numerous memoirs, some written in collaboration with Falconer, to the ''Proceedings of the [[The Asiatic Society|Bengal Asiatic Society]]'' and the [[Geological Society of London]] on the geology and fossil remains of the [[Shivalik Hills|Sivalik Hills]].

==Writings==
Cautley's writings indicated his large and varied interests. He wrote on a submerged city, twenty feet underground, in the [[Doab]]: on the coal and lignite in the [[Himalayas]]; on gold washings in the [[Siwalik Hills|Siwaliks]], between the [[Sutlej]] and the [[Yamuna]]; on a new species of snake; on the [[mastodons]] of the Siwaliks and on the manufacture of [[tar]].

In 1860 he published a full account of the making of the Ganges canal.

==Awards and honours==
In 1837, he received [[Wollaston medal]] of the [[Geological Survey of Great Britain]].

The plant [[genus]] ''[[Cautleya]]'' is named in his honour.<ref name=Brea13>((citation |last=Bream |first=Roland |year=2013 |title=An overview of ''Cautleya'' |journal=The Plantsman |series=New Series |volume=12 |issue=2 |pages=122–125 ))</ref>

A student hostel (Cautley Bhawan) in [[Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee]] is named after him.<ref name=":0" />

==Death==
After the Ganges canal was opened in 1854 he went back to England, where he was made [[knight|KCB]], and from 1858 to 1868 he occupied a seat on the [[Council of India]]. He died at [[Sydenham, London|Sydenham]], near London, on 25 January 1871.

==Works==
*((cite book |last=Cautley |first=Proby T. |title=Report on the Ganges Canal Works: from their commencement until the opening of the Canal in 1854 |place=London |publisher=Smith, Elder |year=1860 )) (2 vols.)
*((cite book |last=Cautley|first=Proby Thomas|title=Ganges canal: a disquisition on the heads of the Ganges of Jumna canals, North-western Provinces |url=https://archive.org/stream/gangescanaladis01cautgoog#page/n7/mode/1up|year=1864 |place=London ))

==Notes==
((Reflist))

==References==
((EB1911 poster|Cautley, Sir Proby Thomas|Sir Proby Thomas Cautley))
* ((Citation | last = Brown | first = Joyce | title= A Memoir of Colonel Sir Proby Cautley, F.R.S., 1802–1871, Engineer and Palaeontologist | year = 1980 | journal = Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London | volume = 34 | issue = 2 | pages = 185–225 | jstor = 531808 | doi=10.1098/rsnr.1980.0008| s2cid = 145414793 | doi-access = free ))
*((Citation|last = Stone|first=Ian|title=Canal Irrigation in British India: Perspectives on Technological Change in a Peasant Economy (Cambridge South Asian Studies)|publisher=Cambridge and London: Cambridge University Press. Pp. 392|year=2002|isbn=0-521-52663-9))
*((Cite book |first=H.M. |last=Vibart |title=Addiscombe: its heroes and men of note |place=Westminster |publisher=Archibald Constable |year=1894 |pages=333–6 |ol=23336661M ))

((Authority control))

((DEFAULTSORT:Cautley, Proby))
[[Category:British palaeontologists]]
[[Category:English civil engineers]]
[[Category:1802 births]]
[[Category:1871 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Babergh District]]
[[Category:People educated at Charterhouse School]]
[[Category:People from Haridwar]]
[[Category:Members of the Council of India]]
[[Category:Graduates of Addiscombe Military Seminary]]
[[Category:Knights Commander of the Order of the Bath]]
[[Category:Wollaston Medal winners]]
[[Category:Bengal Artillery officers]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Royal Society]]
[[Category:British people in colonial India]]
[[Category:Railway officers in British India]]

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