You do not have permission to edit this page, for the following reasons:

This IP address has been blocked from editing Wikipedia.
This does not affect your ability to read Wikipedia pages.
Most people who see this message have done nothing wrong. Some kinds of blocks restrict editing from specific service providers or telecom companies in response to recent abuse or vandalism, and can sometimes affect other users who are unrelated to that abuse. Review the information below for assistance if you do not believe that you have done anything wrong.

The IP address or range 3.231.0.0/16 has been blocked (disabled) by ‪ST47‬ for the following reason(s):

The IP address that you are currently using has been blocked because it is believed to be a web host provider. To prevent abuse, web hosts may be blocked from editing Wikipedia.
You will not be able to edit Wikipedia using a web host provider because it hides your IP address, much like a proxy or VPN.
We recommend that you attempt to use another connection to edit. For example, if you use a proxy or VPN to connect to the internet, turn it off when editing Wikipedia. If you edit using a mobile connection, try using a Wi-Fi connection, and vice versa. If you are using a corporate internet connection, switch to a different Wi-Fi network. If you have a Wikipedia account, please log in.
If you do not have any other way to edit Wikipedia, you will need to request an IP block exemption.

How to appeal if you are confident that your connection does not use a web host's IP address:
If you are confident that you are not using a web host, you may appeal this block by adding the following text on your talk page: ((unblock|reason=Caught by a web host block but this host or IP is not a web host. My IP address is _______. Place any further information here. ~~~~)). You must fill in the blank with your IP address for this block to be investigated. Your IP address can be determined here. Alternatively, if you wish to keep your IP address private you can use the unblock ticket request system. There are several reasons you might be editing using the IP address of a web host (such as if you are using VPN software or a business network); please use this method of appeal only if you think your IP address is in fact not a web host.

Administrators: The IP block exemption user right should only be applied to allow users to edit using web host in exceptional circumstances, and they should usually be directed to the functionaries team via email. If you intend to give the IPBE user right, a CheckUser needs to take a look at the account. This can be requested most easily at SPI Quick Checkuser Requests. Unblocking an IP or IP range with this template is highly discouraged without at least contacting the blocking administrator.

This block will expire on 06:15, 30 September 2026.

Even when blocked, you will usually still be able to edit your user talk page, as well as email administrators and other editors.

For information on how to proceed, please read the FAQ for blocked users and the guideline on block appeals. The guide to appealing blocks may also be helpful.

Other useful links: Blocking policy · Help:I have been blocked
Your IP address is in a range that has been blocked on all Wikimedia Foundation wikis. The block was made by ‪Jon Kolbert‬. The reason given is Open proxy/Webhost: See the help page if you are affected .
- Start of block: 05:35, 21 February 2024
- Expiry of block: 05:35, 21 February 2029
Your current IP address is 3.231.50.33. The blocked range is 3.231.0.0/16. Please include all above details in any queries you make. If you believe you were blocked by mistake, you can find additional information and instructions in the No open proxies global policy. Otherwise, to discuss the block please post a request for review on Meta-Wiki. You could also send an email to the stewards VRT queue at stewards@wikimedia.org including all above details.

You can view and copy the source of this page:

((Short description|Type of contraceptive pill))
((Copy edit|date=November 2023))
((Infobox Birth control
|name                 = Progestogen-only pill
|image                =
|width                = 
|caption              =
|bc_type              = Hormonal
|date_first_use       = 1968<ref name="Gelijns1991" /><ref name="Bennett1974" />
|rate_type            = Failure
|perfect_failure% = 0.3
|perfect_failure_ref =<ref name="Trussell 2011">((cite book|last=Trussell|first=James|year=2011|chapter=Contraceptive efficacy|editor1-last=Hatcher|editor1-first=Robert A.|editor2-last=Trussell|editor2-first=James|editor3-last=Nelson|editor3-first=Anita L.|editor4-last=Cates|editor4-first=Willard Jr.|editor5-last= Kowal|editor5-first=Deborah|editor6-last=Policar|editor6-first=Michael S.|title=Contraceptive technology|edition=20th revised|location=New York|publisher=Ardent Media|isbn=978-1-59708-004-0|issn = 0091-9721|oclc=781956734|pages=779–863)) Table 26–1 = <span class="plainlinks">[http://www.contraceptivetechnology.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/CTFailureTable.pdf Table 3–2 Percentage of women experiencing an unintended pregnancy during the first year of typical use and the first year of perfect use of contraception, and the percentage continuing use at the end of the first year. United States.] ((Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131112130150/http://www.contraceptivetechnology.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/CTFailureTable.pdf |date=2013-11-12 ))</span></ref>

|typical_failure% = 9
|typical_failure_ref =<ref name="Trussell 2011"/>
|duration_effect      = 1 day <!-- based on EC required if missed for a day -->
|reversibility        = Yes
|user_reminders       = Taken within same 3-hour window each day
|clinic_interval      = 6 months
|STD_protection_YesNo = No
|periods_advantage    = Often lighter and less painful
|benefits             =
|periods_disadvantage = Light spotting may be irregular
|weight_gain_loss     = No proven effect
|risks                =
|medical_notes        = Unaffected by being on most (but not all) antibiotics. May be used, unlike COCPs, in patients with hypertension and history of migraines. Affected by some anti-epileptics.
))

'''Progestogen-only pills''' ('''POPs'''), colloquially known as "'''mini pills'''", are a type of [[Oral contraceptive pill|oral contraceptive]] that contain synthetic [[progestogen]]s ([[progestin]]s) and do not contain [[Conjugated estrogens|estrogens]].<ref>((Cite journal |last=Dhont |first=Marc |date=December 2010 |title=History of oral contraception |journal=The European Journal of Contraception & Reproductive Health Care|volume=15 |issue=Suppl 2 |pages=S12–18 |doi=10.3109/13625187.2010.513071 |issn=1473-0782 |pmid=21091163|doi-access=free ))</ref> They are primarily used for the prevention of undesired pregnancy, although additional medical uses also exist.<ref>((Cite web |title=Progestin-Only Hormonal Birth Control: Pill and Injection |url=https://www.acog.org/womens-health/faqs/progestin-only-hormonal-birth-control-pill-and-injection |access-date=2023-11-14 |website=www.acog.org |language=en))</ref>

Progestogen-only pills differ from [[combined oral contraceptive pill]]s (COCPs), which instead consist of a combination of synthetic estrogens and progestin hormones.<ref>((Cite journal |last1=Whitaker |first1=Amy K. |last2=Gilliam |first2=Melissa |date=June 2008 |title=Contraceptive care for adolescents |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18463458 |journal=Clinical Obstetrics and Gynecology |volume=51 |issue=2 |pages=268–280 |doi=10.1097/GRF.0b013e31816d713e |issn=1532-5520 |pmid=18463458|s2cid=13450620 ))</ref>

== Terminology ==
"'''Progestogen-only pills'''", "Progestin-only pills", and "Progesterone-only pills" are terms each referring to the same class of synthetic hormone medications. The phrase "Progestogen-only pill" is used by the [[World Health Organization]] and much of the international medical community.<ref>((Cite book |last=World Health Organization |url=https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/181468 |title=Medical eligibility criteria for contraceptive use |date=2015 |publisher=World Health Organization |isbn=978-92-4-154915-8 |edition=5th |location=Geneva |language=en))</ref> The phrase "Progestin-only pills" is typically used in the United States and Canada.<ref name="Hatcher-2018">((Cite book |last=Hatcher |first=Robert A. |title=Contraceptive technology |publisher=Ayer Company Publishers, Inc. |year=2018 |isbn=9781732055605 |edition=21st |location=New York, NY |language=English))</ref>

Despite sometimes being referred to as "Progesterone-only pills", these medications do not contain [[progesterone]] but instead one of several chemically related compounds.<ref>((Cite web |date=2023-05-01 |title=Contraception ((!)) CDC |url=https://www.cdc.gov/reproductivehealth/contraception/index.htm |access-date=2023-11-14 |website=www.cdc.gov |language=en-us))</ref> For example, the medication [[Opill]] contains the synthetic hormone [[Norgestrel]], which has some distinct chemical differences despite producing a similar physiological effect.<ref>((Cite web |title=Opill OTC Birth Control: Usage, Side Effects & Warnings |url=https://www.drugs.com/opill.html |access-date=2023-11-14 |website=Drugs.com |language=en))</ref>[[File:Progesterone.svg|alt=Chemical structure of Progesterone|thumb|Chemical structure of [[Progesterone]], a ''natural'' steroid hormone produced in the human body.|left]]
[[File:Norgestrel Structure.svg|alt=Chemical structure of Norgestrel|center|thumb|226x226px|Chemical structure of [[Norgestrel]], a ''synthetic'' steroid hormone used in the brand name medication Opill.]]

== Available formulations ==
((Main|Birth control pill formulations#Progestogen-only pills))

Progestogens share the common feature of being able to bind to the body's progesterone receptors and enact a physiological effect similar to naturally occurring progesterone.<ref>((Cite journal |last=Cannon |first=Joseph G. |date=2006-01-11 |title=Chapter 44: Estrogens, Progestins, and the Female Reproductive Tract. Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics. 11th Edition Edited by Laurence Brunton, John Lazo, and Keith Parker. McGraw Hill, New York. 2005. xxiii + 2021 pp. 21 × 26 cm. ISBN 0-07-142280-3. $149.95. |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jm058286b |journal=Journal of Medicinal Chemistry |volume=49 |issue=3 |pages= |doi=10.1021/jm058286b |issn=0022-2623))</ref> Still, there are differences between progestogens, and various organizational systems exist to categorize the progestogen hormones used in oral contraception medications. <blockquote>
'''By Generation''' - based on when it became available for use, each synthetic hormone can be grouped into 1 of 4 generations of medications.<ref name="Regidor-2018">((Cite journal |last=Regidor |first=Pedro-Antonio |date=2018-10-02 |title=The clinical relevance of progestogens in hormonal contraception: Present status and future developments |journal=Oncotarget |volume=9 |issue=77 |pages=34628–34638 |doi=10.18632/oncotarget.26015 |pmid=30349654 |pmc=6195370 |issn=1949-2553|doi-access=free ))</ref> A medication's generation is not necessarily a reflection of safety or efficacy.

'''By Additional Receptor Activity''' - each medication may act upon other receptors such as [[androgen receptor]]s, [[estrogen receptor]]s, [[glucocorticoid receptors]], and [[mineralocorticoid receptor]]s. Additional interactions may be positive, increasing activity at a given receptor, or negative, decreasing activity at a given receptor. The overall profile of these additional actions for each medication can be used to describe and contrast progestogens.<ref>((Cite journal |last=Sitruk-Ware |first=Regine |date=2008 |title=Pharmacological profile of progestins |journal=Maturitas |volume=61 |issue=1–2 |pages=151–157 |doi=10.1016/j.maturitas.2008.11.011 |issn=0378-5122 |pmid=19434887))</ref>
</blockquote>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+Progestogen-only pill formulations:<ref name="Regidor-2018" />''<ref name="pmid24226383">((cite journal |vauthors=Grimes DA, Lopez LM, O'Brien PA, Raymond EG |year=2013 |title=Progestin-only pills for contraception |journal=Cochrane Database Syst Rev |issue=11 |pages=CD007541 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD007541.pub3 |pmid=24226383))</ref><ref name="pmid14759612">((cite journal |vauthors=Hussain SF |year=2004 |title=Progestogen-only pills and high blood pressure: is there an association? A literature review |journal=Contraception |volume=69 |issue=2 |pages=89–97 |doi=10.1016/j.contraception.2003.09.002 |pmid=14759612))</ref><ref name="Rosevear2008">((cite book |author=Sylvia K. Rosevear |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IuFXgbs0yOUC&pg=PA2 |title=Handbook of Gynaecology Management |date=15 April 2008 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=978-1-4051-4742-2 |pages=2–))</ref><ref name="Henzl1978" />''
!<small>Generic Formulation (Dose)</small>
!Generation
!Brand name(s)
!Additional receptor activity
|-
!
!
!
!
|-
|[[Desogestrel]] (75&nbsp;µg)
|3rd
|Cerazette
Cerelle
|Gonadotropin (-)
Estrogen (-)

Androgen (+)
|-
|[[Drospirenone]] (4&nbsp;mg)
|4th
|Slynd
|Gonadotropin (-)
Estrogen (-)

Androgen (-)

Mineralocorticoid (-)
|-
|[[Norethisterone]] (350&nbsp;µg)
|1st
|Micronor
Nor-QD

Noriday
|Gonadotropin (-)
Estrogen (-/+)

Pro-androgen (+)

Coagulation (+)
|-
|[[Norgestrel]] (0.075&nbsp;mg)
|2nd
|Opill
|
|-
|[[Etynodiol diacetate]] (500&nbsp;µg)
|1st
|Femulen
|
|-
|[[Levonorgestrel]] (30&nbsp;µg)
|2nd
|28 mini
Microval

Norgeston
|Gonadotropin (-)
Estrogen (-)

Androgen (+)
|-
|[[Lynestrenol]] (500&nbsp;µg)
|1st
|Exluton
Mini-kare
|Gonadotropin (-)
Estrogen (-/+)

Androgen (+)
|-
|[[Norethindrone]] or [[Norethisterone]] (300&nbsp;μg)
|1st
|Camila
Mini-Pe

Errin

Heather

Jolivette

Micronor

Nor-QD

Nora-BE

Lyza

Sharobel

Deblitane
|Gonadotropin (-)
Estrogen (-/+)

Androgen (+)

Coagulation (+)
|-
|[[Norgestrel]] (75&nbsp;µg) or [[Levonorgestrel]] (37.5&nbsp;µg)
|2nd
|Minicon
Neogest

Ovrette

Opill
|Gonadotropin (-)
Estrogen (-)

Androgen (+)
|-
|[[Chlormadinone acetate]] (0.5&nbsp;mg)
| -
|
|
|-
|[[Quingestanol acetate]] (0.3&nbsp;mg)
| -
|Demovis
Pilomin
|
|}
In the [[United States]], progestogen-only pills are available in 350-μg Norethisterone, 4-mg Drospirenone and Norgestrel 0.075-mg formulations.<ref name="Drugs@FDA">((cite web |title=Drugs@FDA: FDA Approved Drug Products |url=http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cder/daf/ |access-date=6 January 2018 |publisher=United States Food and Drug Administration))</ref> Norgestrel is FDA-approved for over-the-counter availability,<ref>((Cite web |last=Commissioner |first=Office of the |date=2023-07-13 |title=FDA Approves First Nonprescription Daily Oral Contraceptive |url=https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/fda-approves-first-nonprescription-daily-oral-contraceptive |access-date=2023-07-14 |website=FDA |language=en))</ref> and Norethindrone and Drospirenone are available by prescription.

==Medical uses==

Progestogen-only pills are one management option for the suppression of menstruation to avoid [[pregnancy]].<ref>((Cite journal |last=American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists' Committee on Clinical Consensus–Gynecology |date=2022-09-01 |title=General Approaches to Medical Management of Menstrual Suppression: ACOG Clinical Consensus No. 3 |journal=Obstetrics and Gynecology |volume=140 |issue=3 |pages=528–541 |doi=10.1097/AOG.0000000000004899 |issn=1873-233X |pmid=36356248|doi-access=free ))</ref>

With "perfect use", the efficacy of progestogen-only pills in avoiding unintended pregnancy has been found to be greater than 99%, meaning that less than 1 out of every 100 patients will experience undesired pregnancy within the first year of use.<ref name="Rosevear2008" /> "Perfect use" means that an individual uses their contraceptive pill at the same time every day without missing a scheduled dose.<ref name="Cooper-2023">((Citation |last1=Cooper |first1=Danielle B. |title=Oral Contraceptive Pills |date=2023 |url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK430882/ |work=StatPearls |access-date=2023-11-09 |place=Treasure Island (FL) |publisher=StatPearls Publishing |pmid=28613632 |last2=Patel |first2=Preeti |last3=Mahdy |first3=Heba))</ref>

Assuming "typical use", the theoretical efficacy of progestogen-only pills in avoiding undesired [[pregnancy]] falls to around 91-93%, meaning that approximately 7 to 9 out of every 100 patients will experience unintended pregnancy within the first year of use.<ref>((Cite journal |last=Trussell |first=James |date=May 2011 |title=Contraceptive failure in the United States |journal=Contraception |volume=83 |issue=5 |pages=397–404 |doi=10.1016/j.contraception.2011.01.021 |issn=1879-0518 |pmc=3638209 |pmid=21477680))</ref><ref name="WHO-2022">((Cite web |date=2022 |title=Family Planning: A Global Handbook For Providers |url=https://fphandbook.org/sites/default/files/WHO-JHU-FPHandbook-2022Ed-v221115a.pdf |access-date=November 9, 2023 |website=WHO))</ref> "Typical use" means that an individual uses their contraceptive pill at inconsistent times day to day and/or misses scheduled doses.<ref name="Cooper-2023" /> The study reporting the "typical use" failure rate failed to differentiate COCPs and POPs as distinct medications and instead studied them as a combined group, decreasing the validity of this finding. The results were published before the widespread use of progestogen-only pills other than [[Norethindrone]] and may not be applicable to formulations that have since been developed. Reported efficacy varies between types of progestogen-only pills. For example, [[Norgestrel]] has a reported failure rate of 2%,<ref>((Cite web |last=Food and Drug Administration (FDA) |title=Opill Tablets |url=https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2017/017031s035s036lbl.pdf))</ref> and Drosperinone has a reported failure rate of 1.8%.<ref>((Cite web |last=Food and Drug Administration (FDA) |title=SLYND (drosperione), tablets for oral use |url=https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2019/211367s000lbl.pdf))</ref>

Some progestogen-only formulations, such as those containing Norethindrone, were thought to have a shorter duration of effect than COCPs.<ref>((Cite journal |last=Cox |first=H. J. E. |date=1968 |title=The pre-coital use of mini-dosage progestagens |journal=Journal of Reproduction and Fertility |issue=6 |pages=167–172))</ref> As a result, current guidelines recommend no more than 27 hours between doses to ensure effectiveness, creating a 3-hour window of variability.<ref>((Cite journal |last=Bowman |first=J. A. |date=1968-12-01 |title=The effect of norethindrone-mestranol on cervical mucus |journal=American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology |volume=102 |issue=7 |pages=1039–1040 |doi=10.1016/0002-9378(68)90467-5 |issn=0002-9378 |pmid=5724391))</ref> However, a more recent meta-analysis suggested that there is actually a significantly longer half-life for many of the now available progestogen-only pill formulations. For example, Norgestrel and Drosperinone, in particular, appear to have a longer window of efficacy. More variation in dose timing may still effectively prevent pregnancy.<ref>((Cite journal |last1=Wollum |first1=Alexandra |last2=Zuniga |first2=Carmela |last3=Blanchard |first3=Kelly |last4=Teal |first4=Stephanie |date=June 2023 |title=A commentary on progestin-only pills and the "three-hour window" guidelines: Timing of ingestion and mechanisms of action |journal=Contraception |volume=122 |page=109978 |doi=10.1016/j.contraception.2023.109978 |issn=1879-0518 |pmid=36801392|s2cid=257068251 ))</ref> Although the 3-hour window is still widely respected, some researchers have expressed their belief that an update to these guidelines may be beneficial.<ref>((Cite journal |last1=Wollum |first1=Alexandra |last2=Zuniga |first2=Carmela |last3=Blanchard |first3=Kelly |last4=Teal |first4=Stephanie |date=June 2023 |title=A commentary on progestin-only pills and the "three-hour window" guidelines: Timing of ingestion and mechanisms of action |journal=Contraception |volume=122 |page=109978 |doi=10.1016/j.contraception.2023.109978 |pmid=36801392 |s2cid=257068251 |issn=0010-7824))</ref>

=== Mechanism of action ===
Depending on the specific [[progestogen]] and its corresponding dose, the contraceptive effect of progestogen-only pills is enacted through combinations of the following mechanisms:<ref name="glasier">((cite book |last=Glasier |first=Anna |title=Endocrinology: Adult and Pediatric |date=March 20, 2015 |publisher=Saunders Elsevier |isbn=978-0-323-18907-1 |editor1-last=Jameson |editor1-first=J. Larry |edition=7th |location=Philadelphia |page=2306 |chapter=Chapter 134. Contraception |author-link=Anna Glasier |editor2-last=De Groot |editor2-first=Leslie J. |editor3-last=de Krester |editor3-first=David |editor4-last=Giudice |editor4-first=Linda C. |editor4-link=Linda Giudice |editor5-last=Grossman |editor5-first=Ashley |editor6-last=Melmed |editor6-first=Shlomo |editor7-last=Potts |editor7-first=John T. Jr. |editor8-last=Weir |editor8-first=Gordon C.))</ref>
* ''Thickening the cervical mucus'' reduces sperm viability, sperm penetration, and decreases the likelihood of fertilization.<ref>((Cite journal |last1=Mackay |first1=E. V. |last2=Khoo |first2=S. K. |last3=Adam |first3=R. R. |date=August 1971 |title=Contraception with a six-monthly injection of progestogen. 2. Effects on cervical mucus secretion and endocrine function |journal=The Australian & New Zealand Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology |volume=11 |issue=3 |pages=156–163 |doi=10.1111/j.1479-828x.1971.tb00470.x |issn=0004-8666 |pmid=5286757|s2cid=38037168 ))</ref>
* ''Inhibition of ovulation'' through an action on the [[Hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal axis|hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis]]. For a low-dose formulation, this may occur inconsistently in ~50% of cycles.<ref>((Cite journal |last1=Landgren |first1=B. M. |last2=Balogh |first2=A. |last3=Shin |first3=M. W. |last4=Lindberg |first4=M. |last5=Diczfalusy |first5=E. |date=December 1979 |title=Hormonal effects of the 300 microgram norethisterone (NET) minipill. 2. Daily gonadotrophin levels in 43 subjects during a pretreatment cycle and during the second month of NET administration |journal=Contraception |volume=20 |issue=6 |pages=585–605 |doi=10.1016/s0010-7824(79)80038-4 |issn=0010-7824 |pmid=535366))</ref> Intermediate-dose formulations, such as the progestogen-only pill Cerazette (Desogestrel), much more consistently inhibit ovulation in 97–99% of cycles.<ref>((cite book |title=Oxford Handbook of Genitourinary Medicine, HIV, and Sexual Health |date=November 19, 2010 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-957166-6 |editor-last1=Pattman |editor-first1=Richard |edition=2nd |location=Oxford |page=<span class="plainlinks">[https://books.google.com/books?id=sTWXAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA360 360]</span> |chapter=Chapter 33. Contraception including contraception in HIV infection and infection reduction |quote=Ovulation may be suppressed in 15–40% of cycles by POPs containg levonorgestrel, norethisterone, or etynodiol diacetate, but in 97–99% by those containing desogestrel. |editor-last2=Sankar |editor-first2=K. Nathan |editor-last3=Elewad |editor-first3=Babiker |editor-last4=Handy |editor-first4=Pauline |editor-last5=Price |editor-first5=David Ashley |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sTWXAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA353))</ref>
* ''Alteration of the endometrial lining of the uterus'' through modification of the structure of endometrial glands and their corresponding secretary patterns, as well as causing the endometrial lining to thin out ([[atrophy]]). Overall, the endometrium becomes less suitable for implantation of a fertilized egg and the likelihood of a viable pregnancy decreases.<ref name="McGraw Hill Education-2018">((Cite book |title=Goodman & Gilman's The pharmacological basis of therapeutics |date=2018 |publisher=McGraw Hill Education |isbn=978-1-259-58473-2 |editor-last=Brunton |editor-first=Laurence L. |edition=Thirteenth |location=New York |editor-last2=Hilal-Dandan |editor-first2=Randa |editor-last3=Knollmann |editor-first3=Björn C. |editor-last4=Goodman |editor-first4=Louis Sanford |editor-last5=Gilman |editor-first5=Alfred |editor-last6=Gilman |editor-first6=Alfred Goodman))</ref>
* ''Reduction of fallopian tube motility'' leading to a slowing of the transport of eggs and sperm through the reproductive tract. The process of [[Fertilisation|fertilization]] as well as [[Implantation (embryology)|implantation]] are both [[Fertilization window|time sensitive events]]. Disruption of the normal movement of these reproductive cells they play a role in preventing a viable pregnancy, although the magnitude of this role is likely less significant than previously mentioned mechanisms of action.<ref name="McGraw Hill Education-2018" /><ref name="Regidor-2018"/>

=== Breastfeeding ===
Patients who have recently given birth may benefit from contraception, as experiencing another pregnancy within six months of delivery is associated with poor outcomes for the second pregnancy.<ref>((Cite journal |last1=Porter |first1=Luz S. |last2=Holness |first2=Nola A. |date=2011 |title=Breaking the repeat teen pregnancy cycle |journal=Nursing for Women's Health |volume=15 |issue=5 |pages=368–381 |doi=10.1111/j.1751-486X.2011.01661.x |issn=1751-486X |pmid=22900650))</ref> [[Lactational amenorrhea]], although a common and effective method of preventing unwanted pregnancy following childbirth, may not be attainable for mothers who elect for or require supplemental or total child feeding with formula.<ref>((Cite web |date=March 27, 2023 |title=Lactational Amenorrhea Method |url=https://www.cdc.gov/reproductivehealth/contraception/mmwr/mec/appendixg.html |website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention))</ref> Combined oral contraceptives are not typically recommended until six months following delivery. Progestogen-only pills, however, can be a viable contraceptive option for patients immediately following delivery regardless of breastfeeding habits.<ref name="WHO-2022" />

=== Comparison to combined oral contraceptives ===
Patient groups who choose COCPs versus 'progestogen-only pills may also differ in important ways, as progesterone-only pills are often preferentially prescribed to subfertile groups such as recently postpartum women or older women. Progestogen-only pills may also be prescribed for individuals wanting an oral form of birth control but do not wish to use estrogen-containing methods due to medical [[contraindication]]s, intolerable side effects, or personal preference.<ref name="Hatcher-2018" /> Examples of contraindications to estrogen-containing methods of contraception include relatively common conditions such as [[hypertension]], [[migraine]] headaches with aura, or a history of [[pulmonary embolism]] or [[deep vein thrombosis]].<ref>((Cite web |date=2023-09-14 |title=US Medical Eligibility Criteria for Contraceptive Use, 2016 (US MEC) ((!)) CDC |url=https://www.cdc.gov/reproductivehealth/contraception/mmwr/mec/summary.html |access-date=2023-11-14 |website=www.cdc.gov |language=en-us))</ref> On the other hand, progestogen-only pills are safe for use by all these groups.<ref>((Cite web |date=2023-03-27 |title=US Medical Eligibility Criteria for Contraceptive Use, 2016 (US MEC) ((!)) CDC |url=https://www.cdc.gov/reproductivehealth/contraception/mmwr/mec/summary.html |access-date=2023-07-13 |website=www.cdc.gov |language=en-us))</ref>  The progestogen-only pill is also recommended for people who have recently given birth and desire a pill for contraception, given the risk of blood clots for both postpartum patients and people using estrogen-containing methods of contraception.<ref>((Cite web |date=2023-03-27 |title=US Medical Eligibility Criteria for Contraceptive Use, 2016 (US MEC) ((!)) CDC |url=https://www.cdc.gov/reproductivehealth/contraception/mmwr/mec/summary.html |access-date=2023-07-13 |website=www.cdc.gov |language=en-us))</ref>

=== Abnormal uterine bleeding ===
Given their ability to impact the menstrual cycle and stabilize the endometrial lining of the uterus, progestogen-only pills may also be used to treat various patterns of [[abnormal uterine bleeding]].<ref>((Cite web |title=Management of Acute Abnormal Uterine Bleeding in Nonpregnant Reproductive-Aged Women |url=https://www.acog.org/clinical/clinical-guidance/committee-opinion/articles/2013/04/management-of-acute-abnormal-uterine-bleeding-in-nonpregnant-reproductive-aged-women |access-date=2023-11-13 |website=www.acog.org |language=en))</ref>

Patients with unexplained, abnormal uterine bleeding should be evaluated by a medical professional either through appointment or through a visit to the emergency department. The initial assessment of abnormal uterine bleeding typically focuses on ensuring the patient is medically stable and not in any immediate danger from the underlying cause or associated blood loss. The [[PALM-COEIN]] classification system has been developed to understand well-known causes of abnormal uterine bleeding in reproductive age patients.<ref>((Cite journal |last1=Munro |first1=Malcolm G. |last2=Critchley |first2=Hilary O. D. |last3=Broder |first3=Michael S. |last4=Fraser |first4=Ian S. |last5=FIGO Working Group on Menstrual Disorders |date=April 2011 |title=FIGO classification system (PALM-COEIN) for causes of abnormal uterine bleeding in nongravid women of reproductive age |journal=International Journal of Gynaecology and Obstetrics|volume=113 |issue=1 |pages=3–13 |doi=10.1016/j.ijgo.2010.11.011 |issn=1879-3479 |pmid=21345435|doi-access=free ))</ref> Understanding the underlying cause of bleeding is an important part of determining the best next step for treatment in each patient's circumstance. Generally, the treatment of abnormal uterine bleeding focuses on controlling the current episode of bleeding and reducing further blood loss in future menstrual cycles or acute episodes.((Citation needed|date=November 2023))

Depending on the presumed underlying cause of bleeding, medical management with progestogen-only pills, combined oral contraceptives, or tranexamic acid may be appropriate. One study found that 76% of patients who took oral [[medroxyprogesterone acetate]] (20&nbsp;mg) for treatment of bleeding unrelated to pregnancy saw resolution of their bleeding. The median time to resolution was 3 days from beginning medical therapy.<ref>((Cite journal |last1=Munro |first1=Malcolm G. |last2=Mainor |first2=Nakia |last3=Basu |first3=Romie |last4=Brisinger |first4=Mikael |last5=Barreda |first5=Lorena |date=October 2006 |title=Oral medroxyprogesterone acetate and combination oral contraceptives for acute uterine bleeding: a randomized controlled trial |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17012455 |journal=Obstetrics and Gynecology |volume=108 |issue=4 |pages=924–929 |doi=10.1097/01.AOG.0000238343.62063.22 |issn=0029-7844 |pmid=17012455|s2cid=26316422 ))</ref>

The decision to use POPs to treat abnormal uterine bleeding should be made in consultation with a medical professional who can offer guidance on the appropriateness of this treatment option.((Citation needed|date=November 2023))

=== Adenomyosis ===
Patients with [[adenomyosis]] may be prescribed progestogen-only pills as a part of their treatment. Through their ability to cause [[amenorrhea]], progestogen only pills can help reduce the symptoms associated with this condition. Levonorgestrel-IUDs may be more effective than progestogen-only pills and reducing associated bleeding (maintaining healthy [[hemoglobin]] levels), uterine volume, pain, although both methods have shown a beneficial impact. That being said, there is currently no definitive treatment guideline, and management can be tailored based on the patient's medical history, preferences, and response to treatment.<ref>((Cite journal |last1=Sharara |first1=Fady I. |last2=Kheil |first2=Mira H. |last3=Feki |first3=Anis |last4=Rahman |first4=Sara |last5=Klebanoff |first5=Jordan S. |last6=Ayoubi |first6=Jean Marc |last7=Moawad |first7=Gaby N. |date=2021-07-30 |title=Current and Prospective Treatment of Adenomyosis |journal=Journal of Clinical Medicine |volume=10 |issue=15 |page=3410 |doi=10.3390/jcm10153410 |issn=2077-0383 |pmc=8348135 |pmid=34362193 |doi-access=free ))</ref>

=== Endometriosis ===
Patients experiencing ''mild'' to ''moderate'' pelvic pain from [[endometriosis]] may be given [[Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug|non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs]] (NSAIDs) as well as hormonal contraceptives (COCPs or POPs) to help manage their symptoms. For a long time, combined oral contraceptives have been used as the first line hormonal contraceptive (vs. progestogen-only pills) for treatment of endometriosis. However, progestogen-only pills, including dienogest, medroxyprogesterone acetate, norethisterone, and cyproterone, are also effective in treating symptoms (i.e., pain, excess uterine bleeding), reducing associated lesions, and improving patient quality of life.<ref>((Cite journal |last1=Andres |first1=Marina de Paula |last2=Lopes |first2=Livia Alves |last3=Baracat |first3=Edmund Chada |last4=Podgaec |first4=Sergio |date=2015-09-01 |title=Dienogest in the treatment of endometriosis: systematic review |journal=Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics |language=en |volume=292 |issue=3 |pages=523–529 |doi=10.1007/s00404-015-3681-6 |pmid=25749349 |s2cid=22168242 |issn=1432-0711))</ref><ref>((Cite journal |vauthors=Mitchell JB, Chetty S, Kathrada F |date=September 7, 2022 |title=Progestins in the symptomatic management of endometriosis: a meta-analysis on their effectiveness and safety |url=https://bmcnurs.biomedcentral.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/s12912-023-01246-4.pdf |journal=BMC Women's Health |volume=22 |issue=1 |page=52|doi=10.1186/s12912-023-01246-4 |pmid=36997958 |pmc=10061877 |doi-access=free ))</ref> Recognizing that some patients cannot receive combined oral contraceptives due to a contraindication to the estrogen component, these findings show promise that progestogens can be an alternative therapy capable of producing adequate symptom relief. Progestogen-only pills are typically not given to patients experiencing severe symptoms.((Citation needed|date=November 2023))

=== Decreased likelihood of malignancy ===
Daily progesterone use decreases the risk of endometrial cancer,<ref>((Cite journal |last1=Weiderpass |first1=E. |last2=Adami |first2=H. O. |last3=Baron |first3=J. A. |last4=Magnusson |first4=C. |last5=Bergström |first5=R. |last6=Lindgren |first6=A. |last7=Correia |first7=N. |last8=Persson |first8=I. |date=1999-07-07 |title=Risk of endometrial cancer following estrogen replacement with and without progestins |journal=Journal of the National Cancer Institute |volume=91 |issue=13 |pages=1131–1137 |doi=10.1093/jnci/91.13.1131 |issn=0027-8874 |pmid=10393721 |doi-access=free))</ref> whereas it is unclear whether POPs provide protection against [[ovarian cancer]] to the extent that COCPs do.((Citation needed|date=November 2023))

==Side effects==

=== Genitourinary ===
* Irregular menstrual bleeding and spotting in individuals taking progestogen-only pills, especially in the first months after starting.<ref>((Cite journal |last=Belsey |first=E. M. |date=August 1988 |title=Vaginal bleeding patterns among women using one natural and eight hormonal methods of contraception |journal=Contraception |volume=38 |issue=2 |pages=181–206 |doi=10.1016/0010-7824(88)90038-8 |issn=0010-7824 |pmid=2971505))</ref><ref>((Cite journal |last=Steiner |first=Mitchell |date=September 1998 |title=Campbell's Urology, 7th ed.WalshP.C.: Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders Co.1998. 210 pages.RetikA.B.: Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders Co.1998. 210 pages.VaughanE.D.: Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders Co.1998. 3,426 pages.WeinA.J.: Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Philadelphia: Isis Medical Media Ltd.1998. 3,426 pages. |journal=Journal of Urology |volume=160 |issue=3 Part 1 |pages=967–968 |doi=10.1016/s0022-5347(01)62878-7 |issn=0022-5347))</ref> This side effect may be bothersome but is not dangerous, and most users report improved bleeding patterns with longer usage.
* May cause [[mastalgia]] (breast tenderness, pain)
* Available data on the average impact of POPs on mood are limited and conflicting, and do not show a clear link between POP usage and mental health changes.<ref>((Cite journal |last1=Worly |first1=Brett L. |last2=Gur |first2=Tamar L. |last3=Schaffir |first3=Jonathan |date=June 2018 |title=The relationship between progestin hormonal contraception and depression: a systematic review |journal=Contraception |volume=97 |issue=6 |pages=478–489 |doi=10.1016/j.contraception.2018.01.010 |issn=1879-0518 |pmid=29496297))</ref> However, some patients may experience mood swings, including feelings of anxiety and depression.
* Follicular ovarian cysts are more common in POP users than in those not using hormones.<ref>((Cite journal |last1=Tayob |first1=Y. |last2=Adams |first2=J. |last3=Jacobs |first3=H. S. |last4=Guillebaud |first4=J. |date=October 1985 |title=Ultrasound demonstration of increased frequency of functional ovarian cysts in women using progestogen-only oral contraception |journal=British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology |volume=92 |issue=10 |pages=1003–1009 |doi=10.1111/j.1471-0528.1985.tb02994.x |issn=0306-5456 |pmid=3902074|s2cid=24930690 ))</ref> The follicular changes tend to regress over time, and no intervention other than reassurance is required in asymptomatic individuals.

===Breast cancer risk===
Epidemiological evidence on POPs and [[breast cancer]] risk is based on much smaller populations of users and so is less conclusive than that for COCPs.

In the largest (1996) reanalysis of previous studies of hormonal contraceptives and breast cancer risk, less than 1% were POP users. Current or recent POP users had a slightly increased relative risk (RR 1.17) of breast cancer diagnosis that just missed being statistically significant. The relative risk was similar to that found for current or recent COCP users (RR 1.16), and, as with COCPs, the increased relative risk decreased over time after stopping, vanished after 10 years, and was consistent with being due to earlier diagnosis or promoting the growth of a preexisting cancer.<ref name=reanalysis>((cite journal |author=Collaborative Group on Hormonal Factors in Breast Cancer |year=1996 |title=Breast cancer and hormonal contraceptives: collaborative reanalysis of individual data on 53,297 women with breast cancer and 100,239 women without breast cancer from 54 epidemiological studies |journal=Lancet |volume=347 |issue=9017 |pages=1713–27 |pmid=8656904 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(96)90806-5 |s2cid=36136756 |doi-access=free ))</ref><ref name=further>((cite journal |author=Collaborative Group on Hormonal Factors in Breast Cancer |year=1996 |title=Breast cancer and hormonal contraceptives: further results |journal=Contraception |volume=54 |issue=3 Suppl |pages=1S–106S |pmid=8899264 |doi=10.1016/s0010-7824(15)30002-0 ))</ref>

The most recent (1999) [[International Agency for Research on Cancer|IARC]] evaluation of progestogen-only hormonal contraceptives reviewed the 1996 reanalysis as well as 4 case-control studies of POP users included in the reanalysis. They concluded that: "Overall, there was no evidence of an increased risk of breast cancer".<ref name=iarc72>((cite book |author=IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans |title=Hormonal contraception and post-menopausal hormonal therapy; IARC monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans, Volume 72 |year=1999 |publisher=IARC Press |location=Lyon |isbn=92-832-1272-X |pages=339–397 |chapter=Hormonal contraceptives, progestogens only |chapter-url=http://www.inchem.org/documents/iarc/vol72/vol72-2.html))</ref>

Recent anxieties about the contribution of progestogens to the increased risk of breast cancer associated with [[Hormone replacement therapy (menopause)|HRT]] in postmenopausal women such as found in the [[Women's Health Initiative|WHI]] trials<ref>((cite journal |vauthors=Chlebowski R, Hendrix S, Langer R, Stefanick M, Gass M, Lane D, Rodabough R, Gilligan M, Cyr M, Thomson C, Khandekar J, Petrovitch H, McTiernan A |title=Influence of estrogen plus progestin on breast cancer and mammography in healthy postmenopausal women: the Women's Health Initiative Randomized Trial. |journal = JAMA |volume = 289 |issue = 24 |pages = 3243–53 |year = 2003 |pmid = 12824205 |doi=10.1001/jama.289.24.3243|doi-access =  ))</ref> have not spread to progestogen-only contraceptive use in premenopausal women.<ref name=glasier/>

=== Depression ===
There is a growing body of research investigating the links between hormonal contraception, such as the progestogen-only pill, and potential adverse effects on women's psychological health.<ref name="Zettermark-2018">((Cite journal|last1=Zettermark|first1=Sofia|last2=Vicente|first2=Raquel Perez|last3=Merlo|first3=Juan|date=2018-03-22|title=Hormonal contraception increases the risk of psychotropic drug use in adolescent girls but not in adults: A pharmacoepidemiological study on 800 000 Swedish women|journal=PLOS ONE|language=en|volume=13|issue=3|pages=e0194773|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0194773|pmid=29566064|issn=1932-6203|pmc=5864056|bibcode=2018PLoSO..1394773Z|doi-access=free))</ref><ref name="Skovlund-2016">((Cite journal|last1=Skovlund|first1=Charlotte Wessel|last2=Mørch|first2=Lina Steinrud|last3=Kessing|first3=Lars Vedel|last4=Lidegaard|first4=Øjvind|date=2016-11-01|title=Association of Hormonal Contraception With Depression|journal=JAMA Psychiatry|volume=73|issue=11|pages=1154–1162|doi=10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2016.2387|issn=2168-6238|pmid=27680324|doi-access=free))</ref><ref>((Cite journal|last=Kulkarni|first=Jayashri|date=July 2007|title=Depression as a side effect of the contraceptive pill|journal=Expert Opinion on Drug Safety|volume=6|issue=4|pages=371–374|doi=10.1517/14740338.6.4.371|issn=1744-764X|pmid=17688380|s2cid=8836005))</ref> The findings from a large Danish study of one million women (followed-up from January 2000 to December 2013) were published in 2016, and reported that the use of hormonal contraception, particularly amongst adolescents, was associated with a statistically significant increased risk of subsequent depression.<ref name="Skovlund-2016" /> The authors found that women on the progestogen-only pill in particular, were 34% more likely to subsequently take anti-depressants or be given a diagnosis of depression, in comparison with those not on hormonal contraception.<ref name="Skovlund-2016" /> In 2018, a similarly large nationwide cohort study in Sweden amongst women aged 12–30 (n=815,662) found an association, particularly amongst young adolescents (aged 12–19), between hormonal contraception and subsequent use of psychotropic drugs.<ref name="Zettermark-2018" /> Still, the results of these studies are inconclusive because they are observational and cannot establish causality. Additionally, the studies do not account for the possibility of confounding factors, such as preexisting health conditions, which could influence the results.<ref name="pmid36647102">((cite journal |vauthors=Martell S, Marini C, Kondas CA, Deutch AB |title=Psychological side effects of hormonal contraception: a disconnect between patients and providers |journal=Contracept Reprod Med |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=9 |date=January 2023 |pmid=36647102 |pmc=9842494 |doi=10.1186/s40834-022-00204-w |url= |doi-access=free ))</ref>

===Weight gain===
There is some evidence that progestin-only contraceptives may lead to slight weight gain (on average less than 2&nbsp;kg in the first year) compared to women not using any hormonal contraception.<ref>((cite journal |last1=Lopez |first1=LM |last2=Ramesh |first2=S |last3=Chen |first3=M |last4=Edelman |first4=A |last5=Otterness |first5=C |last6=Trussell |first6=J |last7=Helmerhorst |first7=FM |title=Progestin-only contraceptives: effects on weight. |journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |date=28 August 2016 |volume=2016 |issue=8 |pages=CD008815 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD008815.pub4 |pmid=27567593 |pmc=5034734))</ref>

==History==
The first POP to be introduced contained 0.5&nbsp;mg [[chlormadinone acetate]] and was marketed in [[Mexico]] and [[France]] in 1968.<ref name="Gelijns1991">((cite book|author=Annetine Gelijns|title=Innovation in Clinical Practice: The Dynamics of Medical Technology Development|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MZkrAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA172|year=1991|publisher=National Academies|pages=172–|id=NAP:13513|quote=Development of the minipill, which contains only a progestin, was another result of concerns over the thromboembolic side effects of combination oral contraceptives.36 This development was also driven by the expectation that lower steroid doses would diminish effects on the metabolic and reproductive systems, lessen complaints about nausea and headache, and improve compliance (because it offered a regimen of continuous pill taking rather than the cyclic regimen of earlier pill formulations).37 Syntex was the first to introduce a 0.5 milligram chlor- madinone acetate minipill in 1968 in France, although this pill was withdrawn from the market in 1970 when long-term animal toxicity tests for the FDA revealed the occurrence of breast nodules in beagles.38 Nevertheless, other manufacturers began to pursue minipill development using their own progestogens, and since 1970 a variety of compounds have been introduced.))</ref><ref name="Bennett1974">((cite book|last1=Bennett|first1=John P.|title=Chemical Contraception|chapter=The Second Generation of Hormonal Contraceptives|year=1974|pages=39–62|doi=10.1007/978-1-349-02287-8_4|quote=Chlormadinone acetate was the first minipill contraceptive to be marketed, in Mexico during July 1968. This compound was removed from clinical use in February 1970 because it produced nodules in the breast tissues of beagle dogs [...]|isbn=978-1-349-02289-2))</ref><ref name="Henzl1978">((cite book | author = M.R. Henzl | chapter = Natural and Synthetic Female Sex Hormones | pages = 421–468 | editor1 = S.S.C. Yen | editor2 = R.B. Jaffe | title = Reproductive Endocrinology: Physiology, Pathophysiology, and Clinical Management | publisher = W.B. Saunders Co. | year = 1978 | isbn = 978-0-7216-9625-6 ))</ref> However, it was withdrawn in 1970 due to safety concerns pertaining to long-term animal toxicity studies.<ref name="Gelijns1991" /><ref name="Bennett1974" /><ref name="Henzl1978" /> Subsequently, [[levonorgestrel]] 30&nbsp;µg (brand name Microval) was marketed in [[Germany]] in 1971.<ref name="GWU1975">((cite book|title=Population Reports: Oral contraceptives|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lqVLAQAAIAAJ|year=1975|publisher=Department of Medical and Public Affairs, George Washington Univ. Medical Center.|page=A-64|quote=Distribution and Use of the Minipill. [...] Progestogen & Dose in mg: d-Norgestrel 0.03. Manufacturer: Schering AG. Brand Names: Microlut, Nordrogest. Where & When First Marketed: Federal Republic of Germany 1971.))</ref><ref name="Greenberg2016">((cite book|author=Greenberg|title=Exploring the Dimensions of Human Sexuality|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_NOqCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT481|date=19 February 2016|publisher=Jones & Bartlett Learning|isbn=978-1-284-11474-4|pages=481–|quote=The progestin-only pill was introduced in 1972.))</ref> It was followed by a number of other POPs shortly thereafter in the early 1970s, including [[etynodiol diacetate]], [[lynestrenol]], [[norethisterone]], [[norgestrel]], and [[quingestanol acetate]].<ref name="GWU1975" /><ref name="WhitakerGilliam2014" /> [[Desogestrel]] 75&nbsp;µg (brand name Cerzette) was marketed in [[Europe]] in 2002 and was the most recent POP to be introduced.<ref name="French2009">((cite book|author=Kathy French|title=Sexual Health|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m9--HyIGUHYC&pg=PA92|date=9 November 2009|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-1-4443-2257-6|pages=92–93))</ref><ref name="WhitakerGilliam2014">((cite book|author1=Amy Whitaker|author2=Melissa Gilliam|title=Contraception for Adolescent and Young Adult Women|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vMQkBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA26|date=27 June 2014|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-1-4614-6579-9|pages=26, 97))</ref><ref name="JamesonGroot2010">((cite book|author1=J. Larry Jameson|author2=Leslie J. De Groot|title=Endocrinology - E-Book: Adult and Pediatric|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W4dZ-URK8ZoC&pg=PA2424|date=18 May 2010|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|isbn=978-1-4557-1126-0|pages=2424–|quote=In 2002, a POP containing desogestrel 75 ug/day, a dose sufficient to inhibit ovulation in almost every cycle, was introduced in Europe.51))</ref> It differs from earlier POPs in that it is able to inhibit [[ovulation]] in 97% of cycles.<ref name="WhitakerGilliam2014" /><ref name="JamesonGroot2010" />

In July 2023, the USA Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved the first over-the-counter (OTC) POP birth control pill to be sold without a prescription in the United States. The pill, marketed under the brand name Opill, is once daily 0.075&nbsp;mg oral norgestrel.<ref>((Cite web |last=Commissioner |first=Office of the |date=2023-07-13 |title=FDA Approves First Nonprescription Daily Oral Contraceptive |url=https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/fda-approves-first-nonprescription-daily-oral-contraceptive |access-date=2023-07-13 |website=FDA |language=en))</ref>

==See also==
* [[Progestogen-only injectable contraceptive]]
* [[Oral contraceptive formulations]]

==References==
((Reflist))

((Birth control methods))
((Hormonal contraceptives))
((Progestogens and antiprogestogens))
((Progesterone receptor modulators))

[[Category:Hormonal contraception]]
[[Category:Progestogens]]

Pages transcluded onto the current version of this page (help):

Progestogen-only pill (edit)
Template:Abbr (view source) (protected)
Template:Abbrlink (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Ambox (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Birth control methods (view source) (semi-protected)
Template:Category handler (view source) (protected)
Template:Citation (view source) (protected)
Template:Citation needed (view source) (protected)
Template:Cite book (view source) (protected)
Template:Cite journal (view source) (protected)
Template:Cite web (view source) (protected)
Template:Copy edit (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Delink (view source) (protected)
Template:Fix (view source) (protected)
Template:Fix/category (view source) (protected)
Template:Flatlist (view source) (protected)
Template:Hlist/styles.css (view source) (protected)
Template:Hormonal contraceptives (edit)
Template:If empty (view source) (protected)
Template:Infobox (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Infobox Birth control (view source) (semi-protected)
Template:Infobox birth control (view source) (semi-protected)
Template:Main (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Main other (view source) (protected)
Template:Navbox (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Pagetype (view source) (protected)
Template:PharmNavFootnote (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Progesterone receptor modulators (view source) (semi-protected)
Template:Progestogens and antiprogestogens (edit)
Template:Reflist (view source) (protected)
Template:Reflist/styles.css (view source) (protected)
Template:SDcat (view source) (protected)
Template:Short description (view source) (protected)
Template:Short description/lowercasecheck (view source) (protected)
Template:Template other (view source) (protected)
Template:Webarchive (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Arguments (view source) (protected)
Module:Category handler (view source) (protected)
Module:Category handler/blacklist (view source) (protected)
Module:Category handler/config (view source) (protected)
Module:Category handler/data (view source) (protected)
Module:Category handler/shared (view source) (protected)
Module:Check for unknown parameters (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1 (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/COinS (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/Date validation (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/Identifiers (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/Utilities (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/Whitelist (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css (view source) (protected)
Module:Delink (view source) (protected)
Module:Disambiguation/templates (view source) (protected)
Module:Format link (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Hatnote (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Hatnote/styles.css (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Hatnote list (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:If empty (view source) (protected)
Module:Infobox (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Infobox/styles.css (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:InfoboxImage (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Labelled list hatnote (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Message box (view source) (protected)
Module:Message box/ambox.css (view source) (protected)
Module:Message box/configuration (view source) (protected)
Module:Namespace detect/config (view source) (protected)
Module:Namespace detect/data (view source) (protected)
Module:Navbar (view source) (protected)
Module:Navbar/configuration (view source) (protected)
Module:Navbar/styles.css (view source) (protected)
Module:Navbox (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Navbox/configuration (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Navbox/styles.css (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Pagetype (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/config (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/disambiguation (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/setindex (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/softredirect (view source) (protected)
Module:SDcat (view source) (protected)
Module:String (view source) (protected)
Module:Unsubst (view source) (protected)
Module:Webarchive (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Webarchive/data (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Wikitext Parsing (view source) (protected)
Module:Yesno (view source) (protected)

Return to Progestogen-only pill.

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progestogen-only_pill"