Progressive Citizens of America (PCA)
Merged intoProgressive Party (1948)
FormationDecember 1946
Dissolved1948
Merger ofIndependent Citizens Committee of the Arts, Sciences and Professions (ICCASP)
National Citizens Political Action Committee (NC-PAC)
PurposeCreate third American political party
HeadquartersNew York City
Membership
100,000
Co-Chair
Jo Davidson
Co-Chair
Frank Kingdon
Co-vice chair
Philip Murray
Co-vice chair
Alexander F. Whitney
Key people
Elinor S. Gimbel, Anita McCormick Blaine; , C.B. "Beanie" Baldwin, John Abt, Lee Pressman

Progressive Citizens of America (PCA) was a social-democratic and democratic socialist American political organization formed in December 1946 that advocated progressive policies, which worked with the Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO) and allegedly the Communist Party USA (CPUSA), as a precursor to the 1948 incarnation of the Progressive Party. It also led to formation of a counter group called Americans for Democratic Action (ADA), formed in January 1947 with progressive domestic views but anti-communist and interventionist foreign policy views, that split liberals and nearly cost Harry S. Truman the 1948 US Presidential Election.[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8] The organization was dissolved in 1948.

History

In 1944, Elinor S. Gimbel founded a Popular Front group called the Non-Partisan Committee to support Franklin Delano Roosevelt's 1944 presidential campaign. That committee folded into the National Citizens Political Action Committee (NC-PAC), an arm of the Congress of Industrial Organizations - Political Action Committee (or CIO-PAC). Anita McCormick Blaine was also a major supporter of the NC-PAC.[8]

Meanwhile, in 1946 (recalled Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr., an opponent of the PCA, in a 2002 memoir) the Communist Party USA under Eugene Dennis had decided to create a third party for the 1948 presidential election.[9] Bella Dodd described some of those CPUSA decisions in her 1954 memoir.[10]

Guided by Herbert Croly, founder of The New Republic magazine, the PCA formed from the NC-PAC and the Independent Citizens Committee of the Arts, Sciences and Professions (ICCASP).[2][4][9] The primary driver for their merger was funding: rather than compete for the same pool, they would merge.[8] Former US Vice President Henry A. Wallace and former New York City Mayor Fiorello LaGuardia spoke at the PCA's founding convention in December 1946.[8]

The Montana Farmers Union (MFU) and the Montana Council for Progressive Political Action (MCPPA) were some of the first organizations to endorse the PCA.[5] Within six months of operations, the PCA had gained some 25,000 members.[1]

The PCA opposed the Truman Doctrine and Loyalty Boards; it gave limited, qualified support to the Marshall Plan. The ADA fully supported the Marshall Plan.[4][1] Otherwise, "ADA and PCA were in substantial agreement on domestic issues."[9]

By Summer 1947, the PCA had decided to make Henry A. Wallace its candidate for US president.[1]

By June 21, 1947, the House Un-American Activities Committee held its first hearing about the PCA.[1]

From July 9 to July 13, 1947, the Southern California Chapter of the PCA held a Thought Control Conference at the Beverly Hills Hotel that was sponsored by the Arts, Sciences and Professions Council of the PCA. The conference was in response to what the Chapter saw as "an alarming trend to control the cultural life of the American people."[11] Among the known attendees and participants were people considered to be professionals and experts in their fields at the time (and a few to this day). Many were also well-known and included several Hollywood stars.[11]

On October 15, 1947, Eleanor Roosevelt attacked the PCA in her "My Day" column:

It is a strange thing that groups of our own citizens, supposedly liberals, and the new (old) Information Bureau of the Communist Parties of Europe, which we ordinarily allude to as the Comintern, are condemning with one voice the Marshall proposals!... Our own section of liberals who, with the Progressive Citizens of America, follow so closely the arguments put out by the Comintern do themselves harm, for they offer nothing constructive and this increases in many less radical but liberal groups the sense of suspicion and uncertainty regarding the influences under which they operate.[12]

In 1948, the PCA backed Henry A. Wallace as candidate for US President of a new, third iteration of an American Progressive Party (the two proceeding Progressive parties being nicknamed the "Bull Moose Party of 1912 and the LaFolette Party of 1924). By January 1948, with Wallace as its candidate, the PCA claimed to have some 100,000 members.[1][2]

During Summer 1948, William Z. Foster, head of the CPUSA, came out in favor of Wallace.[1]

The PCA was unwillingly responsible in part for the final downfall of Popular Front organizations, as its counterpart ADA "attracted liberal intellectuals who wanted to purge the left of all Communist Party influences. Its militant opposition to the PCA deliver the coup de grace."[3] The ADA did so by characterizing the PCA as an "unholy alliance of Communists and reactionaries."[2]

In February 1948, the PCA merged with the "Independent Progressive Party" (at least in California).[13]

People

Leadership

At its formation, the PCA comprised:[1]

By May 1947, C.B. "Beanie" Baldwin ran the PCA's daily operations.[4][1]

Hugh De Lacy headed the PCA in the state of Washington at some time; Thomas G. Moore was executive secretary there.[14]

Members

PCA members included Dalton Trumbo, Charlotta Bass, Edward Biberman, Philip N. Connelly, Earl Robinson, Charles Katz, Robert W. Kenny, John Howard Lawson, Harold Orr, Dr. Linus Pauling, and Frank Tuttle.[15] Actor Edward G. Robinson was a vocal PCA member.[16] Lillian Hellman, Dashiell Hammett, and Elinor S. Gimbel were members and at some point vice chairs. James Cagney, Frank Sinatra, Bette Davis, Olivia de Havilland, Agnes de Mille, Paul Robeson, Lena Horne, and Canada Lee were members.[17][8] Southern California attorney Edward Mosk was also an active member.[18] Mrs. S. Glidden Loomis was a member of the Legislative Committee in New York City for the PCA.[19] Chester Kinsey of the Montana PCA led the Wallace campaign in that state.[5]

In 1947–1948, Robert M. Lindner served as the Maryland state chairman of the PCA, which then became the state organization for Henry A. Wallace's quixotic 1948 third-party presidential campaign. In 1948 he was added to the national board of the PCA.[20]

On February 21, 1950, actor Gregory Peck testified that he had been a PCA member and had resigned when offered to join its executive board, at which time he learned more about how its "true aims and activities were subversive."[15]

On September 17, 1954, Mrs. Lynn Akerstein testified in Los Angeles that she had joined the PCA in June 1947 as an executive secretary, where she stayed until February 1948. At that time, the PCA merged with the Independent Progressive Party, and Akerstein rolled over as county director. She also stated that the CPUSA influenced the PCA "to very little extent."[14]

Funding

Major funding for the PCA came from Anita McCormick Blaine of Chicago (a daughter and heiress of Cyrus McCormick) and Elinor S. Gimbel (wife of Louis S. Gimbel Jr., an heir of the Gimbel brothers department store).[2]

Lesser funding came from Lillian Hellman and Norman Mailer.[2]

Publications

Research

The top source on the PCA remains Curtis D. MacDougall's three-volume book Gideon's Army:

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i Culver, John C.; Hyde, John (2001). American Dreamer: The Life and Times of Henry A. Wallace. W.W. Norton. pp. 447 (policies), 449 (early days), 452 (Marshall Plan), 459 (01/1948), 450 (Kelly, HUAC, legal, Wallace), 452 (Foster). ISBN 9780393322286. Retrieved 17 October 2018.
  2. ^ a b c d e f Karabell, Zachary (18 December 2007). The Last Campaign: How Harry Truman Won the 1948 Election. Knopf. pp. 64 (PCA vs ADA), 66 (ADA), 73 (members, funding). ISBN 9780307428868. Retrieved 17 October 2018.
  3. ^ a b Carnes, Mark C. (6 July 2007). The Columbia History of Post-World War II America. Columbia University Press. p. 207. ISBN 9780231511803. Retrieved 17 October 2018.
  4. ^ a b c d Robert Cowley, ed. (1 October 2002). What If? II. Penguin. p. 398. ISBN 9781101220795. Retrieved 17 October 2018.
  5. ^ a b c Lovin, Hugh T. (2012). New Deal Leftists, Henry Wallace and "Gideon's Army," and the Progressive Party in Montana, 1937-1952. Great Plains Quarterly. pp. 276 (first, Kinsey). Retrieved 17 October 2018.
  6. ^ Epstein, Marc J. (April 1972). "The Progressive Party of 1948". Books at Iowa: 36 (predecessors). Archived from the original on 8 November 2017. Retrieved 17 October 2018.
  7. ^ a b MacDougall, Curtis D. (1965). Gideon's Army. Marzani & Munsell. LCCN 65018683.
  8. ^ a b c d e Castledine, Jacqueline (5 November 2012). Cold War Progressives: Women's Interracial Organizing for Peace and Freedom. University of Illinois Press. pp. 18–23 (formation), 32–33 (Blaine), 70–71. ISBN 9780252037269. Retrieved 18 October 2018.
  9. ^ a b c Schlesinger Jr., Arthur M. (2002). A Life in the Twentieth Century: Innocent Beginnings, 1917-1950. Houghton Miffline. pp. 413 (domestic), 457 (CPUSA). ISBN 0618219250. Retrieved 17 October 2018.
  10. ^ Dodd, Bella (1954). School of Darkness. New York: The Devin-Adair Company. pp. 203–204. Retrieved 19 October 2018.
  11. ^ a b Koch, Howard. "Introduction" p. 2. Thought Control in U.S.A., copyright 1947, Harold J. Salemson, editor.
  12. ^ Roosevelt, Eleanor (15 October 1947). "My Day of October 15, 1947". George Washington University. Retrieved 18 October 2018.
  13. ^ Investigation of Communist Activities in the State of California: Hearing, Part 11. US GPO. 1954. pp. 7026. Retrieved 17 October 2018.
  14. ^ a b Hearings 1953/54 - US Congress - House Committee on Un-American Activities. US GPO. 1954. p. 6215 (DeLacey), 6615 (Moore), 7022 (Akerstein).
  15. ^ a b Sixth Report of the Senate Fact-Finding Committee on Un-American Activities. California Legislature. 1 October 2002. p. 58 (members), 290–291 (Gregory Peck). Retrieved 17 October 2018.
  16. ^ Ross, Steven J. (6 September 2011). Hollywood Left and Right: How Movie Stars Shaped American Politics. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199911431. Retrieved 18 October 2018.
  17. ^ Marlinson, Deborah (2005). Lillian Hellman: A Life with Foxes and Scoundrels. Counterpoint Press. p. 228. ISBN 9781582433158. Retrieved 18 October 2018.
  18. ^ "Edward Mosk Papers, 1934-1961". Online Archives of California. Retrieved 17 October 2018.
  19. ^ "UN Palestine Commission: Communications Received During the Period". United Nations General Assembly. 31 March 1948. Retrieved 17 October 2018.
  20. ^ "P.C.A. Votes to Join Third Party", Baltimore Sun, Jan. 19, 1948, pg. 1.
  21. ^ Sitkoff, Harvard (30 November 2010). Toward Freedom Land: The Long Struggle for Racial Equality in America. University Press of Kentucky. p. 196. ISBN 978-0813139753. Retrieved 17 October 2018.
  22. ^ Copyright page of said book edited by Harold J. Salemson.

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