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((short description|Grammatical particles))
((More citations needed|article|date=October 2008))
((Contains special characters|PIE))
The '''[[Grammatical particle|particles]] of the [[Proto-Indo-European language]]''' (PIE) have been reconstructed by modern linguists based on similarities found across all [[Indo-European languages]].

==Adverbs==

===Adverbs used as adpositions===
Many particles could be used both as [[adverb]]s and [[postposition]]s. This is similar to modern languages; compare English ''He is '''above''' in the attic'' (adverb) and ''The bird is '''above''' the house'' (preposition). The postpositions became prepositions in the daughter languages except [[Anatolian languages|Anatolian]], [[Indo-Iranian languages|Indo-Iranian]] and [[Sabellic]]; some of the other branches such as [[Latin]] and [[Ancient Greek|Greek]] preserve postpositions vestigially.<ref>((Harvcoltxt|Fortson|2004|pp=133&ndash;4))</ref>

[[Reflex (linguistics)|Reflexes]], or descendants of the PIE reconstructed forms in its daughter languages, include the following.

{| class="wikitable" style="background-color:#f0f8f0"
! Particle !! Meaning !! Reflexes
|-
| ((PIE|*h₂epo / h₂po / apo)) || from || ''[[Vedic Sanskrit|Ved.]]'' ápa "away, forth", ''[[Ancient Greek|Gk.]]'' apó, ''[[Latin|Lat.]]'' ab "from", ''[[Albanian language|Alb.]]'' pa "without",  ''[[English language|Eng.]]'' of, off,<ref name="Fortson postpositions">((Harvcoltxt|Fortson|2004|p=134))</ref> ''[[Hittite language|Hitt.]]'' āppa, āppan "behind"
|-
| ((PIE|*h₂ed)) || to, by, at || ''[[Latin|Lat.]]'' ad, ''[[Oscan language|Osc.]]'' adpúd, ''[[Umbrian language|Umb.]]'' ař, ''[[Gothic language|Goth.]]'' at, ''[[Old Norse|ON]]'' at, ''[[English language|Eng.]]'' æt/at, ''[[German language|Gm.]]'' az/--, ''[[Irish language|Ir.]]'' ad/, ''[[Welsh language|Welsh]]'' add-, at, ''[[Gaulish language|Gaul.]]'' ad, ''[[Phrygian language|Phryg.]]'' addaket, ''[[Ancient Macedonian language|XMK]]'' addai<ref name=blazek>[http://www.phil.muni.cz/linguistica/art/blazek/bla-001.pdf Blažek : Indo-European Prepositions and Related Words (2005)]</ref>
|-
| ((PIE|*h₂eti)) || from, back, again || ''[[Latin|Lat.]]'' at, ''[[Old Church Slavonic|OCS]]'' отъ, ''[[Irish language|Ir.]]'' aith-, ''[[Welsh language|Welsh]]'' ad- "re-", ''[[Tocharian languages|Toch. A]]'' atas, ''[[Tocharian languages|Toch. B]]'' ate "away",  ''[[Ancient Greek|Gk.]]'' atar "however"
|-
| ((PIE|*h₂en / *h₂enh₃ / *h₂neh₃)) || on, upon || ''[[Avestan language|Av.]]'' ana, ''[[Ancient Greek|Gk.]]'' ano, ''[[Latin|Lat.]]'' in (in some cases), ''[[Old Norse|ON]]'' á, ''[[Gothic language|Goth.]]'' ana, ''[[English language|Eng.]]'' an/on, ''[[German language|Gm.]]'' ?/an, ''[[Lithuanian language|Lith.]]'' ant((Citation needed|date=October 2008))
|-
| ((PIE|*h₂enti)) || against, at the end, in front of, before || ''[[Ancient Greek|Gk.]]'' anti,  ''[[Latin|Lat.]]'' ante, ''[[Hittite language|Hitt.]]'' hantezzi "first"
|-
| ((PIE|*h₂eu)) || off, away, too much, very|| ''[[Vedic Sanskrit|Ved.]]'' ava, ''[[Latin|Lat.]]'' aut, autem, ''[[Lithuanian language|Lith.]]'' nuo
|-
| ((PIE|*h₂n̥-bʰi / *h₂m̥-bʰi)) || around<ref>((Harvcoltxt|Fortson|2004|p=239))</ref> (→ both) || ''[[Vedic Sanskrit|Ved.]]'' abhi, ''[[Avestan language|Av.]]'' aiwito, aibi, ''[[Persian language|Pers.]]'' abiy/?, ''[[Ancient Greek|Gk.]]'' amphi, ''[[Old Norse|ON]]'' um, ''[[English language|Eng.]]'' bi/by;  ymbi/umbe (obsolete), ''[[German language|Gm.]]'' umbi/um; ?/bei,  ''[[Latin|Lat.]]'' ambi, ambo, ''[[Gaulish language|Gaul.]]'' ambi, ''[[Irish language|Ir.]]'' imb/um, ''[[Welsh language|Welsh]]'' am, ''[[Tocharian languages|Toch.]]'' āmpi/?, ''[[Albanian language|Alb.]]'' mbi, ''[[Lithuanian language|Lith.]]'' abu, ''[[Old Church Slavonic|OCS]]'' oba, ''[[Russian language|Russ.]]'' ob "about", oba "both"<ref name="blazek" />
|-
| ((PIE|*bʰeǵʰ)) || without || ''[[Old Church Slavonic|OCS]]'' без, ''[[Old Prussian language|OPruss.]]'' bhe, ''[[Vedic Sanskrit|Ved.]]'' bahis "from outwards"<ref name="blazek" />
|-
| ((PIE|*de, *do)) || to || ''[[Ancient Greek|Gk.]]'' -de, ''[[English language|Eng.]]'' to, ''[[German language|Gm.]]'' zu, ''[[Lithuanian language|Lith.]]'' da-, ''[[Old Church Slavonic|OCS]]'' do, ''[[Persian language|PER]]'' tâ, ''[[Welsh language|Welsh]]'' i, [[Irish language|Ir.]] do, ''[[Luwian language|Luw.]]'' an'''da''',
|-
| ((PIE|*h₁eǵʰs)) || out || ''[[Latin|Lat.]]'' ex, ''[[Ancient Greek|Gk.]]'' ἐκ (ek)/ἐξ (eks), Gaul. ex-, ''[[Irish language|Ir.]]'' ass/as; acht/; echtar, ''[[Russian language|Russ.]]'' из (iz), Alb. jashtë, Oscan eh-, Umbrian ehe-, ''[[Lithuanian language|Lith.]]'' iš, ''[[Latvian language|Ltv.]]'' iz, ''[[Old Prussian language|OPruss.]]'' is, Welsh ech-<ref name="blazek" />
|-
| ((PIE|*h₁eǵʰs-tos)) || outside || ''[[Ancient Greek|Gk.]]'' ektos<ref name="blazek" />
|-
| ((PIE|*h₁eǵʰs-tro- / *h₁eǵʰs-ter)) || extra || ''[[Latin|Lat.]]'' extra,<ref name="blazek" /> ''[[Welsh language|Welsh]]'' eithr "except, besides"
|-
| ((PIE|*h₁en)) || in || ''[[Ancient Greek|Gk.]]'' en, ''[[Latin|Lat.]]'' in, ''[[English language|Eng.]]'' in/in, ''[[German language|Gm.]]'' in/in, īn/ein-, [[Irish language|Ir.]] i, ''[[Welsh language|Welsh]]'' yn, ''[[Armenian language|Arm.]]'' i, ''[[Albanian language|Alb.]]'' në, ''[[Old Prussian language|OPruss.]]'' en, ''[[Old Church Slavonic|OCS]]'' vŭ(n)-,<ref name="Fortson postpositions" />

''[[Luwian language|Luw.]]'' '''an'''da, ''[[Carian language|Carian]]'' '''n'''t_a, ''[[Gothic language|Goth.]]'' in, ''[[Old Norse|ON]]'' í, ''[[Irish language|Ir.]]'' in/i, ''[[Lithuanian language|Lith.]]'' į, ''[[Latvian language|Ltv.]]'' iekšā((Citation needed|date=October 2008))
|-
| ((PIE|*h₁en-ter)) || within, inside || ''[[Vedic Sanskrit|Ved.]]'' antár "between", ''[[Latin|Lat.]]'' inter "between, among", ''[[German language|Gm.]]'' untar/unter "between, among" (see also ((PIE|*n̥dʰ-er)) below), ''[[Irish language|Ir.]]'' eter/idir "between", [[Cornish language|Cornish]] ynter, ''[[Albanian language|Alb.]]'' ndër "between, in",<ref name="Fortson postpositions" />  ''[[Persian language|Pers.]]'' ændær "inside", ''[[Serbo-Croatian|SCr.]]'' unutar "within"
|-
| ((PIE|*h₁eti)) || beyond, over (about quantity), besides|| ''[[Latin|Lat.]]'' et, etiam, ''[[Ancient Greek|Gk.]]'' ἔτι, οὐκέτι, ''[[Vedic Sanskrit|Ved.]]'' अति (ati), ''[[Avestan language|Av.]]'' aiti, ''[[Old Prussian language|OPruss.]]'' et-, at- , ''[[English language|Eng.]]'' ed-, edgrow, ''[[Gaulish language|Gaul.]]'' eti, t-ic
|-
| ((PIE|*h₁opi / h₁epi )) || near, at, upon, by || ''[[Vedic Sanskrit|Ved.]]'' ápi "by, on", ''[[Ancient Greek|Gk.]]'' epí "on", ''[[Latin|Lat.]]'' ob "on", ''[[Armenian language|Arm.]]'' ew "and",<ref name="Fortson postpositions" />
''[[Avestan language|Av.]]'' aipi, ''[[Lithuanian language|Lith.]]'' api-, apie, ''[[Albanian language|Alb.]]'' afër "near"
<ref name="blazek" />
|-
| ((PIE|*h₁neu)) || without || Khot. anau "without" Osset. aenae ''[[Ancient Greek|Gk.]]'' aneu
|-
| ((PIE|*km̥-th₂ / *km̥-ti)) || by, along || ''[[Hittite language|Hitt.]]'' katta "with, down (+Gen)", [[Gaulish language|Gaul.]] kanta "with", ''[[Ancient Greek|Gk.]]'' katá "down"<ref name="Fortson postpositions" /><ref name="blazek" /> ''[[Welsh language|Welsh]]'' gan
|-
| ((PIE|*kom)) || with || ''[[Latin|Lat.]]'' cum, ''[[Irish language|Ir.]]'' co/?,<ref name="Fortson postpositions" /> ''[[Welsh language|Welsh]]'' cyf-, ''[[Gothic language|Goth.]]'' ga-
|-
| ((PIE|*medʰi)) || in the middle || ''[[Persian language|Pers.]]'', miyan ''[[Avestan language|Av.]]'' madiiana, Khot. mayana-, ''[[Vedic Sanskrit|Ved.]]'' madhyama ''[[Latin|Lat.]]'' medius ''[[Old Prussian language|OPruss.]]'' median ''[[Gothic language|Goth.]]'' miduma "the middle" ''[[Old Church Slavonic|OCS]]'' meždu,<ref name="blazek" /> ''[[Welsh language|Welsh]]'' y mewn
|-
| ((PIE|*n̥dʰ-eri)) || under || ''[[Vedic Sanskrit|Ved.]]'' adhás, ''[[Avestan language|Av.]]'' aδairi, ''[[Latin|Lat.]]'' īnfr-ā, ''[[English language|Eng.]]'' under/under, ''[[Armenian language|Arm.]]'' ənd,<ref name="Fortson postpositions" />
''[[Persian language|Pers.]]'' ?/zēr, ''[[Old Norse|ON]]'' und, ''[[Gothic language|Goth.]]'' undar, ''[[German language|Gm.]]'' untar/unter, ''[[Armenian language|Arm.]]'' ĕndhup/ĕnthub((Citation needed|date=October 2008))
|-
| ((PIE|*ni)) || down, under || ''[[Vedic Sanskrit|Ved.]]'' ní, ''[[English language|Eng.]]'' ne-ther, ''[[Armenian language|Arm.]]'' ni, ''[[Old Church Slavonic|OCS]]'' ni-zŭ<ref name="Fortson postpositions" />
|-
| ((PIE|*nu)) || now || ''[[Hittite language|Hitt.]]'' nu, ''[[Luwian language|Luw.]]'' nanun, ''[[Vedic Sanskrit|Ved.]]'' nū, ''[[Old Persian|OPers.]]'' nūra/?, ''[[Persian language|Pers.]]'' æknun/konun/?, ''[[Ancient Greek|Gk.]]'' nun, ''[[Latin|Lat.]]'' nunc, ''[[Old Norse|ON]]'' nū, ''[[Gothic language|Goth.]]'' nu, ''[[English language|Eng.]]'' nū/now, ''[[German language|Gm.]]'' nu/nun, ''[[Tocharian languages|Toch.]]'' nuṃ/nano, ''[[Lithuanian language|Lith.]]'' nūn, ''[[Latvian language|Ltv.]]'' nu, ''[[Old Prussian language|OPruss.]]'' teinu, ''[[Old Church Slavonic|OCS]]'' нъінѣ (nyne), ''[[Albanian language|Alb.]]'' tani, ''[[Arbëresh language|Arb.]]'' naní((Citation needed|date=October 2008)) ''(but see the list of [[#Conjunctions|conjunctions]] below)''
|-
| ((PIE|*h₃ebʰi,  h₃bʰi)) || towards, into, at || ''[[Old Church Slavonic|OCS]]'' объ<ref name="blazek" />
|-
| ((PIE|*pe)) || with, together || ''[[Hittite language|Hitt.]]'' pe-((Citation needed|date=October 2008))
|-
| ((PIE|*per(i))) || around, through || ''[[Vedic Sanskrit|Ved.]]'' pári "around, forth", ''[[Ancient Greek|Gk.]]'' perí "around", ''[[Latin|Lat.]]'' per "through", ''[[Old Prussian language|OPruss.]]'' per, ''[[Albanian language|Alb.]]'' për,<ref name="Fortson postpositions" /> ''[[Russian language|Russ.]]'' pere- "through, over"
|-
| ((PIE|*per / *pero / *prō)) || before, forth, in front of, ahead of || ''[[Hittite language|Hitt.]]'' pēran "before", prā "toward", ''[[Vedic Sanskrit|Ved.]]'' prā, ''[[Latin|Lat.]]'' per, prō, ''[[English language|Eng.]]'' for/fore-, ''[[German language|Gm.]]'' ?/vor, ''[[Welsh language|Welsh]]'' rhy, rhag, er, ''[[Lithuanian language|Lith.]]'' per, pro((Citation needed|date=October 2008)), ''[[Albanian language|Alb.]]'' para, ''[[Persian language|Pers.]]'' pær-/pæri-/par-, ''[[Russian language|Russ.]]'' pered
|-
| ((PIE|*pos))||after|| ''[[Vedic Sanskrit|Ved.]]'' pascat, ''[[Latin|Lat.]]'' post, ''[[Lithuanian language|Lith.]]'' paskui<ref name=Beekes>Beekes</ref>
|-
| ((PIE|*r̥ / *rō / *rō-dʰi)) || for ([[enclitic]]), for the purpose of || ''[[Vedic Sanskrit|Ved.]]'' r̥((Citation needed|date=October 2008)) ''[[Old Church Slavonic|OCS]]'' ради
|-
| ((PIE|*trh₂os))||through|| ''[[Vedic Sanskrit|Ved.]]'' tiras, ''[[Latin|Lat.]]'' trāns, ''[[English language|Eng.]]'' through, OIr. tar,<ref name=Beekes>Beekes</ref> ''[[Welsh language|Welsh]]'' tra
|-
| ((PIE|*uper)) || above || ''[[Vedic Sanskrit|Ved.]]'' upári, ''[[Ancient Greek|Gk.]]'' hupér, ''[[Latin|Lat.]]'' s-uper, ''[[English language|Eng.]]'' over, ''[[Irish language|Ir.]]'' for/fara, ''[[Welsh language|Welsh]]'' gor-, gwar- ''[[Armenian language|Arm.]]'' (i) ver "up",<ref name="Fortson postpositions" /> ''[[Albanian language|Alb.]]'' sipër, ''[[German language|Gm.]]'' über 
|-
| ((PIE|*up / *upo)) || under, below || ''[[Vedic Sanskrit|Ved.]]'' úpa "up to", ''[[Ancient Greek|Gk.]]'' hupó "below", ''[[Latin|Lat.]]'' s-ub, ''[[Irish language|Ir.]]'' fo/faoi,<ref name="Fortson postpositions" /> ''[[Welsh language|Welsh]]'' go-, gwa-

''[[Hittite language|Hitt.]]'' upzi, ''[[Avestan language|Av.]]'' upa, ''[[Persian language|Pers.]]'' upa/?, ''[[Umbrian language|Umb.]]'' sub, ''[[Oscan language|Osc.]]'' sup, ''[[Old Norse|ON]]'' upp, ''[[Gothic language|Goth.]]'' iup, ''[[English language|Eng.]]'' upp/up, ''[[German language|Gm.]]'' uf/auf, ''[[Welsh language|Welsh]]'' go, ''[[Gaulish language|Gaul.]]'' voretus, ''[[Tocharian languages|Toch.]]'' ?/spe, ''[[Lithuanian language|Lith.]]'' po((Citation needed|date=October 2008))
|-
|}
Untranslated reflexes have the same meaning as the PIE word.

In the following languages, two reflexes separated by a slash mean:
*English: [[Old English]] / [[English language|Modern English]]
*German: [[Old High German]] / [[New High German]]
*Irish: [[Old Irish]] / [[Irish language|Modern Irish]]
*Persian: [[Old Persian]] / [[Persian language|Modern Persian]]
*Tocharian: [[Tocharian A]] / [[Tocharian B]]

===Negating prefixes (privatives)===
Two [[privative]]s can be reconstructed, ((PIE|*''ne'')) and ((PIE|*''mē'')), the latter only used for negative [[Imperative mood|commands]]. The privative prefix ((PIE|*''n̥-'')) is likely the [[Indo-European ablaut|zero grade]] of ((PIE|*''ne'')).
{| class="wikitable" style="background-color:#f0f8f0"
|-
! Particle !! Meaning !! Reflexes
|-
| ((PIE|*ne)) || ''sentence negator'' || ''[[Vedic Sanskrit|Ved.]]'' ná, ''[[Latin|Lat.]]'' nē/ne-, ''[[English language|Eng.]]'' ne/no, ''[[German language|Gm.]]'' ne/nein, ''[[Lithuanian language|Lith.]]'' nè, ''[[Old Church Slavonic|OCS]]'' ne,<ref name="Fortson negators">((Harvcoltxt|Fortson|2004|pp=133))</ref>

''[[Hittite language|Hitt.]]'' natta, ''[[Luwian language|Luw.]]'' ni-, ''[[Lycian language|Lyc.]]'' ni-, ''[[Lydian language|Lyd.]]'' ni-, ''[[Avestan language|Av.]]'' na, ''[[Persian language|Pers.]]'' na/?, ''[[Ancient Greek|Gk.]]'' ne-, ''[[Oscan language|Osc.]]'' ne, ''[[Umbrian language|Umb.]]'' an-, ''[[Old Norse|ON]]'' né, ''[[Gothic language|Goth.]]'' ni, ''[[Irish language|Ir.]]'' ní/ní, ''[[Welsh language|Welsh]]'' ni, ''[[Armenian language|Arm.]]'' an-, ''[[Tocharian languages|Toch.]]'' an-/en-, ''[[Latvian language|Ltv.]]'' ne, ''[[Old Prussian language|OPruss.]]'' ne, ''[[Polish language|Pol.]]'' nie, ''[[Russian language|Russ.]]'' ne, net, ''[[Albanian language|Alb.]]'' nuk((Citation needed|date=October 2008))
|-
| ((PIE|*n̥-)) || ''privative prefix'' || ''[[Hittite language|Hitt.]]'' am-, ''[[Vedic Sanskrit|Ved.]]'' a(n)-, ''[[Ancient Greek|Gk.]]'' a(n)-, ''[[Latin|Lat.]]'' in-, ''[[Albanian language|Alb.]]'' e-, ''[[English language|Eng.]]'' un-,<ref name="Fortson negators" /> ''[[German language|Gm.]]'' un-
|-
| ((PIE|*meh₁)) || ''negator for commands'' || ''[[Vedic Sanskrit|Ved.]]'' mā, ''[[Persian language|Per]]'' ma-, ''[[Ancient Greek|Gk.]]'' mē (Doric mā)<ref name="Fortson negators" />

''[[Albanian language|Alb.]]'' mo, ''[[Albanian language|Alb.]]'' mos, ''[[Armenian language|Arm.]]'' mi 
|-
|}

===Adverbs derived from adjectives===
Adverbs derived from adjectives (like English ''bold-ly'', ''beautiful-ly'') arguably cannot be classified as particles. In Proto-Indo-European, these are simply case forms of adjectives and thus better classified as [[Proto-Indo-European nominals|nouns]]. An example is ((PIE|*''meǵh₂'')) "greatly", a nominative-accusative singular.<ref>((Harvcoltxt|Fortson|2004|pp=132&ndash;3))</ref>

==Conjunctions==
The following [[Conjunction (grammar)|conjunctions]] can be reconstructed:<ref name="Fortson other particles">((Harvcoltxt|Fortson|2004|pp=134&ndash;5))</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="background-color:#f0f8f0"
|-
! Particle !! Meaning !! Reflexes
|-
| ((PIE|*kʷe)) || and, ''word or phrase connector''<sup>†</sup> || ''[[Hittite language|Hitt.]]'' -ku, ''[[Vedic Sanskrit|Ved.]]'' ca, ''[[Avestan language|Av.]]'' ca, ''[[Ancient Greek|Gk.]]'' te, ''[[Latin|Lat.]]'' -que, ''[[Celtiberian language|Celtib.]]'' kue, ''[[Persian language|Per]]'' ke
|-
| ((PIE|*wē)) || or, ''word or phrase disjunctor''<sup>†</sup> || ''[[Vedic Sanskrit|Ved.]]'' vā, ''[[Ancient Greek|Gk.]]'' -(w)ē, ''[[Latin|Lat.]]'' -ve
|-
| ((PIE|*de)) || and, ''sentence connector'' || ''[[Ancient Greek|Gk.]]'' dé, ''[[Albanian language|Alb.]]'' dhe, ''[[Russian language|Russ.]]'' da "and"
|-
| ((PIE|*nu)) || and, ''sentence connector'' || ''[[Hittite language|Hitt.]]'' nu, ''[[Vedic Sanskrit|Ved.]]'' nú, ''[[Ancient Greek|Gk.]]'' nú, ''[[Tocharian languages|Toch.]]'' ?/nu, ''[[Irish language|Ir.]]'' no-/?, ''[[Old Church Slavonic|OCS]]'' nŭ ''(but see the [[#Adverbs used as postpositions and prepositions|adverbs]] above)''
|-
|}
<sup>†</sup>Placed after the joined word, as in Latin ((lang|la|[[SPQR|Senatus populus-'''que''' Romanus]])) ("Senate and people of Rome"), ((lang|la|-que)) joining ((lang|la|senatus)) and ((lang|la|populus)).

==Interjections==
There is only one PIE [[interjection]] that can be securely reconstructed; the second is uncertain. 
{| class="wikitable" style="background-color:#f0f8f0"
|-
! Particle !! Meaning !! Reflexes
|-
| ((PIE|*wai!)) || ''expression of woe or agony'' || ''[[Hittite language|Hitt.]]'' uwai, ''[[Latin|Lat.]]'' vae, ''[[Welsh language|Welsh]]'' gwae, ''[[Breton language|Breton]]'' gwa, ''[[English language|Eng.]]'' woe, ''[[Old Norse|ON.]]'' vei, ''[[Persian language|Pers.]]'' vai, ''[[Kurdish language|Kurd.]]'' wai, ''[[Vedic Sanskrit|Ved.]]'' uvē, ''[[Ancient Greek|Gk.]]'' aī, aī aī  (woe!, alas!), ''[[Lithuanian language|Lith.]]'' vajé, ''[[Latvian language|Ltv.]]'' ai, vai, ''[[Armenian language|Arm.]] vai''
|-
| ((PIE|*ō! / *eh₃!)) (?)|| oh! || ''[[Ancient Greek|Gk.]]'' ō, ''[[Latin|Lat.]]'' ō, ''[[English language|Eng.]]'' oh!, ''[[German language|Gm.]]'' oh!, ''[[Russian language|Russ.]]'' o!,<ref>((harvcoltxt|Schenk|1998|pp=((Page needed|date=September 2010))))</ref> ''[[Persian language|Pers.]]'' e!, 
|-
|}

==Notes==
((Reflist|2))

==References==
*((Citation|last=Dunkel|first=George E|title=Lexikon der indogermanischen Partikeln und Pronominalstämme|publisher=Carl Winter Universitätsverlag|year=2014|isbn=978-3-8253-5926-3))
*((Citation|last=Fortson|first=Benjamin W. IV|title=Indo-European Language and Culture|publisher=Blackwell Publishing|year=2004|isbn=1-4051-0316-7))

((Proto-Indo-European language))

((DEFAULTSORT:Proto-Indo-European Particle))
[[Category:Proto-Indo-European language|Particle]]
[[Category:Parts of speech]]

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Template:Delink (view source) (protected)
Template:Find sources mainspace (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Fix (view source) (protected)
Template:Fix/category (view source) (protected)
Template:Harvard citation with colon text (view source) (semi-protected)
Template:Harvcoltxt (view source) (semi-protected)
Template:Hlist/styles.css (view source) (protected)
Template:If empty (view source) (protected)
Template:Infobox language/family-color (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Lang (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Main other (view source) (protected)
Template:More citations needed (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Navbox (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:PIE (view source) (semi-protected)
Template:Page needed (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Pagetype (view source) (protected)
Template:Plainlist/styles.css (view source) (protected)
Template:Proto-Indo-European language (edit)
Template:Reflist (view source) (protected)
Template:Reflist/styles.css (view source) (protected)
Template:SDcat (view source) (protected)
Template:Short description (view source) (protected)
Template:Short description/lowercasecheck (view source) (protected)
Template:Side box (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Sp (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Yesno (view source) (protected)
Module:Arguments (view source) (protected)
Module:Category handler (view source) (protected)
Module:Category handler/blacklist (view source) (protected)
Module:Category handler/config (view source) (protected)
Module:Category handler/data (view source) (protected)
Module:Category handler/shared (view source) (protected)
Module:Check for unknown parameters (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1 (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/COinS (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/Date validation (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/Identifiers (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/Utilities (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/Whitelist (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css (view source) (protected)
Module:Delink (view source) (protected)
Module:Disambiguation/templates (view source) (protected)
Module:Exponential search (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Find sources (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Find sources/config (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Find sources/links (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Find sources/templates/Find sources mainspace (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Footnotes (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Footnotes/anchor id list (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Footnotes/anchor id list/data (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Footnotes/whitelist (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:If empty (view source) (protected)
Module:Lang (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Lang/ISO 639 synonyms (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Lang/data (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Language/data/iana languages (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Language/data/iana regions (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Language/data/iana scripts (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Language/data/iana suppressed scripts (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Language/data/iana variants (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Message box (view source) (protected)
Module:Message box/ambox.css (view source) (protected)
Module:Message box/configuration (view source) (protected)
Module:Namespace detect/config (view source) (protected)
Module:Namespace detect/data (view source) (protected)
Module:Navbar (view source) (protected)
Module:Navbar/configuration (view source) (protected)
Module:Navbar/styles.css (view source) (protected)
Module:Navbox (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Navbox/configuration (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Navbox/styles.css (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Pagetype (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/config (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/disambiguation (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/setindex (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/softredirect (view source) (protected)
Module:SDcat (view source) (protected)
Module:Side box (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Side box/styles.css (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:String (view source) (protected)
Module:TableTools (view source) (protected)
Module:Unicode data (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Unicode data/scripts (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Unsubst (view source) (protected)
Module:Wikitext Parsing (view source) (protected)
Module:Yesno (view source) (protected)

Return to Proto-Indo-European particles.

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_particles"