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((Short description|Divisions of the Crown colony in the Pacific Ocean))
((Use dmy dates|date=November 2015))
((Use New Zealand English|date=November 2015))
((Infobox subdivision type
| name = Provinces
| alt_name = Provincial Districts

|map=[[File:New Zealand in 1858.svg|210px]]<br>Provinces in 1858
      
| category = Provinces
| territory = [[Colony of New Zealand]]
| upper_unit =
       
| start_date =  3 May 1841
| end_date = 1 November 1876	
 ))
The '''provinces''' of the [[Colony of New Zealand]] existed as a form of [[administrative division|sub-national government]]. Initially established in 1846 when New Zealand was a [[Crown colony]] without [[responsible government]], two provinces ([[New Ulster]] and [[New Munster Province|New Munster]]) were first created. Each province had its own [[legislative council]] and governor. With the passing of the [[New Zealand Constitution Act 1852]] the provinces were recreated around the six planned settlements or "colonies".((sfn|Brett|2016|p=41)) By 1873 the number of provinces had increased to nine, but they had become less isolated from each other and demands for centralised government arose. In 1875 the [[New Zealand Parliament]] decided to abolish the provincial governments, and they came to an end in November 1876. They were superseded by [[Counties of New Zealand|counties]], which were later replaced by [[territorial authorities]].

Following abolition, the provinces became known as '''provincial districts'''. Their principal legacy is the use of some provincial boundaries to determine the geographical boundaries for anniversary day [[public holidays in New Zealand|public holidays]].

== Crown Colony: 1841–1853 ==
[[File:(1842) MAP OF THE COLONY NEW ZEALAND.jpg|thumb|Map of the [[Colony of New Zealand]] in 1842, naming the North Island "New Ulster", South Island "New Munster" and Stewart Island "New Leinster."]]
Following the [[Treaty of Waitangi]] in 1840, [[New Zealand]] became a British colony, initially as part of [[New South Wales]].

The [[Royal Charter]] of November 1840<ref>((cite web|url=http://www.nzlii.org/nz/other/NZConLRes/1840/13.html|title=Royal Charter of 1840|date=18 November 1840|publisher=[[New Zealand Legal Information Institute]]|access-date=25 September 2020))</ref> stated that the islands of New Zealand were "designated and known respectively" as:((sfn|Moon|2010|p=66))
* [[New Ulster Province|New Ulster]] (the [[North Island]])
* [[New Munster Province|New Munster]] (the [[South Island]])
* [[New Leinster Province|New Leinster]] ([[Stewart Island/Rakiura]])
These names were of geographic significance only.<ref>((cite web|url=https://teara.govt.nz/en/1966/provinces|title=An Encyclopaedia of New Zealand – New Leinster, New Munster, and New Ulster|date=1966|access-date=25 September 2020|last1=Hare |first1=Mclintock ))</ref> New Zealand became a separate [[Crown Colony]] from New South Wales in May 1841.((sfn|Moon|2010|p=66))

In 1846 the [[Parliament of the United Kingdom|British Parliament]] passed the first [[New Zealand Constitution Act 1846|New Zealand Constitution Act]], which allowed for the establishment of provinces. Governor [[George Edward Grey|George Grey]] arrived in New Zealand in November 1845, and upon reading the new Constitution Act in May 1847 argued for its suspension in dispatches to the Colonial Office.((sfn|Brett|2016|p=40)) Before this occurred, Grey proclaimed the provincial boundaries on 10 March 1848:((sfn|Brett|2016|p=41))

* New Ulster (the North Island, north of the [[Patea River]] mouth)
* New Munster (the North Island south of the [[Patea River]] mouth, the South Island and Stewart Island/Rakiura)

Each province had a [[Lieutenant-Governor]], appointed by the Governor-in-Chief.((sfn|McLean|2006|p=44))

The 1846 Constitution Act was suspended in early 1848, with the only operative provisions relating to the reform of the provinces. News of the suspension did not reach New Zealand until 23 March 1848, when the immigrant ship [[John Wickliffe (ship)|John Wickliffe]] arrived in [[Port Chalmers]] to begin European settlement of Otago.((sfn|Brett|2016|p=41))

In addition, the provinces were separated from the central government for the first time.

New Ulster and New Munster had their own seals.<ref>((cite web|url=http://www.ngw.nl/heraldrywiki/index.php?title=National_Arms_of_New_Zealand#19th_century_provincial_arms_and_seals|title=Provincial arms and seals|access-date=12 October 2020))</ref>

== Responsible Government: 1853–1876 ==
[[File:New Zealand in 1852.svg|thumb|Map of provinces after 1852]]
New provinces were formed by the [[New Zealand Constitution Act 1852]]. This Act established a quasi-federal system of government and divided the country into the six provinces of [[Auckland Province|Auckland]], [[New Plymouth Province|New Plymouth]], [[Wellington Province|Wellington]], [[Nelson Province|Nelson]], [[Canterbury Province|Canterbury]], and [[Otago Province|Otago]].<ref>((cite news|url= https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/NZSCSG18530302.2.7|title=New Zealand Spectator and Cook's Strait Guardian| volume=IX| issue=791 |date=2 March 1853 |page=3 |access-date=12 October 2020))</ref><ref>((cite book |title=[[An Encyclopaedia of New Zealand]] |date=1966 | editor-first=A.H. |editor-last=McLintock |editor-link=Alexander Hare McLintock |chapter=Provinces and provincial districts: Foundation of system |chapter-url= https://teara.govt.nz/en/1966/provinces-and-provincial-districts |access-date=13 June 2018))</ref> Each province elected its own legislature known as a provincial council, and elected a [[Superintendent (New Zealand)|superintendent]] who was not a member of the council.<ref name="CRC">((cite book |last=Wilson |first=John |title=Canterbury Provincial Council Buildings |publisher=[[Canterbury Regional Council]] |location=Christchurch |year=1991 |isbn=1-86937-135-6))</ref> The councils elected their speaker at their first meeting after elections.<ref name=nine_provinces />

The Act also created a national [[New Zealand Parliament|General Assembly]] consisting of the [[New Zealand Legislative Council|Legislative Council]] (appointed by the [[Governor-General of New Zealand|governor]]) and the directly elected [[New Zealand House of Representatives|House of Representatives]]. These provinces came into effect on 17 January 1853 and the regulations defining the boundaries of the provinces were gazetted on 28 February. Electoral regulations were gazetted on 5 March.<ref name="nine_provinces">((cite web |url=http://www.library.otago.ac.nz/pdf/hoc_fr_bulletins/31_bulletin.pdf |title=New Zealand's Nine Provinces (1853–76) |publisher=Friends of the Hocken Collections |date=21 March 2000 |access-date=9 May 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110205012614/http://www.library.otago.ac.nz/pdf/hoc_fr_bulletins/31_bulletin.pdf |archive-date=5 February 2011 |url-status=dead ))</ref> As with general elections, elections were open to males 21 years or older who owned freehold property worth £50 a year. The [[1853 New Zealand provincial elections|first provincial elections]] were held at the same time as the [[1853 New Zealand general election|1853 general election]]s.((sfn|Brett|2016|p=61)) While Governor [[George Grey]] had issued the writs for the provincial and general elections at the same time, the provincial councils met before the general assembly met, in May 1854.((sfn|Brett|2016|p=68))

The New Zealand Constitution Amendment Act 1857 provided for the appointment of a deputy superintendent.

=== New Provinces Act 1858 ===
The Constitution Act provided for the creation of additional provinces, and when the spread of European settlements between the original centres of the provincial governments and the outlying settlers grew, the General Assembly passed the New Provinces Act 1858.<ref name="New Provinces Act, 1858">((cite news|title=A Bill to provide for the Establishment of new Provinces in New Zealand |url=http://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/paperspast?a=d&cl=search&d=HBH18580828.2.6 |access-date=10 July 2010 |work=Hawke's Bay Herald |volume=1 |issue=49 |date=28 August 1858 |page=2 ))</ref>

[[File:New Zealand in 1861.svg|thumb|Provinces in 1861]]
This Act allowed any district of between 500 thousand and 3 million acres ((nowrap|(2,000–12,000 km<sup>2</sup>))) of land with a European population of no fewer than 1,000 people to petition for separation provided that at least 60% of electors agreed. As a result, [[Hawke's Bay Province]] separated from Wellington on 1 November 1858; [[Marlborough Province]] from Nelson on 1 November 1859; and [[Southland Province]] from Otago on 1 April 1861. New Plymouth also changed its name to Taranaki under the same Act.<ref name="nine_provinces" />

Stewart Island/Rakiura, which had since 1853 not been part of any province, was annexed to the province of Southland on 10 November 1863.<ref>((cite news|title=About the South|author=Lloyd Esler|page=9|work=[[The Southland Times]]|date=4 November 2010))</ref>

Provinces established under this act elected their superintendents in a different way. Members of the provincial council would elect a suitable person listed on the electoral roll as superintendent by a majority. If such a person was an elected member, this would result in a by-election to fill the vacancy.<ref name="New Provinces Act, 1858" />

{| class="sortable wikitable"
! Province
! Formed date
! Formed from
! Dissolution date
|-
| [[Auckland Province|Auckland]]
| 17 January 1853
| [[New Ulster Province|New Ulster]]
| 1 November 1876
|-
| [[Taranaki Province|New Plymouth]] ((#tag:ref|Renamed Taranaki from 1 January 1859|group=*))
| 17 January 1853
| [[New Ulster Province|New Ulster]]
| 1 November 1876
|-
| [[Hawke's Bay Province|Hawke's Bay]]
| 1 November 1858
| Wellington
| 1 November 1876
|-
| [[Wellington Province|Wellington]]
| 17 January 1853
| [[New Munster Province|New Munster]]
| 1 November 1876
|-
| [[Nelson Province|Nelson]]
| 17 January 1853
| [[New Munster Province|New Munster]]
| 1 November 1876
|-
| [[Marlborough Province|Marlborough]]
| 1 November 1859
| Nelson
| 1 November 1876
|-
| [[Westland Province|Westland]]
| 1 December 1873((#tag:ref|Independent county 1 January 1868|group=*))
| Canterbury
| 1 November 1876
|-
| [[Canterbury Province|Canterbury]]
| 17 January 1853
| [[New Munster Province|New Munster]]
| 1 November 1876
|-
| [[Otago Province|Otago]]
| 17 January 1853
| [[New Munster Province|New Munster]]
| 1 November 1876
|-
| [[Southland Province|Southland]]
| 25 March 1861
| Otago
| 5 October 1870((#tag:ref|Reunited with Otago|group=*))
|}

((reflist|group="*"))

=== Abolition of Provinces Act 1875 === <!-- Articles refer to the Act's title -->
((Rquote|right|The provinces have broken down because of their coming into conflict with the colonial government on many points, and especially on points of finance. Their doom was only a question of time, when it became obvious that they could not raise their own revenue; that they had to look to the general government to supply deficiencies; and that they could not borrow without the colony becoming liable.| Colonial Treasurer [[Julius Vogel]]|1876<ref>((citation|title=Appendix to the Journals of the House of Representatives|date=1876|page=B-2, p. 12))</ref>))
[[File:New Zealand in 1873.svg|thumb|Map of provinces at the time of their abolition. These units were later renamed "provincial districts".]]
Almost as soon as they were founded, New Zealand's provinces were the subject of protracted political debate. Two factions emerged in the [[New Zealand House of Representatives|General Assembly]]: "Centralists", favouring a strong central government and "Provincialists", favouring strong regional governments. The Centralist members of the General Assembly regarded the provinces as inherently self-interested, and prone to [[Pork barrel|pork-barrel]] politics. In the construction of railways, for example, three of the provinces had constructed railways (as was the case in Australia) to different [[track gauge]]s, with [[Canterbury Provincial Railways]] being built to "broad" gauge, Southland's railways being built to "standard" gauge. As a result, the Public Works Act of 1870 standardised the gauge to be used, and Otago's first railway, the [[Port Chalmers Branch|Port Chalmers railway]], was built to the new "standard" narrow gauge. Colonial Treasurer (and later Premier) [[Julius Vogel]] launched his [[The Vogel Era|Great Public Works]] policy of immigration and public works schemes of the 1870s, borrowing the massive sum of 10 million pounds, to develop significant infrastructure of roads, railways, and communications, all administered by the central government. This diminished the power of the provinces greatly. The provinces were finally abolished by the Abolition of Provinces Act 1875,<ref name="nine_provinces"/> during the [[Prime Minister of New Zealand|Premiership]] of [[Harry Atkinson]]. For the purposes of the Act, the provinces formally ceased to exist on 1 January 1877.<ref>((cite web | url= http://rulers.org/newzprov.html |title=New Zealand Provinces 1848–77 | website=Rulers.org |access-date=30 November 2020))</ref>

== Replacement ==
((more citations needed|section|date=October 2017))<!--only first sentence has a citation-->
Upon the abolition of the provinces, they took the legal status of provincial districts, which had no administrative functions.<ref name=McLintock_Provincial_districts>((cite book |title=[[An Encyclopaedia of New Zealand]] |date=1966 | editor-first=A.H. |editor-last=McLintock |editor-link=Alexander Hare McLintock |chapter=Provincial districts |chapter-url= http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/1966/provinces-and-provincial-districts/page-5 |access-date=8 February 2016 ))</ref> Local government was vested in elected borough and county councils. The Counties Bill of 1876 created [[Counties of New Zealand|63 counties]] out of the old provinces.  The former boundaries of the provinces served as administrative areas for the education boards set up under the Education Act of 1877 and for the offices of several Government Departments, including the [[Department of Lands and Survey]].

Upon abolition, various responsibilities were delegated to boards. For example, the [[Education Act 1877]] created the ''Education Boards'' for Auckland, Hamilton, Hawkes Bay, Taranaki, Wanganui, Wellington, Nelson, Westland, Southland, Canterbury and Otago districts. In 1989 the counties were replaced by enlarged [[Districts of New Zealand|district council]]s.

The Department of Lands and Survey split the country into the ''Land Districts'' of Auckland (North), Auckland (South), Hawkes Bay, Gisborne, Taranaki, Wellington, Canterbury, Marlborough, Nelson, Westland, Otago and Southland.

The [[New Zealand Rugby Union]] was formed in 1892 with foundation members principally being provinces: [[Auckland Rugby Football Union|Auckland]]†, [[Hawke's Bay Rugby Union|Hawke's Bay]]†, [[Taranaki Rugby Football Union|Taranaki]]†, [[Manawatu Rugby Union|Manawatu]], [[Wanganui Rugby Football Union|Wanganui]], [[Wairarapa Bush Rugby Football Union|Wairarapa]], [[Wellington Rugby Football Union|Wellington]]†, [[Nelson Bays Rugby Union|Nelson]]†, [[Marlborough Rugby Union|Marlborough]]† and [[South Canterbury Rugby Football Union|South Canterbury]]. At the time, three major South Island Provincial Unions – [[Canterbury Rugby Football Union|Canterbury]]†, [[Otago Rugby Football Union|Otago]]† and [[Southland Rugby Football Union|Southland]]† – resisted the central authority of the NZRU.

== Modern uses of the old names ==

Some current ''Provincial Anniversary Days'' are still [[public holidays in New Zealand]]: Auckland†, Taranaki†, Hawkes' Bay†, Wellington†, Marlborough†, Nelson†, Canterbury†, Canterbury (South), Westland†, Otago†, Southland† and Chatham Islands.

† indicates it reflects an original province.

The provincial districts had ''different'' boundaries from the present day [[Regions of New Zealand|regions]], for example, the Manawatū-Whanganui region is largely in the Wellington provincial district. The districts are represented by teams in [[rugby union]]'s [[ITM Cup]] and [[Heartland Championship]], both of which replaced the [[New Zealand Rugby#Provincial rugby|National Provincial Championship]] in 2006, although the term "provincial" is still used in connection with rugby for the present 29 unions whether founded in the 1880s (e.g. Otago) or 2006 (Tasman).<ref>((cite web|title=Provincial Unions|url=http://nzrugby.co.nz/about-us/our-members/provincial-unions|access-date=9 May 2017))</ref>

Some of the names persist in other contexts as well, such as health administration districts: [https://web.archive.org/web/20120118144620/http://www.northlanddhb.org.nz/ Northland],
[http://www.waitematadhb.govt.nz/ Waitemata],
[http://www.adhb.govt.nz/ Auckland]†,
[http://www.cmdhb.org.nz/ Counties Manukau],
[http://www.waikatodhb.health.nz/ Waikato],
[http://www.bopdhb.govt.nz/ Bay of Plenty],
[http://www.lakesdhb.govt.nz/ Lakes (Rotorua/Taupo)],
[https://web.archive.org/web/20100604223019/http://www.hawkesbaydhb.govt.nz/ Hawke's Bay]†,
[http://www.midcentraldhb.govt.nz/ MidCentral (Manawatu)],
[http://www.tdh.org.nz/ Tairawhiti (Gisborne)],
[http://www.tdhb.org.nz/ Taranaki],
[http://www.wdhb.org.nz/ Whanganui],
[http://www.wairarapa.dhb.org.nz/ Wairarapa],
[http://www.huttvalleydhb.org.nz/ Hutt Valley],
[http://www.ccdhb.org.nz/ Capital and Coast (Wellington)]†,
[http://www.nmdhb.govt.nz/ Nelson (Marlborough)]†,
[http://www.westcoastdhb.org.nz/ West Coast]†,
[http://www.cdhb.govt.nz/ Canterbury]†,
[http://www.scdhb.health.nz/ South Canterbury] and
[http://www.southerndhb.govt.nz/ Southern (Otago)]†.

Some of the names of former provinces and current regions have a tendency to be preceded by "the". Thus, for example, we have ''Auckland'', ''Canterbury'', ''Hawke's Bay'', ''Marlborough'' and ''Wellington'', but ''the Waikato'', ''the Manawatu'', ''the Bay of Plenty'', and ''the West Coast''.

The current [[regions of New Zealand]] and most of their councils came about in 1989: 
[[Northland Region|Northland]], 
[[Auckland Region|Auckland]]†, 
[[Waikato]],  
[[Bay of Plenty Region|Bay of Plenty]], 
[[Gisborne Region|Gisborne]], 
[[Hawke's Bay Region|Hawke's Bay]]†, 
[[Taranaki]]†, 
[[Manawatu-Whanganui]], 
[[Wellington Region|Wellington]]†, 
[[Tasman Region|Tasman]], 
[[Nelson, New Zealand|Nelson]]†, 
[[Marlborough Region|Marlborough]]†, 
[[West Coast, New Zealand|West Coast]]†, 
[[Canterbury, New Zealand|Canterbury]]†, 
[[Otago]]† and 
[[Southland, New Zealand|Southland]]†.

Another usage of words associated with the former provinces often refers to anything rural, e.g. one may refer to a town as ((linktext|provincial)) rather than rural or use the phrase 'out in the provinces,' in order to refer to the countryside. These terms can often be heard on national television networks, particularly on weather broadcasts.

==References==
===Footnotes===
† indicates an old province.
===Citations===
((reflist))
===Bibliography===
((refbegin))
* ((cite book|first=André|last=Brett|title=Acknowledge No Frontier – The Creation and Demise of New Zealand's Provinces, 1853–76|url=https://www.otago.ac.nz/press/books/otago614631.html|publisher=[[Otago University Press]]|date=June 2016|location=Dunedin|isbn=978-1-927322-36-9))
*((cite book |first=Gavin |last=McLean|title=The Governors: New Zealand's Governors and Governors-General |date=2006 |publisher=Otago University Press |location=Dunedin |url=http://www.otago.ac.nz/press/booksauthors/2006/governors.html |isbn= 1-877372-25-0))
* ((cite book|first=Paul |last=Moon|title=New Zealand Birth Certificates – 50 of New Zealand's Founding Documents|author-link=Paul Moon|publisher=AUT Media|year=2010|isbn=9780958299718))
((refend))

==Further reading==
* <cite>Speeches and Documents on New Zealand History</cite>, McIntyre and Gardner (Eds), 1971, Oxford University Press
* [https://teara.govt.nz/en/colonial-and-provincial-government Story: Colonial and provincial government] Te Ara – The Encyclopedia of New Zealand

==External links==
* [http://www.nzlii.org/nz/legis/hist_act/aopa187539v1875n21360/ Text of the Abolition of the Provinces Act 1876]
* [http://rulers.org/newzprov.html List at Rulers site with provincial superintendents]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110205012614/http://www.library.otago.ac.nz/pdf/hoc_fr_bulletins/31_bulletin.pdf New Zealand’s Nine Provinces (1853–76)] – Welcome to the Hocken Bulletin No.31 March 2000, Friends of the Hocking Collections – Dunedin 2000

((Provinces of New Zealand))
((Authority control))

[[Category:Provinces of New Zealand| ]]
[[Category:Political history of New Zealand]]
[[Category:Constitution of New Zealand]]
[[Category:1841 establishments in New Zealand]]
[[Category:1876 disestablishments in New Zealand]]

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Module:Navbar/configuration (view source) (protected)
Module:Navbar/styles.css (view source) (protected)
Module:Navbox (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Navbox/configuration (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Navbox/styles.css (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Ns has subpages (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/config (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/disambiguation (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/setindex (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/softredirect (view source) (protected)
Module:SDcat (view source) (protected)
Module:Separated entries (view source) (protected)
Module:String (view source) (protected)
Module:TableTools (view source) (protected)
Module:Trim quotes (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Unsubst (view source) (protected)
Module:Wikitext Parsing (view source) (protected)
Module:Yesno (view source) (protected)

Return to Provinces of New Zealand.

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provinces_of_New_Zealand"