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((Short description|Influence that psychological factors and social environment has on well-being))
((Other uses))
((refimprove|date=August 2016))

The '''psychosocial''' approach looks at individuals in the context of the combined influence that [[psychological]] factors and the surrounding social environment have on their physical and mental wellness and their ability to function. This approach is used in a broad range of [[wikt:helping profession|helping professions]] in health and [[social care]] settings as well as by medical and [[social science]] researchers.<ref name=Woodward>((citation|title=Psychosocial Studies: An Introduction|first=Kath|last=Woodward|year=2015|publisher=Routledge|location=New York, NY|isbn=978-1-315-86782-3|pages=3–4, 7–8))</ref>

==Background==
[[Adolf Meyer (psychiatrist)|Adolf Meyer]] in the late 19th century stated that; "We cannot understand the individual presentation of mental illness, [and perpetuating factors] without knowing how that person functions in the environment." Psychosocial assessment stems from this idea. The relationship between mental and emotional wellbeing and the environment was first commonly applied by [[Erik Erikson]] in his description of the [[Erikson's stages of psychosocial development|stages of psychosocial development]]. [[Mary Richmond]] considered there to be a strict relationship between cause and effect, in a diagnostic process. In 1941 [[Gordon Hamilton (scientist)|Gordon Hamilton]] renamed the existing (1917) concept of "social diagnosis" as "psychosocial study".

Psychosocial study was further developed by Hollis in 1964 with emphasis on treatment model. It is in tension with diverse social psychology, which attempts to explain social patterns within the individual. Problems that occur in one's psychosocial functioning can be referred to as "psychosocial dysfunction" or "psychosocial morbidity." That refers to the lack of development or diverse atrophy of the psychosocial self, often occurring alongside other dysfunctions that may be physical, emotional, or cognitive in nature. There is now a cross-disciplinary field of study, and organisations such as the Transcultural Psychosocial Organization (United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees), and [[Association for Psychosocial Studies]].

==Psychosocial assessment and intervention==
'''Psychosocial assessment''' considers several key areas related to psychological, biological, and social functioning and the availability of supports. It is a systematic inquiry that arises from the introduction of dynamic [[Social interaction|interaction]]; it is an ongoing process that continues throughout a treatment, and is characterized by the circularity of cause-effect/effect-cause. In assessment, the clinician/health care professional identifies the problem with the client, takes stock of the resources that are available for dealing with it, and considers the ways in which it might be solved from an educated hypothesis formed by data collection. This hypothesis is tentative in nature and goes through a process of elimination, refinement, or reconstruction in the light of newly obtained data.<ref>((cite book|author1=Mary Woods|author2=Florence Hollis|title=Casework: A Psychosocial Therapy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JTxHAAAAMAAJ|date=9 August 1999|publisher=McGraw-Hill Companies, Incorporated|isbn=978-0-07-290179-5))</ref>

There are five internal steps in assessment:
# Data collection (relevant and current) of the problem presented.
# Integrating collected facts with relevant theories.
# Formulating a hypothesis (case theory) that gives the presented problem more clarity.
# Hypothesis substantiation through exploration of the problem: life history of the client, etiology, personality, environment, stigmas, etc.
# Further integration of newer facts identified in the treatment period and preparing a psychosocial report for psychosocial intervention.

Assessment includes psychiatric, psychological and social functioning, risks posed to the individual and others, problems required to address from any co-morbidity, personal circumstances including family or other carers. Other factors are the person's housing, financial and occupational status, and physical needs. <ref name="TrenowethMoonePsycAssess">((cite book|author1=Steve Trenoweth|author2=Nicola Moone|title=Psychosocial Assessment in Mental Health|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dWowDgAAQBAJ|date=13 March 2017|publisher=SAGE Publications|isbn=978-1-5264-2152-4|page=5))</ref> Assessments when categorized, it particularly includes Life history of the client that include data collection of living situation and finances, social history and supports, family history, coping skills, religious/cultural factors, trauma from systemic issues or abuse and medico-legal factors (assessment of the client's awareness of legal documents, surrogate decision-making, power of attorney and consent). Components include: the resource assessment of psycho-spiritual strengths; substance abuse; coping mechanisms, styles and patterns (individual, family level, workplace, and use of social support systems); sleeping pattern; needs and impacts of the problem etc. Advanced clinicians incorporate individual scales, batteries and testing instruments in their assessments. In the late 1980s [[Hans Eysenck]], in an issue of [[Psychological Inquiry]], raised controversies on then assessment methods and it gave way to comprehensive Bio-Psycho-Social assessment. This theoretical model sees behavior as a function of biological factors, psychological issues and the social context. Qualified healthcare professionals conduct the physiological part of these assessments. This thrust on biology expands the field of approach for the client, with the client, through the interaction of these disciplines in a domain where mental illnesses are physical, just as physical conditions have mental components. Likewise, the emotional is both psychological and physical.

The clinician's comprehension and set of judgments about the client's situation, the assessment through a theory of each case, predicts the intervention. Hence a good psychosocial assessment leads to a good '''psychosocial intervention''' that aims to reduce complaints and improve functioning related to [[mental disorder]]s and/or social problems (e.g., problems with personal relationships, work, or school) by addressing the different psychological and social factors influencing the individual. For example, a psychosocial intervention for an older adult client with a mental disorder might include [[psychotherapy]] and a referral to a psychiatrist while also addressing the caregiver's needs in an effort to reduce stress for the entire family system as a method of improving the client's quality of life.<ref>((citation|title=Handbook of Psychosocial Interventions with Older Adults: Evidence-based Approaches|last1=Cummings|first1=Sherry M.|last2=Kropf|first2=Nancy P.|year=2013|publisher=Taylor and Francis|isbn= 9781317990307|page=xi))</ref> Treatment for psychosocial disorders in a medical model usually only involve using drugs and talk therapy.<ref>((cite book|author=Pallassana R. Balgopal|title=Social Work Practice with Immigrants and Refugees|url=https://archive.org/details/socialworkpracti00pall|url-access=registration|year=2000|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=978-0-231-50418-8|page=[https://archive.org/details/socialworkpracti00pall/page/220 220]))</ref>

==Psychosocial adaptation and support==
'''Psychosocial adaptation''' is a process a person experiences in order to achieve good fitness in person-environment congruence known as adjustment, a state of wisdom oriented activities and psychosocial equilibrium.<ref name="EliJuli">((cite book|author1=Dr. Elizabeth Da Silva Cardoso, PhD|author2=Dr. Julie A. Chronister, PhD|title=Understanding Psychosocial Adjustment to Chronic Illness and Disability: A Handbook for Evidence-Based Practitioners in Rehabilitation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hP-JZjB_KlEC&pg=PA51|year=2009|publisher=Springer Publishing Company|isbn=978-0-8261-2387-9|pages=51))</ref> '''Psychosocial support''' is the provision of psychological and social resources to a person by a supporter intended for the benefit of the receiver's ability to cope with problems faced.<ref name=EliJuli/> The allocentric principle within social relationships that promote health and well-being moves individuals to aid victims of [[terminal illness]], [[disaster]], [[war]], catastrophe or violence to foster [[Psychological resilience|resilience]] of communities and individuals. It aims at easing resumption of normal life, facilitating affected people's participation to their convalescence and preventing pathological consequences of potentially traumatic situations. This might extend in forms of informational and instrumental support.((Citation needed|date=March 2017))

==See also==
* [[Need#Doyal and Gough.27s definition|Psychosocial needs]]
* [[Psychological trauma]]
* [[Mental status examination]]
* [[Psychosocial (song)|Psychosocial]]- a song by Slipknot on their 2008 album [[All Hope Is Gone]].

==References==
((Reflist))

==Further reading==
* ((cite book|author1=Institute of Medicine|author2=Board on Health Sciences Policy|author3=Committee on Developing Evidence-Based Standards for Psychosocial Interventions for Mental Disorders|title=Psychosocial Interventions for Mental and Substance Use Disorders: A Framework for Establishing Evidence-Based Standards|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HwexCgAAQBAJ|publisher=National Academies Press|isbn=978-0-309-31697-2|year=2015|doi=10.17226/19013|pmid=26203478))
* Haley, J. Problem-solving therapy. New York: Harper & Row. 1978.
* Edward S. Neukrug, & R. Charles Fawcett (2006).  Essentials of Testing and Assessment: A Practical Guide for Counselors, Social Workers, and Psychologists, 3rd Edition. ((ISBN|1-285-45424-3))
*((cite book|author1=Fava|author2=Giovanni Andrea Fava|author3=N. Sonino|author4=T. N. Wise|title=The Psychosomatic Assessment: Strategies to Improve Clinical Practice|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3M7qAQAACAAJ|year=2012|publisher=Karger Medical and Scientific Publishers|isbn=978-3-8055-9853-8))
* Froggett, Lynn and Richards, Barry (2002). [http://www.uclan.ac.uk/schools/school_of_social_work/research/pru/index.php Exploring the Bio-psychosocial]. European Journal of Psychotherapy & Counselling, Vol. 5 (3). pp.&nbsp;321–326. ISSN 1364-2537. DOI: 10.1080/1364253031000140115. ((open access))
* Manley, Julian (2010) [http://clok.uclan.ac.uk/5990/ From Cause and Effect to Effectual Causes: Can we talk of a philosophical background to psycho-social studies?]. Journal of Psycho-Social Studies, 4 (1). pp.&nbsp;65–87. ISSN 1478-6737 ((open access))
* Hodge, D. (2001). Spiritual assessment: A review of major qualitative methods and a new framework for assessing spirituality. Social Work, 46(3), [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11495366 203–214].
* Karls, J., & Wandrei, K.E. (1992). The person-in-environment system for classifying client problems. Journal of Case Management, 1(3), [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1467809 90–95].
* David E. Ross, A Method for Developing a Biopsychosocial Formulation. Journal of Child and Family Studies 9(1):1-6. March 2000. DOI: 10.1023/A:1009435613679.
* ((cite book|author=Samuel H. Barondes|title=Mood Genes: Hunting for Origins of Mania and Depression|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7J_Xjhoev7AC|year=1999|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-513106-2))
* ((cite book|author1=Catheleen Jordan|author2=Cynthia Franklin|title=Clinical Assessment for Social Workers: Quantitative and Qualitative Methods|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W7mSDAEACAAJ|date=20 November 2015|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-065643-0))
* ((Cite journal|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/249832934|title=Psychosocial Adaptation to Chronic Illness and Disability: A Conceptual Framework|website=ResearchGate|language=en|access-date=2017-03-30))

==External links==
* [https://msu.edu/course/sw/840/stocks/pack/psychosocial.pdf Psychosocial assessment] - [[Michigan State University]]
* [https://bristoluniversitypressdigital.com/view/journals/jps/jps-overview.xml?tab_body=about The Journal of Psychosocial Studies]
* [http://www.veterans.gc.ca/public/pages/publications/system-pdfs/vac742e.pdf Assessment Report Guidelines for Individuals] - [[Veterans Affairs Canada]]
* [https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2009/12/the-science-of-success/307761/ The Science of Success]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20050213055703/http://psp.drk.dk/ The International Red Cross Reference Center for Psychosocial Support]
* Biopsychosocial Assessment Samples: [https://ceufast.com/course-resources/example-of-a-psychosocial-assessment.pdf 1],  [http://www.magellanofnebraska.com/media/683167/pretreatment_assessment_sample.pdf 2], [http://bhsan.com/bhsanbioform.pdf 3] ((Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200325134117/http://bhsan.com/bhsanbioform.pdf |date=2020-03-25 )), [http://www.doortoselfdiscovery.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/01/AdultBiopsychosocialAssessment.pdf 4].

[[Category:Social psychology]]
[[Category:Social work]]
[[Category:Conformity]]

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