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    The Pulitzer Prize for Fiction is one of the seven American Pulitzer Prizes that are annually awarded for Letters, Drama, and Music. It recognizes distinguished fiction by an American author, preferably dealing with American life, published during the preceding calendar year.

    As the Pulitzer Prize for the Novel (awarded 1918–1947), it was one of the original Pulitzers; the program was inaugurated in 1917 with seven prizes, four of which were awarded that year [1] (no Novel prize was awarded in 1917, the first one having been granted in 1918).[2]

    The name was changed to the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction in 1948, and eligibility was expanded to also include short stories, novellas, novelettes, and poetry, as well as novels.

    Finalists have been announced since 1980, usually a total of three.[2]

    Definition

    As defined in the original Plan of Award, the prize was given "Annually, for the American novel published during the year which shall best present the wholesome atmosphere of American life, and the highest standard of American manners and manhood," although there was some struggle over whether the word wholesome should be used instead of whole, the word Pulitzer had written in his will.[3] In 1927, the advisory board quietly instituted Pulitzer's word choice, replacing wholesome with whole.

    With 1929 came the first of several much more substantive changes. The board changed the wording to "preferably one which shall best present the whole atmosphere of American life" and deleted the insistence that the novel portray "the highest standard of American manners and manhood". In 1936, emphasis was changed again, with the award going to "a distinguished novel published during the year by an American author, preferably dealing with American life". In 1948, the advisory board widened the scope of the award with the wording "For distinguished fiction published in book form during the year by an American author, preferably dealing with American life."[3] This change allowed the prize to go to a collection of short stories for the first time, James Michener's Tales of the South Pacific.

    Winners

    In 31 years under the "Novel" name, the prize was awarded 27 times; in its first 76 years to 2023 under the "Fiction" name, 69 times. There have been 11 years during which no title received the award. It was shared by two authors for the first time in 2023.[2] Since this category's inception in 1918, 31 women have won the prize. Four authors have won two prizes each in the Fiction category: Booth Tarkington, William Faulkner, John Updike, and Colson Whitehead.

    Because the award is for books published in the preceding calendar year, the "Year" column links to the preceding year in literature.

    1910s to 1970s

    Year Winner Work Genre(s) Author's origin
    1918 Ernest Poole
    (1880–1950)     		His Family Macmillan (1917) Novel Illinois
    1919 Booth Tarkington
    (1869–1949)     		The Magnificent Ambersons Doubleday, Page & Co. (1918) Novel Indiana
    1920 Not awarded[a]
    1921 Edith Wharton
    (1862–1937)     		The Age of Innocence D. Appleton & Company (1920) Novel New York
    1922 Booth Tarkington
    (1869–1949)     		Alice Adams Doubleday, Page & Co. (1921) Novel Indiana
    1923 Willa Cather
    (1873–1947)     		One of Ours Alfred A. Knopf (1922) Novel Virginia
    1924 Margaret Wilson
    (1882–1973)     		The Able McLaughlins Harper & Brothers (1923) Debut novel Iowa
    1925 Edna Ferber
    (1885–1968)     		So Big Grosset & Dunlap (1924) Novel Michigan
    1926 Sinclair Lewis
    (1885–1951)     		Arrowsmith[b] Harcourt Brace & Co. (1925) Novel Minnesota
    1927 Louis Bromfield
    (1896–1956)     		Early Autumn Amereon Ltd (1926) Novel Ohio
    1928 Thornton Wilder
    (1897–1975)     		The Bridge of San Luis Rey Albert & Charles Boni (1927) Novel Wisconsin
    1929 Julia Peterkin
    (1880–1961)     		Scarlet Sister Mary Bobbs-Merrill Company (1928) Novel South Carolina
    1930 Oliver La Farge
    (1901–1963)     		Laughing Boy Houghton Mifflin (1929) Novel New York
    1931 Margaret Ayer Barnes
    (1886–1967)     		Years of Grace Houghton Mifflin (1930) Novel Illinois
    1932 Pearl S. Buck
    (1892–1973)     		The Good Earth John Day Company (1931) Historical fiction West Virginia
    1933 T. S. Stribling
    (1881–1965)     		The Store Doubleday, Doran (1932) Novel Tennessee
    1934 Caroline Miller
    (1903–1992)     		Lamb in His Bosom Harper & Brothers (1933) Debut novel Georgia
    1935 Josephine Winslow Johnson
    (1910–1990)     		Now in November Simon & Schuster (1934) Debut novel Missouri
    1936 Harold L. Davis
    (1894–1960)     		Honey in the Horn Harper & Brothers (1935) Debut novel Oregon
    1937 Margaret Mitchell
    (1900–1949)     		Gone with the Wind Macmillan Publishers (1936) Novel Georgia
    1938 John Phillips Marquand
    (1893–1960)     		The Late George Apley Little, Brown and Company (1937) Epistolary novel Delaware
    1939 Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings
    (1896–1953)     		The Yearling Charles Scribner's Sons (1938) Young adult novel Washington, D.C.
    1940 John Steinbeck
    (1902–1968)     		The Grapes of Wrath Viking Press (1939) Novel California
    1941 Not awarded[c]
    1942 Ellen Glasgow
    (1873–1945)     		In This Our Life Jonathan Cape (1941) Novel Virginia
    1943 Upton Sinclair
    (1878–1968)     		Dragon's Teeth Viking Press (1942) Historical fiction Maryland
    1944 Martin Flavin
    (1883–1967)     		Journey in the Dark Harper & Brothers (1943) Novel California
    1945 John Hersey
    (1914–1993)     		A Bell for Adano Alfred A. Knopf (1944) War novel New York
    (born in Tianjin, China)
    1946 Not awarded[d]
    1947 Robert Penn Warren
    (1905–1989)     		All the King's Men Harcourt, Brace & Company (1946) Political fiction Kentucky
    1948 James A. Michener
    (1907–1997)     		Tales of the South Pacific Macmillan Publishers (1947) Interrelated short stories,
    Book debut     		Pennsylvania
    1949 James Gould Cozzens
    (1903–1978)     		Guard of Honor Harcourt, Brace & Company (1948) War novel Illinois
    1950 A. B. Guthrie
    (1901–1991)     		The Way West William Sloane Associates (1949) Western fiction Indiana
    1951 Conrad Richter
    (1890–1968)     		The Town Alfred A. Knopf (1950) Novel Pennsylvania
    1952 Herman Wouk
    (1915–2019)     		The Caine Mutiny Doubleday (1951) Historical fiction New York
    1953 Ernest Hemingway
    (1899–1961)     		The Old Man and the Sea Charles Scribner's Sons (1952) Short novel Illinois
    1954 Not awarded[e]
    1955 William Faulkner
    (1897–1962)     		A Fable Random House (1954) Novel Mississippi
    1956 MacKinlay Kantor
    (1904–1977)     		Andersonville Penguin Books (1955) Historical fiction Iowa
    1957 Not awarded[f]
    1958 James Agee
    (1909–1955)     		A Death in the Family
    (posthumously)     		McDowell, Obolensky (1957) Autobiographical novel Tennessee
    1959 Robert Lewis Taylor
    (1912–1998)     		The Travels of Jaimie McPheeters Doubleday (1958) Historical fiction Illinois
    1960 Allen Drury
    (1918–1998)     		Advise and Consent Doubleday (1959) Political fiction,
    Debut novel     		Texas
    1961 Harper Lee
    (1926–2016)     		To Kill a Mockingbird J. B. Lippincott & Co. (1960) Southern Gothic,
    Bildungsroman,
    Debut novel     		Alabama
    1962 Edwin O'Connor
    (1918–1968)     		The Edge of Sadness Little, Brown and Company (1961) Novel Rhode Island
    1963 William Faulkner
    (1897–1962)     		The Reivers
    (posthumously)     		Random House (1962) Novel Mississippi
    1964 Not awarded[g]
    1965 Shirley Ann Grau
    (1929–2020)     		The Keepers of the House Alfred A. Knopf (1964) Novel Louisiana
    1966 Katherine Anne Porter
    (1890–1980)     		Collected Stories Harcourt Brace (1965) Short story collection Texas
    1967 Bernard Malamud
    (1914–1986)     		The Fixer Farrar, Straus & Giroux (1966) Novel New York
    1968 William Styron
    (1925–2006)     		The Confessions of Nat Turner Random House (1967) Novel Virginia
    1969 N. Scott Momaday
    (1934–2024)     		House Made of Dawn Harper & Row (1968) Novel Oklahoma
    1970 Jean Stafford
    (1915–1979)     		Collected Stories Farrar, Straus & Giroux (1969) Short story collection California
    1971 Not awarded[h]
    1972 Wallace Stegner
    (1909–1993)     		Angle of Repose Doubleday (1971) Novel Iowa
    1973 Eudora Welty
    (1909–2001)     		The Optimist's Daughter Random House (1972) Short novel Mississippi
    1974 Not awarded[i]
    1975 Michael Shaara
    (1928–1988)     		The Killer Angels David McKay Publications (1974) Historical fiction New Jersey
    1976 Saul Bellow
    (1915–2005)     		Humboldt's Gift Viking Press (1975) Novel Illinois
    (born in Quebec, Canada)
    1977 Not awarded[j]
    1978 James Alan McPherson
    (1943–2016)     		Elbow Room Little, Brown (1977) Short story collection Georgia
    1979 John Cheever
    (1912–1982)     		The Stories of John Cheever Alfred A. Knopf (1978) Short story collection Massachusetts

    1980s to 2020s

    Entries from this point on include the finalists listed for each year.

    Year Winner Work Genre(s) Author's origin Finalists
    1980 Norman Mailer
    (1923–2007)     		The Executioner's Song Little, Brown (1979) True crime novel New Jersey
    1981 John Kennedy Toole
    (1937–1969)     		A Confederacy of Dunces
    (posthumously)     		Louisiana State University Press (1980) Picaresque novel Louisiana
    1982 John Updike
    (1932–2009)     		Rabbit Is Rich Alfred A. Knopf (1981) Novel Pennsylvania
    1983 Alice Walker
    (b. 1944)     		The Color Purple Harcourt Brace Jovanovich (1982) Epistolary novel Georgia
    1984 William Kennedy
    (b. 1928)     		Ironweed Viking Press (1983) Novel New York
    1985 Alison Lurie
    (1926–2020)     		Foreign Affairs Random House (1984) Novel Illinois
    1986 Larry McMurtry
    (1936–2021)     		Lonesome Dove Simon & Schuster (1985) Western novel Texas
    1987 Peter Taylor
    (1917–1994)     		A Summons to Memphis Alfred A. Knopf (1986) Novel Tennessee
    1988 Toni Morrison
    (1931–2019)     		Beloved Alfred A. Knopf (1987) Novel Ohio
    1989 Anne Tyler
    (b. 1941)     		Breathing Lessons Alfred A. Knopf (1988) Novel Minnesota
    1990 Oscar Hijuelos
    (1951–2013)     		The Mambo Kings Play Songs of Love Farrar, Straus and Giroux (1989) Novel New York
    1991 John Updike
    (1932–2009)     		Rabbit At Rest Alfred A. Knopf (1990) Novel Pennsylvania
    1992 Jane Smiley
    (b. 1949)     		A Thousand Acres Alfred A. Knopf (1991) Domestic realism California
    1993 Robert Olen Butler
    (b. 1945)     		A Good Scent from a Strange Mountain Henry Holt (1992) Short story collection Illinois
    1994 E. Annie Proulx
    (b. 1935)     		The Shipping News Charles Scribner's Sons (1993) Novel Connecticut
    1995 Carol Shields
    (1935–2003)     		The Stone Diaries Random House (1993) Novel Illinois
    1996 Richard Ford
    (b. 1944)     		Independence Day Alfred A. Knopf (1995) Novel Mississippi
    1997 Steven Millhauser
    (b. 1943)     		Martin Dressler: The Tale of an American Dreamer Crown Publishers (1996) Novel New York
    1998 Philip Roth
    (1933–2018)     		American Pastoral Houghton Mifflin (1997) Novel New Jersey
    1999 Michael Cunningham
    (b. 1952)     		The Hours Farrar, Straus and Giroux (1998) Historical fiction Ohio
    2000 Jhumpa Lahiri
    (b. 1967)     		Interpreter of Maladies Houghton Mifflin (1999) Short story collection Rhode Island
    (born in London, United Kingdom)
    (lives in Rome, Italy)
    2001 Michael Chabon
    (b. 1963)     		The Amazing Adventures of Kavalier & Clay Random House (2000) Historical fiction Washington, D.C.
    2002 Richard Russo
    (b. 1949)     		Empire Falls Alfred A. Knopf (2001) Novel New York
    2003 Jeffrey Eugenides
    (b. 1960)     		Middlesex Farrar, Straus and Giroux (2002) Family saga Michigan
    2004 Edward P. Jones
    (b. 1950)     		The Known World Amistad Press (2003) Historical fiction Washington, D.C.
    2005 Marilynne Robinson
    (b. 1943)     		Gilead Farrar, Straus and Giroux (2004) Epistolary Novel Idaho
    2006 Geraldine Brooks
    (b. 1955)     		March Viking Press (2005) Historical fiction New York
    (born in Sydney, Australia)
    2007 Cormac McCarthy
    (1933-2023)     		The Road Alfred A. Knopf (2006) Post-apocalyptic fiction Rhode Island
    2008 Junot Díaz
    (b. 1968)     		The Brief Wondrous Life of Oscar Wao Riverhead Books (2007) Novel New Jersey
    (born in Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic)
    2009 Elizabeth Strout
    (b. 1956)     		Olive Kitteridge[k] Random House (2008) Interrelated short stories Maine
    2010 Paul Harding
    (b. 1967)     		Tinkers[l] Bellevue Literary Press (2009) Debut novel Massachusetts
    2011 Jennifer Egan
    (b. 1962)     		A Visit from the Goon Squad[m] Alfred A. Knopf (2010) Interrelated short stories Illinois
    2012 Not awarded[11]
    2013 Adam Johnson
    (b. 1967)     		The Orphan Master's Son[n] Random House (2012) Novel South Dakota
    2014 Donna Tartt
    (b. 1963)     		The Goldfinch[o] Little, Brown and Company (2013) Novel Mississippi
    2015 Anthony Doerr
    (b. 1973)     		All the Light We Cannot See[p] Charles Scribner's Sons (2014) War novel Ohio
    2016 Viet Thanh Nguyen
    (b. 1971)     		The Sympathizer[q] Grove Press (2015) Debut novel California
    (born in Buôn Ma Thuột, Vietnam)
    2017 Colson Whitehead
    (b. 1969)     		The Underground Railroad[r] Doubleday (2016) Alternate historical novel New York
    2018 Andrew Sean Greer
    (b. 1970)     		Less[s] Little, Brown and Company (2017) Satirical novel Washington, D.C.
    2019 Richard Powers
    (b. 1957)     		The Overstory[t] W. W. Norton & Company (2018) Novel Illinois
    2020 Colson Whitehead
    (b. 1969)     		The Nickel Boys[u] Doubleday (2019) Novel New York
    2021 Louise Erdrich
    (b. 1954)     		The Night Watchman[v] Harpercollins (2020) Novel Minnesota
    2022 Joshua Cohen
    (b. 1980)     		The Netanyahus: An Account of a Minor and Ultimately Even Negligible Episode in the History of a Very Famous Family[w] New York Review Books (2021) Novel New Jersey
    2023[22] Hernan Diaz
    (b. 1973)     		Trust[x] Riverhead Books (2022) Novel New York
    (born in Argentina)
    Barbara Kingsolver
    (b. 1955)     		Demon Copperhead[y] Harper (2022) Novel Kentucky

    Repeat winners

    Four writers to date have won the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction multiple times, one nominally in the novel category and two in the general fiction category. Ernest Hemingway was selected by the 1941 and 1953 juries, but the former was overturned with no award given that year.[c]

    Authors with multiple nominations

    4 Nominations

    3 Nominations

    2 Nominations

    Notes

    1. ^ First-time fiction juror Stuart P. Sherman initially recommended Joseph Hergesheimer's Java Head for the award; he rescinded his recommendation when the other jurors informed him that the word "whole" in a key phrase of the original description of the award, "the whole atmosphere of American life", had been subsequently been changed to "wholesome".[4]
    2. ^ Lewis declined the prize.[5]
    3. ^ a b The fiction jury had recommended the 1941 award be shared by The Trees by Conrad Richter and The Ox-Bow Incident by Walter Van Tilburg Clark. While the Pulitzer Board initially intended to give the award to the jury's third choice, Ernest Hemingway's For Whom the Bell Tolls, the president of Columbia University, Nicholas Murray Butler, persuaded the board to reverse its judgment because he deemed the novel offensive, and no award was given that year.[4][6]
    4. ^ Though Apartment in Athens by Glenway Wescott, The Wayfarers by Dan Wickenden, and Black Boy by Richard Wright were each championed by at least one juror, the jury as a whole could not reach a consensus; one point of contention over Black Boy specifically was that the book is a memoir, not a novel.[4]
    5. ^ The two-man fiction jury could not agree on a single book to recommend to the Advisory Board, so no award was given; among the books recommended by juror Eric P. Kelly were Ramey by Jack D. Ferris, The Sands of Karakorum by James Ullman, The Adventures of Augie March by Saul Bellow, and The Four Lives of Mundy Tolliver by Ben Lucien Burman, while juror Harris F. Fletcher recommended The Street of the Three Friends by Myron Brinig and The Deep Sleep by Wright Morris[4]
    6. ^ The fiction jury had recommended the 1957 award to Elizabeth Spencer's The Voice at the Back Door, but the Pulitzer board, which has sole discretion for awarding the prize, made no award.
    7. ^ "Among the books the judges most seriously considered were the following: (1) Norman Fruchter's Coat Upon a Stick…, (2) May Sarton's novella Joanna and Ulysses…, (3) Sumner Locke Elliott's Careful, He Might Hear You…, [and] (4) John Killens' And Then We Heard the Thunder… If a prize were to be awarded for a 1963 novel we felt these to be the most serious candidates." However, the fiction jury ultimately recommended that no award be given because "no one of them imposes itself upon us as demanding recognition as 'distinguished fiction'…."[4]
    8. ^ The three novels the Pulitzer committee put forth for consideration to the Pulitzer board were: Losing Battles by Eudora Welty; Mr. Sammler's Planet by Saul Bellow; and The Wheel of Love by Joyce Carol Oates. The board rejected all three and opted for no award.[7]
    9. ^ The fiction jury had unanimously recommended the 1974 award to Thomas Pynchon's Gravity's Rainbow, but the Pulitzer board, which has sole discretion for awarding the prize, made no award.[6]
    10. ^ The fiction jury had recommended the 1977 award to Norman MacLean's A River Runs Through It, but the Pulitzer board, which has sole discretion for awarding the prize, made no award. That same year, however, Alex Haley's iconic family saga Roots was awarded a special Pulitzer Prize.[6]
    11. ^ "A collection of 13 short stories set in small-town Maine that packs a cumulative emotional wallop, bound together by polished prose and by Olive, the title character, blunt, flawed and fascinating."[8]
    12. ^ "A powerful celebration of life in which a New England father and son, through suffering and joy, transcend their imprisoning lives and offer new ways of perceiving the world and mortality."[9]
    13. ^ "An inventive investigation of growing up and growing old in the digital age, displaying a big-hearted curiosity about cultural change at warp speed."[10]
    14. ^ "An exquisitely crafted novel that carries the reader on an adventuresome journey into the depths of totalitarian North Korea and into the most intimate spaces of the human heart."[12]
    15. ^ "A beautifully written coming-of-age novel with exquisitely drawn characters that follows a grieving boy's entanglement with a small famous painting that has eluded destruction, a book that stimulates the mind and touches the heart."[13]
    16. ^ "An imaginative and intricate novel inspired by the horrors of World War II and written in short, elegant chapters that explore human nature and the contradictory power of technology."[14]
    17. ^ "A layered immigrant tale told in the wry, confessional voice of a "man of two minds" -- and two countries, Vietnam and the United States."[15]
    18. ^ "For a smart melding of realism and allegory that combines the violence of slavery and the drama of escape in a myth that speaks to contemporary America."[16]
    19. ^ "A generous book, musical in its prose and expansive in its structure and range, about growing older and the essential nature of love."[17]
    20. ^ "An ingeniously structured narrative that branches and canopies like the trees at the core of the story whose wonder and connectivity echo those of the humans living amongst them."[18]
    21. ^ "A spare and devastating exploration of abuse at a reform school in Jim Crow-era Florida that is ultimately a powerful tale of human perseverance, dignity and redemption."[19]
    22. ^ "A majestic, polyphonic novel about a community’s efforts to halt the proposed displacement and elimination of several Native American tribes in the 1950s, rendered with dexterity and imagination."[20]
    23. ^ "A mordant, linguistically deft historical novel about the ambiguities of the Jewish American experience, presenting ideas and disputes as volatile as its tightly-wound plot."[21]
    24. ^ "A riveting novel set in a bygone America that explores family, wealth and ambition through linked narratives rendered in different literary styles, a complex examination of love and power in a country where capitalism is king."[23]
    25. ^ "A masterful recasting of “David Copperfield,” narrated by an Appalachian boy whose wise, unwavering voice relates his encounters with poverty, addiction, institutional failures and moral collapse–and his efforts to conquer them.[24]

    References

    1. ^ "1917 Pulitzer Prizes". The Pulitzer Prizes (pulitzer.org). Retrieved 2018-04-19.
    2. ^ a b c "Pulitzer Prize for the Novel". The Pulitzer Prizes (pulitzer.org). Retrieved 2008-08-19.
    3. ^ a b Fischer, Erika J.; Fischer, Heinz D., eds. (2007). Chronicle of the Pulitzer Prizes for Fiction: Discussions, Decisions and Documents. Munich, Germany: K. G. Saur Verlag. pp. 3–11. ISBN 978-3-598-30191-9. Retrieved July 22, 2021.
    4. ^ a b c d e Hohenberg, John (1974). The Pulitzer Prizes: A History of the Awards in Books, Drama, Music, and Journalism, Based on the Private Files Over Six Decades. New York: Columbia University Press. pp. 55, 143–44, 198, 204, 258. ISBN 0231038879.
    5. ^ McDowell, Edwin (1984-05-11). "Publishing: Pulitzer Controversies". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2018-02-15.
    6. ^ a b c McDowell, Edwin (11 May 1984). "PUBLISHING: PULITZER CONTROVERSIES". The New York Times. Retrieved 2018-04-19. [I]n 1941, after both the jury and the board voted to give the fiction prize to Ernest Hemingway's For Whom the Bell Tolls, Nicholas Murray Butler, president of Columbia and ex-officio chairman of the board, forced the board to change its vote because he found the book offensive.
    7. ^ Fischer, Heinz Dietrich; Fischer, Erika J. (1997). Novel/Fiction Awards 1917–1994: From Pearl S. Buck and Margaret Mitchell to Ernest Hemingway and John Updike. The Pulitzer Prize Archive. Vol. 10 (in part D, "Belles Lettres"). München: K.G. Saur. pp. LX–LXI. ISBN 9783110972115. OCLC 811400780.
    8. ^ "2009 Pulitzer Prize Winners & Finalists". The Pulitzer Prizes (pulitzer.org). Retrieved 14 January 2021.
    9. ^ "2010 Pulitzer Prize Winners & Finalists". The Pulitzer Prizes (pulitzer.org). Retrieved 14 January 2021.
    10. ^ "2011 Pulitzer Prize Winners & Finalists". The Pulitzer Prizes (pulitzer.org). Retrieved 14 January 2021.
    11. ^ "2012 Pulitzer Prize Winners & Finalists". The Pulitzer Prizes (pulitzer.org). Retrieved 24 December 2017.
    12. ^ "2013 Pulitzer Prize Winners & Finalists". The Pulitzer Prizes (pulitzer.org). Retrieved 14 January 2021.
    13. ^ "2014 Pulitzer Prize Winners & Finalists". The Pulitzer Prizes (pulitzer.org). Retrieved 14 January 2021.
    14. ^ "2015 Pulitzer Prize Winners & Finalists". The Pulitzer Prizes (pulitzer.org). Retrieved 14 January 2021.
    15. ^ "2016 Pulitzer Prize Winners & Finalists". The Pulitzer Prizes (pulitzer.org). Retrieved 14 January 2021.
    16. ^ "2017 Pulitzer Prize Winners & Finalists". The Pulitzer Prizes (pulitzer.org). Retrieved 14 January 2021.
    17. ^ "2018 Pulitzer Prize Winners & Finalists". The Pulitzer Prizes (pulitzer.org). Retrieved 14 January 2021.
    18. ^ "2019 Pulitzer Prize Winners & Finalists". The Pulitzer Prizes (pulitzer.org). Retrieved 14 January 2021.
    19. ^ "2020 Pulitzer Prize Winners & Finalists". The Pulitzer Prizes (pulitzer.org). Retrieved 14 January 2021.
    20. ^ "2021 Pulitzer Prize Winners & Finalists". The Pulitzer Prizes (pulitzer.org). Retrieved 11 June 2021.
    21. ^ "2022 Pulitzer Prize Winners & Finalists". The Pulitzer Prizes (pulitzer.org). Retrieved 9 May 2022.
    22. ^ Stewart, Sophia (2023-05-08). "'Demon Copperhead,' 'Trust,' 'His Name Is George Floyd' Among 2023 Pulitzer Prize Winners". Publishers Weekly. Retrieved 2023-05-10.
    23. ^ "2023 Pulitzer Prize Winners & Finalists". The Pulitzer Prizes (pulitzer.org). Retrieved 8 May 2023.
    24. ^ "2023 Pulitzer Prize Winners & Finalists". The Pulitzer Prizes (pulitzer.org). Retrieved 8 May 2023.

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