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((About|projectional fluoroscopy|computed tomography|CT pulmonary angiogram))
((refimprove|date=July 2017))
[[File:Pulmonary embolism selective angiogram.JPEG|thumb|Selective pulmonary angiogram revealing significant thrombus (labelled A) causing a central obstruction in the left main pulmonary artery]]
'''Pulmonary angiography''' (or '''pulmonary arteriography''','''conventional pulmonary angiography''', '''selective pulmonary angiography''') is a medical [[fluoroscopy|fluoroscopic]] procedure used to visualize the pulmonary arteries and much less frequently, the pulmonary veins. It is a minimally invasive procedure performed most frequently by an [[interventional radiologist]] or [[interventional cardiologist]] to visualise the arteries of the lungs.

==Uses==
Pulmonary angiography is useful as the confirmation test where the non-invasive imaging such as [[CT pulmonary angiography]] is inconclusive on determining the presence of [[pulmonary embolism]].<ref name="pmid11895301">((cite journal |vauthors=van Beek EJ, Brouwerst EM, Song B, Stein PD, Oudkerk M |title=Clinical validity of a normal pulmonary angiogram in patients with suspected pulmonary embolism--a critical review |journal=Clinical Radiology |volume=56 |issue=10 |pages=838–42 |date=October 2001 |pmid=11895301 |doi=10.1053/crad.2001.0778 |url=))</ref> The accuracy of pulmonary angiography may be higher than clinical examination, [[arterial blood gas]] results, and [[ventilation/perfusion scan]].<ref name="pmid426205">((cite journal |vauthors=Menzoian JO, Williams LF |title=Is pulmonary angiography essential for the diagnosis of acute pulmonary embolism? |journal=American Journal of Surgery |volume=137 |issue=4 |pages=543–8 |date=April 1979 |pmid=426205 |doi=10.1016/0002-9610(79)90128-4 |url=))</ref> Pulmonary angiography is also used to confirm [[chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension]] (CTEPH) and provides a platform for [[balloon pulmonary angioplasty]] to treat the disease.<ref name="pmid34362139">((cite journal |vauthors=Velázquez M, Maneiro N, Lareo A, Albarrán A, Huertas S, Olazábal AP, Delgado JF, Alonso S, Sarnago F, García Tejada J, Arribas F, Escribano P |title=Selective Segmental Pulmonary Angiography: Anatomical, Technical and Safety Aspects of a Must-Learn Technique in Times of Balloon Pulmonary Angioplasty for Chronic Thromboembolic Pulmonary Hypertension |journal=Journal of Clinical Medicine |volume=10 |issue=15 |date=July 2021 |page=3358 |pmid=34362139 |pmc=8347158 |doi=10.3390/jcm10153358 |url= |doi-access=free ))</ref>

[[CT pulmonary angiography]] has nearly entirely replaced conventional pulmonary angiography in common practice as it is less invasive, faster, safer, and provides most of the same diagnostic information with the added benefit of visualizing the lung tissue as well as other structures. Nevertheless, it is still used in cases where CT angiography is nondiagnostic.

==Procedure==
Types of catheters that can be used are pigtail catheters and balloon occlusion catheters. Tip of the catheter is advanced through the [[inferior vena cava]],  [[right atrium]], [[right ventricle]], right ventricular outflow tract, pulmonary trunk, and the tip is parked in the left pulmonary artery.<ref>((cite web |title=Pulmonary Angiography Pulmonary Angiography |url=https://thoracickey.com/pulmonary-angiography/ |access-date=5 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220605100148/https://thoracickey.com/pulmonary-angiography/ |archive-date=5 June 2022))</ref>

==History==
Conventional pulmonary angiography was first performed in 1931 by Portuguese angiography pioneers [[Fausto Lopo de Carvalho|Lopo de Carvalho]], [[Egas Moniz]] and colleagues.<ref>((cite journal |vauthors=Moniz E, Carvalho L, Lima A | title=Angiopneumographie | journal=Presse Med | year=1931 | volume=39 | pages=996–99))</ref> Robb and Steinberg described pulmonary angiography by infusion of peripheral radiocontrast.<ref>((cite journal |vauthors=Robb GP, Steinberg I | title=A practical method of visualization of the chambers of the heart, the pulmonary circulation, and the great blood vessels in man | journal=J Clin Invest | year=1938 | volume=17 | issue=4 | pages=501–537 | pmc=434806|doi=10.1172/JCI100977))</ref><ref>((Cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Mgl9G8oU1IkC&pg=PA566 | title=The History of Cardiology| isbn=9781850703396| last1=Acierno| first1=L.J| date=1994-02-15| publisher=Taylor & Francis))</ref>

==References==
((reflist|2))

==External links==
* [https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003813.htm "Pulmonary angiography" @ MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia]

((Angiography))
((Medical imaging))

[[Category:Cardiology]]
[[Category:Projectional radiography]]

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