Purupuruni
Purupurini
Purupuruni is located in Peru
Purupuruni
Purupuruni
Peru
Highest point
Elevation5,315 m (17,438 ft)[1]
Coordinates17°19′S 69°54′W / 17.32°S 69.9°W / -17.32; -69.9[1]
Geography
LocationPeru, Tacna Region
Parent rangeAndes
Geology
Age of rockHolocene

Purupuruni is a group of lava domes in southern Peru and a correlative geological formation. They are among the many volcanoes that exist in Peru and whose activity has been associated with the subduction of the Nazca Plate beneath the South America Plate. Purupuruni is associated with a geothermal field and a caldera. Volcanic activity occurred during the Pleistocene 53,000 ± 8,000 years ago but also during the Holocene about 5,300 ± 1,100 years ago; today the volcano is considered to be a low hazard volcano but is being monitored nevertheless.

Geography and geomorphology

Purupuruni lies in the Cordillera Occidental[2] 48 kilometres (30 mi) north of the border with Chile,[3] about 85 kilometres (53 mi) away from Tacna[4] and only about 70 kilometres (43 mi) from the town of Tarata.[5] The volcano is part of the Monumento Natural de Los Volcanes de Mauri geopark.[6] The term Phuru means dung in Aymara.[7]

The Purupuruni volcano, also known as Purupurini,[4] is a 0.85 kilometres (0.53 mi) wide complex[8] of four large lava domes at an elevation of 5,117 metres (16,788 ft)[4] or 5,315 metres (17,438 ft).[3] The domes cover an area of about 3.5–7 square kilometres (1.4–2.7 sq mi),[4] are up to 200 metres (660 ft) high[9] and are isolated and little eroded.[10] The domes are accompanied by intrusions[4] and lava and pyroclastic flow deposits.[8]

The volcanism appears to come from fissure vents[11] and the volcanoes have been affected by faulting.[8] These deposits reach thicknesses of 10 metres (33 ft) and also occur on neighbouring volcanic centres.[9] Purupuruni has formed on the rim of a depression, which is surrounded by eroded Quaternary volcanoes and appears to be a 13 kilometres (8.1 mi) wide caldera[4] southwest of the domes.[12] The volcano lies east-southeast from Yucamane volcano and just south of the Mauri River;[13] the Mauri River is part of the Lake Titicaca watershed.[8]

The Borateras geothermal field with about 40 separate manifestations is associated with Purupuruni and neighbouring volcanoes such as Coverane and Jaruma[8] across the Mauri River and west from Purupuruni respectively.[14] The Borateras field is used as a spa at the Calachaca spa.[15] The landscape is relatively dry and cold and thus vegetation is scarce.[2]

Geology

The volcanic rocks are mainly andesitic[8] and dacitic, and contain amphibole, biotite,[9] olivine, plagioclase and pyroxene[8] and are among the most differentiated volcanics in the area.[10] They are part of the wider "Purupurini Volcanics", which are named after Purupuruni and also form other volcanoes in the region.[16]

Geological context

Rock formations in the region include the Mesozoic Yura Group sediments, the Toquepala intrusive rocks, the 30-24 million years old Tacaza volcanic rocks,[17] the 24-10 million years old Huaylillas volcanic rocks and the 10-3 million years old Barroso volcanic rocks; Purupuruni is considered to be part of this Barroso formation.[18] Purupuruni and neighbouring volcanic centres have formed on the Cretaceous sedimentary basement.[2]

Volcanism in Peru occurs mainly in the southern part of the country, where there are about 300 separate volcanic systems including El Misti, Ubinas, Ticsani, Sabancaya and Huaynaputina.[19] In the Tacna Region of Peru alone there are over 60 separate volcanoes, two of which, Tutupaca and Yucamane, have been active in historical time. In addition, there are a number of geothermal systems with temperatures of over 200 °C (392 °F) which could be used to produce geothermal energy. Volcanic and geothermal activity in the region is a consequence of the subduction of the Nazca Plate beneath the South America Plate[20] at a rate of about 7–9 centimetres per year (2.8–3.5 in/year).[21]

Geologic history

The volcanic centres in the area including Purupuruni are of Miocene to Pliocene age,[2] and appear to be of Pleistocene age.[3] Purupuruni formed during the last 100,000 years[10] and appears to have developed between two interglacials;[22] fission-track dating on glasses from Purupuruni has yielded ages of 53,000 ± 8,000 years ago[23] but more recent surface exposure dating has yielded an age of 5,300 ± 1,100 years before present on one of the southern domes.[24] The volcano is considered to be a low-hazard system[25][26] and in 2018 the Peruvian Geological Institute announced it would begin monitoring Purupuruni and nine other volcanoes.[27] Earthquake swarms in 2020 and 2021 do not appear to have been caused by volcanism;[28] they are instead linked to local fault activity.[29]

Glacial erosion took place on Purupuruni during the Pleistocene,[18] leaving moraines on the domes[8] although research published in 2019 has found that the domes have not been eroded by glaciers even though evidence of glaciation occurs in the wider area.[30] Alluvial, glacial and fluvial deposits occur in the region,[18] with aeolian sediments consisting of volcanic ash mantling the volcanic structures.[30]

References

  1. ^ a b "Cerros Purupuruni". Global Volcanism Program. Smithsonian Institution.
  2. ^ a b c d Chirif Rivera et al. 2012, p. 1.
  3. ^ a b c Vela et al. 2016, p. 20.
  4. ^ a b c d e f Bromley et al. 2019, p. 4.
  5. ^ Peralta, Federico Yabar; Gamarra, Jorge Barriga (2019). "INVESTIGACIÓN DE LA ACTIVIDAD VOLCÁNICA EN TACNA". Ciencia & Desarrollo (in Spanish) (6): 126. doi:10.33326/26176033.1999.6.121. ISSN 2617-6033.
  6. ^ INGEMMET 2000, pp. 277–278.
  7. ^ Pairumani, Félix Layme. "Diccionario de Sinónimos de lengua aymara". Universidad Católica Boliviana. Archived from the original on January 10, 2016.
  8. ^ a b c d e f g h Cacya Dueñas, Vargas Rodríguez & Cruz Pauccara 2013, p. 38.
  9. ^ a b c Chirif Rivera et al. 2012, p. 17.
  10. ^ a b c International Atomic Energy Agency (1992). "Geothermal investigations with isotope and geochemical techniques in Latin America". Report of the International Atomic Energy Agency: 348.
  11. ^ INGEMMET 2000, p. 278.
  12. ^ Velarde Quispe et al. 2020, p. 6.
  13. ^ Cacya Dueñas, Vargas Rodríguez & Cruz Pauccara 2013, Maps.
  14. ^ Chirif Rivera et al. 2012, Map2.
  15. ^ Cacya Dueñas, Vargas Rodríguez & Cruz Pauccara 2013, p. 54.
  16. ^ Mendívil Echevarría 1965, p. 58.
  17. ^ Cacya Dueñas, Vargas Rodríguez & Cruz Pauccara 2013, p. 17.
  18. ^ a b c Cacya Dueñas, Vargas Rodríguez & Cruz Pauccara 2013, p. 19.
  19. ^ Cacya Dueñas, Vargas Rodríguez & Cruz Pauccara 2013, p. 8.
  20. ^ Cacya Dueñas, Vargas Rodríguez & Cruz Pauccara 2013, p. 1.
  21. ^ Bromley et al. 2019, p. 2.
  22. ^ Mendívil Echevarría 1965, p. 22.
  23. ^ Bigazzi, G.; Hadler Neto, J.C.; Iunes, P.J.; Osório Araya, A.M. (December 2005). "Fission-track dating of South American natural glasses: an overview". Radiation Measurements. 39 (6): 592. Bibcode:2005RadM...39..585B. doi:10.1016/j.radmeas.2004.09.006.
  24. ^ Bromley et al. 2019, p. 7.
  25. ^ Vela et al. 2016, p. 29.
  26. ^ Concha Calle, Jorge Andrés; Vargas Alva, Katherine; Ali Murillo, Armando; Cruz Idme, John; Torres Aguilar, José; Centeno Quico, Riky; Puma Sacsi, Nino; Del Carpio Calienes, José; Macedo, Orlando (December 2017). "Investigación y monitoreo de volcanes activos en el sur del Perú: Reporte técnico especial 2017". Repositorio Institucional - IGP: 11.
  27. ^ "IGP monitoreará en tiempo real más de 10 volcanes del sur peruano". El Comercio (in Spanish). 26 May 2018. Retrieved 28 May 2019.
  28. ^ Antayhua Vera et al. 2021, p. 3.
  29. ^ Antayhua Vera et al. 2021, p. 11.
  30. ^ a b Bromley et al. 2019, p. 9.

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