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((Short description|Soviet diplomat, politician, and regicide (1888–1927)))
((More citations needed|date=May 2009))
((tone|date=((monthyear))))
((Infobox officeholder
| name                = Pyotr Voykov
| native_name         = ((nobold|Пётр Войков))
| native_name_lang    = ru
| image               = [[File:Pyotr Voykov.jpg|Pyotr Lazarevich Voykov]]
| image_size          = 
| caption             = 
| office1             = [[List of Ambassadors of the Soviet Union to Poland|Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary]] of the [[Soviet Union]] to [[Second Polish Republic|Poland]]
| term_start1         = November 8, 1924
| term_end1           = June 7, 1927
| predecessor1        = Leonid Obolensky
| successor1          = Dmitry Bogomolov
| office2             = Chairman of the [[Yekaterinburg]] City Duma
| term_start2         = December 2, 1917
| term_end2           = July 26, 1918
| predecessor2        = 
| successor2          = 
| birth_name          = Pyotr Lazarevich Voykov
| birth_date          = ((Birth date|1888|8|13))
| birth_place         = [[Kerch]], [[Taurida Governorate]], [[Russian Empire]]
| death_date          = ((death date and age|1927|6|7|1888|8|13))
| death_place         = [[Warsaw]], [[Second Polish Republic|Poland]]
| death_cause         = [[#Assassination|Assassination]]
| resting_place       = [[Kremlin Wall Necropolis]], Moscow
| nationality         = [[Russian Empire|Russian]], [[Soviet Union|Soviet]]
| known_for           = Participation in the [[Execution of the Romanov family]]
| alma_mater          = [[University of Geneva]]
| spouse              = Adelaide Abramovna Belenkina
| children            = Pavel Petrovich Voykov
| party               = [[RSDLP]] ([[Menshevik]]) <br> [[RSDLP]] ([[Bolsheviks]]) <br/>[[Communist Party of the Soviet Union|Communist Party]]
))

'''Pyotr Lazarevich Voykov''' (((lang-ru|Пётр Лазаревич Войков)); ((lang-uk|Петро Лазарович Войков|Petro Lazarovych Voikov)); [[Bolshevik|party]] [[pseudonym|aliases]]: Пётрусь and Интеллигент, or ''Piotrus'' and ''[[Intelligentsia|Intelligent]]'') (((OldStyleDate|August 13|1888|August 1)) &ndash; June 7, 1927) was a Ukrainian [[Bolsheviks|Bolshevik]] [[revolutionary]] and [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] [[diplomat]] known as one of the participants in the decision to [[Execution of the Romanov family|execute]] the former Russian Emperor [[Nicholas II]] and his family members.

Minister Plenipotentiary of the Soviet Union to the Polish Republic (1924–1927), he was assassinated in Warsaw by a [[White émigré]]. The use of Voykov's name in [[toponymy]] in modern Russia has been a cause of notable controversy.

== Early life ==
He was born August 13 [O.S. August 1] 1888 into a [[Ukrainians|Ukrainian]]<ref>[http://www.kerch.com.ua/articleview.aspx?id=3413 Керчь — это мой город]</ref><ref>((cite web|url=http://geno.ru/node/72/%D0%92/?page=307|title=Именной Указатель|website=geno.ru))</ref><ref>[http://istmat.info/node/47837 Г. Н. Губенко «Пётр Лазаревич Войков»] ((Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117032829/http://istmat.info/node/47837 |date=2015-11-17 )). Краткий биографический очерк. Симферополь: Крымиздат, 1959</ref> family in the city of [[Kerch]], [[Taurida Governorate]]. His father, Lazar Petrovich Voykov, was expelled from [[Saint Petersburg Mining University|St. Petersburg Mining Institute]], then graduated from teacher's seminary in [[Tbilisi|Tiflis]] and worked as a mathematics teacher.((sfn|Zhukovsky|1968|p=12)) Later he was forced to leave this post; he worked as a shop foreman at the metallurgical plant and worked as an engineer at various enterprises.((sfn|Zhukovsky|1968|pp=16, 18, 42)) His mother Alexandra Filippovna (née Ivanova, 1869–1953) received a good education, graduating from the Kerch [[Institute for Noble Maidens]].((sfn|Zhukovsky|1968|p=12)) The couple had three other children, son Pavel and daughters Valentina and Militsa. Militsa Lazarevna Voykova (1896-1966) later became an actress of the Central Children's Theater.<ref>[http://novodevichiynecropol.narod.ru/ko_6_lines.htm Колумбарий Новодевичьего монастыря (Войкова Милица Лазаревна)]</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=vOGIXZvRuUEC&pg=PT214 Ю. А. Жук. Вопросительные знаки в «Царском деле»]</ref><ref>[http://geno.ru/node/72/%D0%92/?page=307 Международный институт генеалогических исследований. Программа «Российские династии»]</ref> Controversy exists as to whether Voykov's family had [[Jewish]] origins, particularly among the [[Far-right politics|far right]]. The vast majority of historians, however, deny these claims.<ref>[http://echo.msk.ru/programs/Diletanti/1648480-echo/ «Voykov and others»] (in Russian)</ref>

==Beginning of his revolutionary activity==
Voykov became involved in revolutionary activity at a young age. He studied at the same [[Gymnasium (school)|Gymnasium]] from which [[Andrei Zhelyabov]], one of the chief organizers of the [[assassination]] of [[Alexander II of Russia]], graduated with a silver medal.((sfn|Zhukovsky|1968|pp=13–14)) Already in the gymnasium, Voykov thought about killing the Tsar.((sfn|Zhukovsky|1968|p=13-14)) He was expelled from the sixth grade of the Kerch Gymnasium, but he managed to pass examinations for grade seven. His parents had to change their place of residence and work as a result of his underground activities. The family moved to Keukeneiz, where his father took on the position as a road master in the estate of the landowner Alchevsky. Thanks to the efforts of his mother, Pyotr was accepted into the eighth grade of the [[Yalta]] Alexandrovskaya Men's Gymnasium, but he was soon expelled from there too.((sfn|Zhukovsky|1968|pp=16–19))

The exact date of Voykov's accession to the [[RSDLP]] is not known, but a period between 1903 and 1905 is assumed. The [[Great Soviet Encyclopedia]] points out that he was a "[[Mensheviks|Menshevik]] " since 1903.<ref>((cite web|url=http://bse.sci-lib.com/article006157.html|title=Войков Петр Лазаревич|website=bse.sci-lib.com))</ref> In 1905 Voykov was already a member of the Kerch Committee of the [[RSDLP]] and fought in the ranks of the self-defense squad. Voykov also was a member of the fighting squad of local social-democrats after moving to Yalta.((sfn|Gubenko|1959|pp=9–12))

===The explosion in 1906===
Voykov was one of the five organizers and participants in the terrorist attack on July 20, 1906 against the local police chief, M. M. Gvozdevich.((sfn|Gubenko|1959|p=12)) According to the official Soviet biography of Voykov, the initial purpose of the operation was not a terrorist act, but the transportation of bombs, prepared for self-defense, from a cache to a place outside the city, where they were planned to be discharged. According to this version, the decision to attack the police chief was taken impulsively by the two other participants in the operation. 

The terrorist act was a complete failure, the two persons most responsible for it were heavily wounded and soon died, and M. M. Gvozdevich was not injured.((sfn|Zhukovsky|1968|pp=21–22)) It is known that Mensheviks were the least extremist of any of the groups within the RSDLP  and rejected terrorism as a method of a political struggle. But they prepared bombs for an armed uprising and the central leadership could not fully control the proliferation of weapons and the behavior of radical young people.<ref name="Geifman1995">((cite book|author=Anna Geifman|title=Thou Shalt Kill: Revolutionary Terrorism in Russia, 1894-1917|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U_SU7fxj9BMC|chapter=Terrorism in Practice: The Mensheviks|date=1995|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=0-691-02549-5))</ref> Voykov fled first to Kekeneiz, to his father, and then to Sevastopol and St. Petersburg. Two other participants in the terrorist act, Dmitry Nashaburgsky and Pyotr Koren, did not mention Voykov's name. The fact of Voykov's participation was established only in 1907.((sfn|Gubenko|1959|pp=12–13))

===Assassination attempt on Dumbadze in 1907===
From the autumn of 1906, the duties of the mayor in Yalta were performed by General [[Ivan Dumbadze|Dumbadze]]. On February 26, 1907, a bomb was thrown from the balcony of Novikov's [[dacha]] at Dumbadze, who was passing by in a carriage. Dumbadze was bruised and scratched, while the driver and adjutant were injured.<ref>((cite book| author=Bogdanovich A.| script-title=ru:Три последних самодержца|trans-title=The three last autocrats|url=http://lost-empire.ru/index.php?option=com_books&Itemid=3&task=viewB&id=2357&page=811|year=1990|page=811|location=Moscow|publisher=Новости|quote=However the coachman was wounded in his eye and the adjutant in the leg|language=ru))</ref> 

Even after the unfortunate terrorist shot himself, Dumbadze ordered his troops to burn down the dacha, and the soldiers additionally looted the adjacent house.<ref name="Ivanov20072005">((cite web| url = http://www.rusk.ru/st.php?idar=103421| script-title=ru:Истинно-русский грузин. Ялтинский градоначальник генерал-майор Иван Думбадзе|trans-title=Genuine Russian Georgian. The City head of Yalta Maj. Gen. Ivan Dumbadze| last = Иванов| first = А| publisher = Сайт православного информационного агентства «Русская линия»| language = ru
))</ref> Voykov (the militia fighter of the RSDLP) had no relation to the action on February 26, 1907, because it was organized by one of the "flying combat units" of the [[Socialist Revolutionary Party]]. In addition, he left Yalta shortly after the unsuccessful explosion on July 20, 1906, and from the autumn of 1906 studied in [[Saint Petersburg State University|St. Petersburg University]]. However, an assassination attempt on Dumbadze revived the investigation into the case on July 20. As a result, Voykov was forced to leave Petersburg; in summer 1907 he was hiding in [[Kharkiv]] for several months, and then emigrated.((sfn|Zhukovsky|1968|pp=23–27))

==Emigration==
In 1907 Voykov left Russia on the passport of his classmate. In March 1908 he arrived in [[Geneva]], [[Switzerland]]. In September 1909 he entered the Physics and Mathematics Department of the [[University of Geneva]].((sfn|Zhukovsky|1968|pp=24, 33)) In Geneva he met [[Vladimir Lenin]] and, although he was not yet a Bolshevik, he remained a Menshevik-Internationalist during the First World War, actively spoke out against the "[[Internationalist–defencist schism|defencists]]", and was an active participant in the "1st Geneva Group of Assistance". In the spring of 1914 he married Adelaide Abramovna Belenkina, who studied medicine in Geneva. On April 24, 1915, their son Pavel((efn|The brother of Pyotr Voykov, whose name was Pavel, committed suicide in March 1906)) was born. Following the [[February Revolution]] of 1917, he returned to Russia with his wife and son, though not in the same sealed carriage with Lenin, as it was often claimed, but together with [[Julius Martov|Martov]]  and [[Anatoly Lunacharsky|Lunacharsky]] in the next group, which arrived in Russia on May 9, 1917.((sfn|Zhukovsky|1968|pp=38–41))

== Activities in the Urals ==
On returning to Russia, Voykov became a Commissar of the Ministry of Labor of the [[Russian Provisional Government|Provisional Government]]; he was responsible for resolving conflicts between workers and employers. After the [[July Days]], when the Menshevik faction supported the repression against the rioters and [[Bolsheviks]], Voykov left St. Petersburg for the [[Urals]]. There he soon joined the Bolshevik faction and was a member of [[Yekaterinburg]] [[Soviet (council)|Soviet]] and was engaged in trade union activities. After the [[October Revolution]] he joined the Yekaterinburg [[Military Revolutionary Committee]]. ((OldStyleDate|2 December|1917|16 November)) he was elected chairman of the Yekaterinburg [[City Duma]].((sfn|Zhukovsky|1968|pp=42–52))

In January through December 1918 he was [[Commissar]] for Supply in the Ural Region Soviet. In this post, he directed transportation of precious metals from Yekaterinburg, successfully sought the supply of foodstuffs from the state reserves to the Urals and personally provided for its delivery.((sfn|Zhukovsky|1968|pp=68–70)) The [[Great War]], [[Russian Revolution|two revolutions]] and the policy of [[nationalization]] of industrial plants led to the disintegration of normal economic ties. In order to supply the cities with food, the Soviets resorted to the brutal policy of ''[[prodrazvyorstka]]'' when armed ''[[prodotryad]]s'' (food detachments) were sent to the villages. As a Commissar of Supply, Voykov also dealt with this. Soviet biographers also note that he managed to organize the exchange of Urals iron for Siberian grain and he dealt with the construction of a railroad between Yekaterinburg and [[Krasnoufimsk]].((sfn|Gubenko|1959|pp=25–29)) Russian academic, publicist, and former [[Ministry of Culture (Russia)|Minister of Culture]] of Russia [[Vladimir Medinsky]] claimed that Voykov, in this position, was involved in repressions against the entrepreneurs of the Urals, stating:<ref>[http://old.medinskiy.ru/spravka-o-deyatelnosti-pl-vojkova «Information about the activities of P.L. Voykov»] ((Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120527112918/http://www.medinskiy.ru/spravka-o-deyatelnosti-pl-vojkova |date=2012-05-27 )) (in Russian)</ref> ((quote|"Voykov set such prices for food and fuel that private trade in the Urals became impossible. Voykov's activities led to a shortage of goods and a significant decrease in the standard of living of the local population."))

== Execution of the Romanovs ==
Informing the local Bolsheviks of the forthcoming arrival of Nicholas II and his family in Yekaterinburg, Sverdlov left it to them whether to imprison the family or offer them accommodations in a mansion. They chose a variant with a mansion turned into a prison.<ref name="Хрусталев2018">((cite book|author=Владимир Хрусталев|title=Романовы. Последние дни Великой династии|chapter=Екатеринбург. Новое пристанище|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aYAqAQAAQBAJ&pg=PT462|date=16 April 2018|publisher=АСТ|isbn=978-5-457-44915-2|pages=462–))</ref>

Voykov knew Nicholas Ipatiev, and had visited the [[Ipatiev House]] before it was selected as the final residence of [[Nicholas II of Russia]] and his family. It seems to have been on the basis of information supplied by Voykov that Ipatiev was summoned to the office of the Soviet at the end of April 1918 and ordered to vacate what was soon to be called 'The House of Special Purpose'.<ref>((cite book |last1=King |first1=Greg |last2=Wilson |first2=Penny |date=6 July 2014 |title= The Fate of the Romanovs|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=MAFZCAAAQBAJ|isbn= 9780471727972))</ref>

During the Imperial Family's imprisonment in late June, they received letters written in French. Their author was allegedly a monarchist officer, planning to rescue the Tsar and his family. In fact, these letters were composed at the behest of the [[Cheka]]. These fabricated letters, along with the Romanov responses to them, written either on blank spaces or on the envelope, were ultimately used by the Ural Soviet, and likely the Central Executive Committee in Moscow, to justify murdering the Imperial Family.<ref name="Helen Rappaport, p. 120">Helen Rappaport, p. 120</ref> 

It appears that these letters were not written by Voykov himself, but by one of the ''Chekists''. Later in memoirs and interviews in the 1960s, two ''Chekists'' claimed that Voykov, who for a long time lived abroad and graduated from Geneva University, translated these letters into French. The researchers note, that the letters contained obvious oddities, including an incorrect address to the monarch using ''vous'' ("you") instead of ''Votre Majesté'' ("Your Majesty").<ref>((cite book |last1=Лыкова |first1=Людмила |title=Следствие по делу об убийстве российской императорской семьи. Историографический и археографический очерк. |date=2007 |publisher=Российская политическая энциклопедия (РОССПЭН) |location=Москва |isbn=978-5-8243-0826-6 |pages=76–78))</ref> According to Richard Pipes, the letters were written by a man with a "poor knowledge of French".<ref name="Pipes2011">((cite book|author=Richard Pipes|title=The Russian Revolution|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XtE54LuhFzEC|date=13 July 2011|publisher=Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-307-78857-3|page=766))</ref>

As a Commissar of Supply, Voykov signed orders for the distribution of sulfuric acid from the Yekaterinburg pharmacy. [[Yakov Yurovsky]], the commandant of the Ipatiev House from 4 July and later chief executioner, was allegedly going to use sulfuric acid for the destruction of bodies. According to Yurovsky's memoirs of 1934, in addition to acid, he obtained gasoline (or kerosene) and shovels from Voykov.<ref>=[http://gold-word2008.narod.ru/Memuari2.html Из рассказа Я. М. Юровского о расстреле царской семьи на совещании старых большевиков в г. Свердловске ]</ref> In an earlier testimony Yurovsky does not mention Voykov at all.<ref>((cite book |last1=Лыкова |first1=Людмила |title=Следствие по делу об убийстве российской императорской семьи. Историографический и археографический очерк. |date=2007 |publisher=Российская политическая энциклопедия (РОССПЭН) |location=Москва |isbn=978-5-8243-0826-6 |chapter=Приложение 4. Записка Юровского|pages=276–280))</ref> None of the numerous eyewitnesses mentions Voykov as a direct participant in the murder and the concealment of bodies.<ref>((cite web |title=Станция преткновения. Войков не убивал царя и его семью |url=https://www.sovsekretno.ru/articles/id/5204/ |access-date=17 July 2018|date=18 November 2018))</ref> On July 16, Voykov attended a special session of the Ural Soviet at the Amerikanskaya Hotel, where it was decided the executions would have to be carried out that night.<ref>((cite book |last1=King |first1=Greg |last2=Wilson |first2=Penny |date=6 July 2014 |title= The Fate of the Romanovs|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=MAFZCAAAQBAJ|isbn= 9780471727972))</ref>

According to the memoirs of Grigory Besedovsky, a Soviet Diplomat who defected to [[France]], Voykov and his accomplices used bayonets and pierced the breasts of the still living daughters of Nicholas II, as bullets ricocheted off from their corsets. After the killings, Voykov allegedly removed a ring from a corpse with a large ruby. Voykov himself claimed that the ring was taken from the hand of one of the Grand Duchesses and liked to show it off, though such a ring is not mentioned in any official documents or testimony given by the other executioners. Besedovsky also claimed that Voykov was one of the primary orchestrators of the killing of the Imperial Family, and insisted particularly to the Ural Soviet that the entire family, including all five of the Tsar's children, must be killed.

The reliability of Besedovsky testimony is now seriously questioned. The official investigation, conducted in Russia after the discovery of the remains of the Imperial Family, showed that the picture painted by Besedovsky was not reliable. Later, Besedovsky became known for his wild fantasy and for the publication of forged documents (for example, "Notebooks" of Stalin's non-existent nephew), as even his friends recognized.<ref>((cite web |title=Станция преткновения. Войков не убивал царя и его семью |url=https://www.sovsekretno.ru/articles/id/5204/ |access-date=17 July 2018|date=18 November 2015))</ref><ref>((cite web|author=К. Д. Померанцев|title=Сквозь смерть. Григорий Зиновьевич Беседовский|url=http://www.radashkevich.info/KD-Pomerancev/KD-Pomerancev_148.html|access-date=2018-07-13))</ref>

The role of Voykov in the regicide was fully investigated by the commission set up after [[Admiral Kolchak]]'s [[White movement|White Army]] captured Yekaterinburg from the Bolsheviks. In the materials of the investigator Sokolov, Voykov was mentioned only as a person related to the distribution of sulfuric acid. The actual disposal of the remains was rather left under the supervision of Yurovsky and [[Filipp Goloshchyokin|Goloshchekin]].<ref>((cite web|author= Соколов Н. А.|title=Убийство Царской Семьи|url= http://rus-sky.com/history/library/sokolov.htm))</ref>

==Activities in Moscow==
After the fall of Yekaterinburg on July 26, 1918, the Ural Soviet evacuated to [[Perm, Russia|Perm]] and Voykov continued his work there. Five months later, on December 25, the troops of admiral [[Alexander Kolchak|Kolchak]] captured Perm and drove the Soviet forces from there, too. Voykov was summoned to Moscow and worked in the distribution department of [[Gossnab#Narkomprod|People's Commissariat for Food Supplies]] until July 1919, when he was sent to work in Central Union of Consumer Cooperatives (''Tsentrosoyuz'').((sfn|Zhukovsky|1968|pp=69–72))((sfn|Gubenko|1959|p=31))

On October 26, 1920, Voykov was appointed a member of the board of the [[People's Commissariat of Foreign Trade]].((sfn|Zhukovsky|1968|p=)) Together with [[Maxim Gorky]], he drafted a work plan for the Export Commission. This commission was engaged in buying up and valuation of antiques and works of art and deciding whether they could be sold abroad. Contrary to the frequent claims, however, Voykov had nothing to do with sales from the [[Diamond Fund]], the [[Kremlin Armoury]] or the [[Soviet sale of Hermitage paintings|Hermitage]] — the task of the commission was, on the contrary, to provide museums with appraisals.((sfn|Zhukovsky|1968|pp=76–80)) Stalin's massive sales from museums took place in 1929-1934, long  after Voykov left this post and died.<ref>((cite web |last1=Williams |first1=Robert |title=Dumping Oils: Soviet Art Sales and the Soviet-American Relations, 1928-1933 |url=https://www.wilsoncenter.org/publication/dumping-oils-soviet-art-sales-and-the-soviet-american-relations-1928-1933-1977 |website=Wilson Center|date=1977 |access-date=18 July 2018))</ref> The mass sale of 14 [[Fabergé Eggs]] occurred in 1930-1933.<ref name="FaberzheSkurlov1997">((cite book|author1=Tatiana F. Faberzhe|author2=Valentin V. Skurlov|author3=Lynette G. Proler|title=The Fabergé imperial Easter eggs|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Cj09AQAAIAAJ&q=Imperial+Easter+Eggs+until+1930|year=1997|publisher=Christie's|isbn=978-0-903432-48-1|page=67))</ref>

== Assassination ==
On June 7, 1927, at 9:00 A.M., the Ambassador Voykov, accompanied by an official of the Embassy, Yurij Grigorowicz, arrived at the [[Warszawa Główna railway station|main station]] in Warsaw to meet [[Arkady Rosengolts]], who had recently been relieved of his post as [[List of ambassadors of Russia to the United Kingdom#Representatives of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics to the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (1923–1991)|Ambassador of the Soviet Union to the United Kingdom]] and was returning from [[London]] via [[Berlin]], having been summoned to Moscow. Having met Rosengolts, Voykov proceeded together with him to the railway restaurant to take some coffee, after which they went together out on the platform toward the express train scheduled to leave Warsaw at 9:55, from which Rosengolts was to continue his journey to Moscow. At the moment when Voykov and Rosengolts passed the sleeper of the train, a man fired a pistol shot at Voykov, who jumped aside and started to run. The assailant, who cried out "Die for Russia!", pursued him with further shots, to which Voykov pulled a pistol out of his pocket and returned fire at his assailant, only to falter and collapse into the arms of a Polish policeman who had arrived on scene. The assailant, sighting the approaching police, surrendered himself voluntarily into police custody. The shooter identified himself as [[Boris Kowerda]], and stated that he planned to kill Voykov in order to "Avenge Russia, to avenge millions of people".<ref name="kowerda">"Shot Down by Assassin — Soviet Ambassador at Warsaw", ''Wellington Evening Post'', 8 June 1927, p. 9 [https://web.archive.org/web/20101125025610/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,881656,00.html "RUSSIA: Nest of Murderers"], ''Time Magazine'', 20 June 1927</ref><ref name="efhr.eu">((cite web|url=http://media.efhr.eu/2013/06/07/assassination-vilnius-backgruand/|title=The assassination with Vilnius backgruand - media.efhr.eu|date=7 June 2013|website=efhr.eu))</ref>

Voykov, having received emergency first aid at the station, was rushed to the nearby Hospital of the Child Jesus, where he died at 10:40 A.M. the same day. The autopsy performed on the same day by Professor Grchivo-Dombrowski revealed that Voykov had been shot twice: once fatally in the left side of the chest, and once in the left shoulder. The wound to the chest ruptured Voykov's left lung, causing an [[internal hemorrhage]].<ref name="Serial Set">"United States Congressional Serial Set", 27 February 1956 [https://books.google.com/books?id=zQc7AQAAMAAJ&dq=Boris+Kowerda&pg=PA25 "Relief of John W Scholtes 1588 Relief of Boris Kowerda"], ''U.S. Government Printing Office'', 27 February 1956</ref>

Voykov's body was transported from the hospital to the Soviet mission, which used the occasion to organize communist demonstrations in Warsaw. The coffin was exhibited in the mission hall for two days. The Polish government expressed its condolences to his widow and the government of the USSR and performed all formal duties. On June 10, the coffin was transported to the Warsaw railway station and from there by train to Moscow. In the streets of Warsaw, the coffin was followed by all the local communists, representatives of the diplomatic corps of Russia and Poland, the Polish government, as well as a department of the [[Polish Army]], which gave signs of military respect and so strictly guarded order that the procession walked through the empty streets.<ref>Nina Stuzhynskaya, Belarus Rebellious: From History of Armed Anti-Soviet Resistance: 1920s p. 293, 295</ref> 

Despite the official remorse, almost all the newspapers expressed the sympathy of Polish society that Boris Kowerda evoked with his youth and patriotism, and he was even forgiven for the political difficulties caused by his actions. The killing was later justified as vengeance for Voykov's role in the killing of the Tsar and his family, and many people in Poland regarded Kowerda as a hero; public opinion was full of understanding, and even sympathy, for the assassin.<ref>Nina Stuzhynskaya, Belarus Rebellious: From History of Armed Anti-Soviet Resistance: 1920s p. 293, 295</ref> A Polish court initially sentenced Kowerda to life imprisonment due to external pressure, but he was successful in petitioning [[President of Poland|President of the Republic]] [[Ignacy Mościcki]] to commute his sentence to 15 years. Kowerda was later amnestied and released after serving ten years on June 15, 1937.<ref name="efhr.eu"/>

== Legacy ==

The Soviet authorities cherished his memory, giving his name to the [[Voykovsky District]], the [[Moscow Metro]] station ''[[Voikovskaya]]'', several streets and plants, and a coal mine in [[Ukraine]]. After the canonization of the Imperial Family, the [[Russian Orthodox Church]] urged the authorities to erase the name of the "[[regicide]] and [[infanticide]]" from public objects. On July 17, 2007, the [[Romanov sainthood|remembrance day of the Russian Royal Family]], several [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Eastern Orthodox]] groups publicly prayed that the metro station in Moscow might be renamed.<ref>[http://www.russia-ic.com/news/show/4364/ Moscow disputes over metro station named after Royal Family murderer :: Russia-InfoCentre<!-- bot-generated title -->] at www.russia-ic.com</ref>

==See also==
* [[Alexander Griboyedov]], Russian ambassador to Persia, assassinated in 1829
* [[Grigoriy Shcherbina]], Russian Consul to Kosovska Mitrovica, assassinated in 1903
* [[Vatslav Vorovsky]], Soviet envoy at the Conference of Lausanne, assassinated in 1923
* [[Andrei Karlov]], Russian ambassador to Turkey, assassinated in 2016

==Notes==
((Notelist))

== References ==
((reflist))

==Bibliography==
*((cite book |last1=Zhukovsky |first1=Nikolay |script-title=ru:Полномочный представитель СССР |trans-title= Minister Plenipotentiary of USSR|language=ru |date=1968 |publisher=Политиздат |location=Moscow |pages=214 |url=http://istmat.info/files/uploads/48971/n.zhukovskiy.polnomochnyy_predstavitel_sssr.pdf))
*((cite book |last1=Gubenko |first1=Gitel |script-title=ru:Пётр Лазаревич Войков. Краткий биографический очерк |trans-title=Pyotr Lazarevich Voykov. A short biographical essay |language=ru |date=1959 |publisher=Крымиздат |location=Simferopol |url=http://istmat.info/node/47837 |access-date=2017-02-04 |archive-date=2015-11-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117032829/http://istmat.info/node/47837 |url-status=dead ))

==Further reading==
*[https://dlib.rsl.ru/viewer/01008004078#?page=323 Большая советская энциклопедия / гл. ред. О. Ю. Шмидт. - Москва : Советская энциклопедия, 1926-. - 26 см.  Т. 12: Воден - Волховстрой. - 1928. - 416 с., 29 л. ил., портр., цв. ил., карты, портр. : ил., карты, портр., табл. / стр. 232]
*Victor Alexandrov, ''The End of the Romanovs'', English edition, Hutchinson, London, 1966. 
*[[Edvard Radzinsky]]. ''The Last Tsar: the Life and Death of Nicholas II'', Doubleday, 1992. ((ISBN|0-385-42371-3)).
*[[Robert K. Massie]]. ''Nicholas and Alexandra'', reprint, Black Dog & Leventhal Publishers, 2005. ((ISBN|1-57912-433-X)). 
*((in lang|pl)) [http://wiadomosci.gazeta.pl/Wiadomosci/1,80269,4333060.html 75 rocznica podpisania w Moskwie polsko-sowieckiego paktu o nieagresji]((dead link|date=April 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes )), [[Polish Press Agency|PAP]], 2007-07-23
*[[Helen Rappaport]], ''Ekaterinburg: The Last Days of the Romanovs,'' 2008, ((ISBN|978-0-099-52009-2)).
((Murder of the Romanovs))
((Authority control))

((DEFAULTSORT:Voykov, Pyotr))
[[Category:1888 births]]
[[Category:1927 deaths]]
[[Category:Ambassadors of the Soviet Union to Poland]]
[[Category:Assassinated Soviet diplomats]]
[[Category:Burials at the Kremlin Wall Necropolis]]
[[Category:Communist Party of the Soviet Union members]]
[[Category:Deaths by firearm in Poland]]
[[Category:Mensheviks]]
[[Category:Naming controversies]]
[[Category:Old Bolsheviks]]
[[Category:People from Kerch]]
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[[Category:People murdered in Poland]]
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[[Category:People of the Russian Civil War]]
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[[Category:Poland–Soviet Union relations]]
[[Category:Regicides of Nicholas II]]
[[Category:Russian revolutionaries]]
[[Category:Russian people murdered abroad]]
[[Category:Russian Social Democratic Labour Party members]]
[[Category:Soviet people murdered abroad]]
[[Category:Assassinated ambassadors]]

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