Bullfinches
Eurasian bullfinch, Pyrrhula pyrrhula
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Passeriformes
Family: Fringillidae
Subfamily: Carduelinae
Genus: Pyrrhula
Brisson, 1760
Type species
Loxia pyrrhula[1] = Pyrrhula pyrrhula
Linnaeus, 1758
Species

See text.

Pyrrhula is a small genus of passerine birds, commonly called bullfinches, belonging to the finch family (Fringillidae). The genus has a Palearctic distribution; almost all species occur in Asia, with two species exclusively in the Himalayas and one species, P. pyrrhula, also occurring in Europe. The Azores bullfinch (P. murina) is a critically endangered species (about 120 pairs remaining), occurring only in the east of the island of São Miguel in the Azores archipelago.

The evolution of the bullfinch species started soon after the pine grosbeak's ancestors diverged from them (at the end of the Middle Miocene, about 12 mya), and it is quite possible that the latter species evolved in North America; what is fairly certain is that the bullfinch radiation started in the general area of the Himalayas. The mountain finches also seem to be part of this clade.[2]

Bullfinches have glossy black wings and tail feathers. They show a white rump. The legs and feet are fleshy brown. Their short, swollen bill is adapted to eat buds, and is black except for the brown bullfinch, which has a grey or greenish-grey bill. The males can be distinguished by their orange or red breast. Some species have a black cap.

Taxonomy

The genus Pyrrhula was introduced in 1760 by the French zoologist Mathurin Jacques Brisson.[3][4] The name was derived by tautonymy from the binomial name of the Eurasian bullfinch Loxia pyrrhula introduced by Linnaeus in 1758.[4][5]

The bullfinches in the genus Pyrrhula are sister to the pine grosbeak, the only species placed in the genus Pinicola.[6] [7]

Species

P. p. griseiventris from the Kurile Islands, illustrated by William Matthew Hart, 1888

There are eight extant and one extinct recognized species in the genus:[8][9]

Image Scientific name Common Name Distribution
Pyrrhula aurantiaca Orange bullfinch India and Pakistan
Pyrrhula erythaca Grey-headed bullfinch Bhutan, China, India, Myanmar, and Nepal
Pyrrhula owstoni Taiwan bullfinch (split from P. erythaca)[10] Taiwan
Pyrrhula erythrocephala Red-headed bullfinch Bhutan, northern India, Nepal
Pyrrhula leucogenis White-cheeked bullfinch the Philippines
Pyrrhula murina Azores bullfinch São Miguel Island, in the Azores archipelago of Macaronesia in the North Atlantic Ocean.
Pyrrhula nipalensis Brown bullfinch Bhutan, China, India, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, Taiwan, and Vietnam.
Pyrrhula pyrrhula Eurasian bullfinch across Europe and temperate Asia.

References

  1. ^ "Fringillidae". aviansystematics.org. The Trust for Avian Systematics. Retrieved 2023-07-16.
  2. ^ Marten, Jill A. & Johnson, Ned K. (1986). "Genetic relationships of North American cardueline finches" (PDF). Condor. 88 (4): 409–420. doi:10.2307/1368266. JSTOR 1368266.
  3. ^ Brissons, M.J. (1760). Ornithologie, Volume 1. Vol. 1. Paris: Chez C.J.-B. Bauche. p. 36.
  4. ^ a b Paynter, Raymond A. Jnr., ed. (1968). Check-list of birds of the world, Volume 14. Vol. 14. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Museum of Comparative Zoology. p. 293.
  5. ^ Linnaeus, C. (1758). Systema Naturæ per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis, Volume 1 (in Latin). Vol. 1 (10th ed.). Holmiae:Laurentii Salvii. pp. 171–172.
  6. ^ Arnaiz-Villena, A; Ruiz-de-Valle, V; Guillén, J; Lowy, E; Zamora, J; Varela, P; Stefani, D; Allende, L.M (2001). "Pylogeography of crossbills, bullfinches, grosbeaks and rosefinches". Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences.
  7. ^ Zuccon, Dario; Prŷs-Jones, Robert; Rasmussen, Pamela C.; Ericson, Per G.P. (2012). "The phylogenetic relationships and generic limits of finches (Fringillidae)". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 62 (2): 581–596. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2011.10.002. PMID 22023825.
  8. ^ Gill, Frank; Donsker, David (eds.). "Finches, euphonias". World Bird List Version 5.2. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 5 June 2015.
  9. ^ "Species Updates – IOC World Bird List". Retrieved 2021-01-12.
  10. ^ Dong, Feng; Li, Shou-Hsien; Chiu, Chi-Cheng; Dong, Lu; Yao, Cheng-Te; Yang, Xiao-Jun (2020). "Strict allopatric speciation of sky island Pyrrhula erythaca species complex". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 153: 106941. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2020.106941. PMID 32818596. S2CID 221220752.
  11. ^ Rando, J.C; Pieper, H; Olson, Olson Storrs; Pereira, F; Alcover, J.A (2017). "A new extinct species of large bullfinch (Aves: Fringillidae: Pyrrhula) from Graciosa Island (Azores, North Atlantic Ocean)" (PDF). Zootaxa. 4282 (3): 567–583. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4282.3.9. Retrieved 6 August 2017.
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