Qatari literature traces its origins back to the 19th century. Originally, written poetry was the most common form of expression, but poetry later fell out of favor after Qatar began reaping the profits from oil exports in the mid-20th century and many Qataris abandoned their Bedouin traditions in favor of more urban lifestyles.[1]
Due to the increasing number of Qataris who began receiving formal education during the 1950s and other significant societal changes, the following years saw the introduction of short stories, and later, novels. Poetry, particularly the predominant nabati form, retained some importance but would soon be overshadowed by other literary types.[1] Unlike most other forms of art in Qatari society, females have been involved in the modern literature movement on a similar magnitude to males.[2]
History
Literature in Qatar is typically divided into two periods: 1800–1950 and 1950–present. This divide is due to the vast societal changes in the mid-1900s resulting from the income generated by Qatar's oil exports. Oil revenues transformed the economy from ailing to prosperous, and the subsequent rural flight caused a decline in popularity of many Bedouin traditions.[1]
Coin minted in the name of war poet Qatari ibn al-Fuja'a with slogan of Kharijite. His poems were predominantly related to war and martyrdom.
Poems were the first literary form to be mass produced by Qatari writers. Qatari ibn al-Fuja'a, a folk hero dating to the seventh-century, was renowned for writing poetry. He led the Kharjite sect of Islam for a short period; his poems often glorified martyrdom.[3] However, as a result of wide-spread illiteracy that historically prevailed in the Arabian Peninsula, poetry was more often spoken than written. It was seen as a verbal art which fulfilled essential social functions. Having a renowned poet among its ranks was a source of pride for tribes; it is the primary way in which age-old traditions are passed down generations. Most often, poems were composed in the Nabati form (also known as Bedouin poetry). Poems composed by females primarily focused on the theme of ritha, to lament. This type of poetry served as an elegy.[4]
The beginnings of contemporary written poetry in Qatar dates back to the early 1800s with Abdul Jalil Al-Tabatabai and Mohammed bin Abdullah bin Uthaymeen.[1] The former poet was born in Basra but migrated to the flourishing coastal town of Zubarah at a young age. In September 1802, after the Sultan of Muscat and OmanSultan bin Ahmad imposed a sea blockade of Zubarah, Al-Tabatabai wrote the following poem:[5]
For you God will suffice against the pangs of separation from your dead ones, Your longing and pining is like a fire burning in your heart Your longing is not hidden, A longing for the southern wind.
Al-Tabatabai later migrated from Qatar to Bahrain in the 1820s, following the lead of many other prominent residents of Zubarah.[5] As for Mohammed bin Abdullah bin Uthaymeen, he was born in the mid-1800s in Saudi Arabia. He would go on to form a close relationship with Jassim bin Mohammed Al Thani, then ruler of Qatar, and even composed eulogies praising him.[6] Nonetheless, according to academic Mohammed Al Qafud, these two poets did not leave a lasting impact on the poetry scene in Qatar, mainly due to the temporary nature of their stays in the country.[1]
One of the first Qatari-born poets to leave an enduring impact on the peninsula's literary culture was Majid bin Saleh Al-Khulaifi, born in 1873.[1] He expressed an interest in poetry since a young age, and his poems ranged in theme from war to his wife's death. Like most other poems produced in the Arabian Peninsula, his poems followed the nabati structure. Al-Khulaifi's poems were preserved and printed in a 1969 book entitled From Qatari Poetry alongside fellow poets Mohammed Al Fayhani and Ahmed Al Kuwari.[7]
During Sheikh Jassim Al Thani's reign (1878–1913), he funded the printing of many Islamic texts. For instance, in 1892 he provided financing to print 100 copies of Mahmud al-Alusi's book Fathul Mannan: Completion of Laying the Foundation and Response to Brothers Reconciliation and then donated those copies to Muslim academics and students. The next year, in 1893, he gifted al-Alusi with 100 copies of the book.[6]
In the early and mid-1900s, two notable poets were Ahmad bin Yousef Al Jaber and Abdulrahman bin Qassim Al Maawda. Al-Jaber wrote many poems with religious as well as political themes, including a eulogy for Gamal Abdel Nasser, the recently deceased President of the United Arab Republic. The latter poet, Al Maawda, spent his life in both Qatar and Bahrain. He too wrote poems with a political slant, often about pan-Arabism.[1]
Modern literature movement (1950–present)
The emergence of contemporary literature in the 1950s coincides with the beginnings of the modern arts movement. This was largely because the increased prosperity from oil extraction activities allowed Qataris to receive formal education, adopt more settled lifestyles and attend higher education institutes abroad in order to hone their creative skills.[1] Other factors involved in triggering a literary revolution were the improved social standing of women, the advent of a national identity, and the introductions of literary organisations, journalism and mass immigration.[8]
Qatar, as well as most other Persian Gulf countries, borrowed practices and writing styles from the more-developed literary cultures of other Arab countries like Egypt, Syria and Lebanon.[9]
Magazines
Qatar's Department of Information published the first weekly magazine 1969, called Doha Magazine.[10] Abdullah Al Ni'ma produced the first weekly magazine devoted to culture the same year, entitled Al Uruba; this would later be branded as Al Arab. Throughout the 1970s, at least 14 more periodicals appeared, allowing Qatari writers with platforms to showcase their works. This made short stories and traditional poems widely accessible to the masses for the first time.[8]
Although poetry no longer dwarfs other literary forms in importance, it is still a long-honored tradition which has attracted new writers in the mid- and late-1900s and even into the 21st century. Poets such as Sheikh Mubarak bin Saif Al Thani, Hassan Al Naama, and Hajar Ahmed Hajar were prominent figures in the late 1900s. Around this time, females such as Kaltham Jaber, Hessa Al Awadhi and Zakiya Mal Allah also started composing poems. Poems were being published in newspapers, magazines and books on a large-scale for the first time. Mubarak Al Thani even published a poem that would serve as Qatar's national anthem, adopted in 1996.[1]
Mohammed al-Ajami, a 21st century Qatari poet, was noted for his political poetry that touched on subjects such as the Arab Spring. He was imprisoned in 2012 allegedly for publicly reading a poem in which he criticized Qatar's emir.[11] After several different sentences were handed down, he was finally released in March 2016, after four years of detention.[12]
Short stories
Short stories first became popular in the 1970s.[13] Yousef Ni'ma introduced the first two collections of short stories in 1970, entitled Bint Al-Khaleej (Daughter of the Gulf) and Liqa fi Beirut (A Meeting in Bayrut). He went on to publish several more short stories throughout the proceeding decades.[8]
Kaltham Jaber was the first Qatari woman to author a collection of short stories, doing so in 1978. The collection was titled Ania wa Ghabat as-Samt wa at-Taraddud, and the main focus of these stories is the desire for Qatari women to have a role in restructuring social norms and cultural conceptions.[14] Other women who later wrote short stories include Mai Salem, Abeer Al Suwaidi, Umm Aktham and Noura Al Saad.[15] Similar to most Qatari women writers of the period, Umm Aktham (the pseudonym of Fatimah Turki) was a vocal proponent of women's rights. She wrote short stories criticizing Qatar's treatment of women, but also offered fair criticisms of Western countries so as not to the draw the ire of conservatives.[2]
Novels
Qatari author Ali Khalifa Al-Kuwari's 2012 book The People Want Reform in Qatar, Too was banned in Qatar because of its critical views towards the emir.
Shu'a' Khalifa and her sister Dalal Khalifa were the first two Qatari novelists to publish their works. They accomplished this feat with the publishing of three separate novels in 1993: al-Ubur ila al-haqiqa (Passage to Truth), written by Shu'a' in 1987, Ahlam al-bahr al-qadima (The Old Dreams of the Sea), written by Shu'a' in 1990 and Usturat al-Insan wa-l-buhayra (The Myth of the Man and the Lake, written by Dalal. The sisters would go on to publish four more novels by 2000. Their novels center around social limitations faced by women, and scrutinize long-held social values. Another important theme in their novels is the rapid societal transition experienced by Qatar since the discovery of oil.[8]
Since the 2000s, most novels released have explored topics of social change, cultural alienation, and political issues through the perspectives of highly educated youth. These topics are expressed through fictitious autobiographies and personal crises. Some of novels in the 2000s with political motifs were Ahmed Abdul Malik's 2005 novel Ahdan al-manafi (The Embraces of Exile), his 2009 novel Fazi shahid al-islah fi al-Khalij (Fazi', the Martyr of Reform in the Gulf), and Jamal Fayiz's 2013 novel Mud Foam.[8] Some novels with political themes deemed controversial have been banned by Qatar, such as a number of Ahmed Abdul Malik's books and Ali Khalifa Al-Kuwari's 2012 book The People Want Reform in Qatar Too.[16]
Abdulaziz Al-Mahmoud and Issa Abdullah were two pioneers of historical novels in Qatar.[8] As a writer, Al Mahmoud's debut novel Al Qursan experienced commercial success after its release in August 2011. The novel was translated into English under the title The Corsair one year later and went on to become one of the best-selling books to be released by a Qatari author.[17]Al Qursan's plot revolves around British politics and piracy in the Persian Gulf region during the 19th century, with the central figure being the Arab pirate Rahmah ibn Jabir al-Jalahimah.[18] Abdullah's first historical novel was released in 2013 as Kanz Sāzīrān (Saziran's Treasure).[8]
Qatar launched the Katara Prize for Arabic Novel in September 2014 which has a $200,000 prize for the top fiction book.[19] This competition was later incorporated under the authority of Katara Publishing House, established in 2018.[20]
By June 2015, twelve Qatari women and eight Qatari men had published a collective total of thirty-nine novels.[8] Novels have proven to be one of the fastest growing categories of literature, with nearly a quarter of all existing Qatari-authored novels being published as recently as 2014. Six new female Qatari writers published novels in 2014: Hanan Al-Fayyad, Sumayya Tisha, Amala Al-Suwaidi, Shamma Al-Kuwari, Muhsina Rashid, and Iman Hamad. Similar to their predecessors, the main themes in their books are women's role in society and the social transition of Qatar.[8]
Qatar in literature
An independent and modernized version of Qatar's town of Zubarah is the setting for a large portion of Larry Correia's and Micheal Kupari's military thriller Dead Six.[21]
Preservation and documentation
In the late 20th century, the works of some of Qatar's most eminent early poets were posthumously documented in diwans by academics and fellow writers.[1] Mohammed Hassan Al-Kuwari, a researcher for Qatar's Ministry of Culture, Arts and Heritage, composed a directory of known Qatari authors in 2012. Called the Dalil al-muallifin al-qatariyin (Guide to Qatari Writers), the book lists and describes 226 writers.[9]
Literary organisations
In March 2017, the Qatar Poetry Center (QPC) (Diwan Al Arab) was inaugurated by the Ministry of Culture and Sports. According to government officials, the center will host poetry workshops and literary events in order to promote poetry to the youth and to provide assistance to current poets. The center was purposefully inaugurated on 21 March 2017, which is World Poetry Day.[22] Furthermore, the center will have a role in collecting and publishing historic Qatari poems in diwans as well as providing analysis for these poems.[23]
Qatar's first publishing house was Bloomsbury Qatar Foundation Publishing (BQFP), founded in 2008 as a joint venture between Qatar Foundation (QF) and Bloomsbury Publishing.[24] Later in December 2015 the publishing house was disbanded with all of BQFP's published works being assimilated by QF's new publishing house, HBKU Press.[25] HBKU Press launched its "Books Made in Qatar" project during the 2017 Qatar–Germany Year of Culture. As part of this project, workshops presented by prominent German authors were offered to Qatari authors free of charge.[26] Katara Publishing House, another Qatar-based publisher, was established in 2018. It assumed responsibility for administering the previously-implemented Katara Prize for Arabic Novel.[20]
An image of Qatar's capital Doha dating back to 1904 obtained from the Qatar Digital Library archives.
The digital library, with an English and Arabic bilingual interface, encompasses a total of 500,000 pages of items held by the British Library pertaining to the history of the Persian Gulf region. Some 475,000 pages, dating from the mid 18th century to 1951, are from the India Office Records and Private Papers; and 25,000 pages are of medieval Arabic scientific manuscripts.[28][29] Among the pages are numerous historical photographs, maps, and drawings.[30]
In August 2017, the Qatari Authors' Forum was opened with the aim of helping integrate new writers into the industry.[31]
^ abMuḥammad Muṣṭafá Badawī; Muhammad Mustafa Badawi; M. M. Badawi; María Rosa Menocal; Raymond P. Scheindlin; Michael Sells (1992). Modern Arabic Literature. Vol. 3. Cambridge University Press. p. 448. ISBN9780521331975.
^ abcdefghijklmWaïl S. Hassan (book editor), Mohammed Mostafa Salem (chapter 22) (1 August 2017). "22". The Oxford Handbook of Arab Novelistic Traditions. Oxford University Press. pp. 383–393. ISBN9780199349807. ((cite book)): |author= has generic name (help)CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
^ abN.B. Kovyrshina; E.V. Mussawi (2014). "Past and Future in the Prose of Qatar". Department of the Philology Faculty and the Humanities and Social Sciences Faculty of the Peoples' Friendship University of Russia (PFUR). Retrieved 26 August 2018.
^Harding, Sue-Ann (2014). "'But we don't read, Professor!' Translation, Bloomsbury Qatar Foundation Publishing, and building a 'vibrant literary culture'". Perspectives: Studies in Translatology. 22 (4): Abstract. doi:10.1080/0907676X.2014.948891. S2CID60553880.
^Nadine El-Sayed (11 November 2014). "Digitizing 1,000 years of Gulf history: The Qatar Digital Library opens up the rich history of the Gulf region to the public". Nature Middle East. doi:10.1038/nmiddleeast.2014.264.
