You do not have permission to edit this page, for the following reasons:

This IP address has been blocked from editing Wikipedia.
This does not affect your ability to read Wikipedia pages.
Most people who see this message have done nothing wrong. Some kinds of blocks restrict editing from specific service providers or telecom companies in response to recent abuse or vandalism, and can sometimes affect other users who are unrelated to that abuse. Review the information below for assistance if you do not believe that you have done anything wrong.

The IP address or range 3.86.0.0/16 has been blocked (disabled) by ‪ST47‬ for the following reason(s):

The IP address that you are currently using has been blocked because it is believed to be a web host provider. To prevent abuse, web hosts may be blocked from editing Wikipedia.
You will not be able to edit Wikipedia using a web host provider because it hides your IP address, much like a proxy or VPN.
We recommend that you attempt to use another connection to edit. For example, if you use a proxy or VPN to connect to the internet, turn it off when editing Wikipedia. If you edit using a mobile connection, try using a Wi-Fi connection, and vice versa. If you are using a corporate internet connection, switch to a different Wi-Fi network. If you have a Wikipedia account, please log in.
If you do not have any other way to edit Wikipedia, you will need to request an IP block exemption.

How to appeal if you are confident that your connection does not use a web host's IP address:
If you are confident that you are not using a web host, you may appeal this block by adding the following text on your talk page: ((unblock|reason=Caught by a web host block but this host or IP is not a web host. My IP address is _______. Place any further information here. ~~~~)). You must fill in the blank with your IP address for this block to be investigated. Your IP address can be determined here. Alternatively, if you wish to keep your IP address private you can use the unblock ticket request system. There are several reasons you might be editing using the IP address of a web host (such as if you are using VPN software or a business network); please use this method of appeal only if you think your IP address is in fact not a web host.

Administrators: The IP block exemption user right should only be applied to allow users to edit using web host in exceptional circumstances, and they should usually be directed to the functionaries team via email. If you intend to give the IPBE user right, a CheckUser needs to take a look at the account. This can be requested most easily at SPI Quick Checkuser Requests. Unblocking an IP or IP range with this template is highly discouraged without at least contacting the blocking administrator.

This block will expire on 01:01, 24 April 2026.

Even when blocked, you will usually still be able to edit your user talk page, as well as email administrators and other editors.

For information on how to proceed, please read the FAQ for blocked users and the guideline on block appeals. The guide to appealing blocks may also be helpful.

Other useful links: Blocking policy · Help:I have been blocked
Your IP address is in a range that has been blocked on all Wikimedia Foundation wikis. The block was made by ‪Jon Kolbert‬. The reason given is Open proxy/Webhost: See the help page if you are affected .
- Start of block: 05:35, 21 February 2024
- Expiry of block: 05:35, 21 February 2029
Your current IP address is 3.86.82.155. The blocked range is 3.86.0.0/16. Please include all above details in any queries you make. If you believe you were blocked by mistake, you can find additional information and instructions in the No open proxies global policy. Otherwise, to discuss the block please post a request for review on Meta-Wiki. You could also send an email to the stewards VRT queue at stewards@wikimedia.org including all above details.

You can view and copy the source of this page:

((Short description|Native American Indian leader, Comanche (c. 1845–1911)))
((More citations needed|date=May 2020))
((Use mdy dates|date=October 2023))
((Infobox Native American leader
| name            = Quanah Parker
| image           = Quanah Parker c1890.png
| image_size      =
| caption         = Quanah Parker, ((circa|1890))
| role = Chief of the [[Comanche]]s
| term_start = 1890
| term_end = 1911
| predecessor = Position established
| successor = Position abolished
| birth_date      = 1845 or (probably, Pecos' birth) 1852
| birth_place     = Elk Valley, [[Wichita Mountains]], [[Comancheria]] ([[Oklahoma]])
| death_date      = February 23, 1911
| death_place     = [[Quanah Parker Star House]]<br />[[Cache, Oklahoma]], U.S.
| tribe     = Comanche Nation<br/>[[United States]]
| nicknames       =
| known_for       = ((Plainlist |
* Comanche leader to bring the Kwahadi people into [[Fort Sill]]
* Founder of the [[Native American Church]]
* The last Comanche chief))
| death_cause     = Heart failure 
| resting_place   = Fort Sill Post Cemetery<br />[[Fort Sill]], [[Oklahoma]]
| rp_coordinates  = ((coord|34.669529|-98.395336|display=inline|region:US-OK_type:landmark))
| religion        = [[Native American Church]]
| party           =
| education       =
| spouse          = Weakeah, Chony, Mah-Chetta-Wookey, Ah-Uh-Wuth-Takum, Coby, Toe-Pay, Tonarcy
| children        =
| parents         = ((unbulleted list|[[Peta Nocona]]|[[Cynthia Ann Parker]]))
| relations      = [[Iron Jacket|Po-bish-e-quasho "Iron Jacket"]], [[John Parker (pioneer)|John Parker]], [[James W. Parker]], [[Daniel Parker (Baptist)|Daniel Parker]], [[John Richard Parker]]
))

'''Quanah Parker''' (((lang-com|Kwana)), ((lit|smell, odor)); ((circa|1845)) – February 23, 1911) was a war leader of the Kwahadi ("Antelope") band of the [[Comanche Nation]]. He  was likely born into the Nokoni ("Wanderers") band of Tabby-nocca and grew up among the Kwahadis, the son of Kwahadi [[Comanche]] chief [[Peta Nocona]] and [[Cynthia Ann Parker]], an [[Anglo-American]] who had been abducted as an eight-year-old child and [[Cultural assimilation|assimilated]] into the Nokoni tribe. Following the apprehension of several Kiowa chiefs in 1871, Quanah Parker emerged as a dominant figure in the [[Red River War]], clashing repeatedly with [[Ranald S. Mackenzie|Colonel Ranald S. Mackenzie]]. With European-Americans hunting [[American bison]], the Comanches' primary sustenance, into near extinction, Quanah Parker eventually surrendered and peaceably led the Kwahadi to the reservation at [[Fort Sill]], Oklahoma.

Quanah Parker was never elected chief by his people but was appointed by the federal government as principal chief of the entire Comanche Nation. He became a primary emissary of southwest indigenous Americans to the United States legislature. In civilian life, he gained wealth as a rancher, settling near [[Cache, Oklahoma]]. Though he encouraged Christianization of Comanche people, he also advocated the syncretic [[Native American Church]] alternative, and fought for the legal use of [[peyote]] in the movement's religious practices.  He was elected deputy sheriff of [[Lawton, Oklahoma|Lawton]] in 1902. After his death in 1911, the leadership title of Chief was replaced with chairman; Quanah Parker is thereby described as the "Last Chief of the Comanche", a term also applied to [[Horseback (Comanche)|Horseback]].

He is buried at Chief's Knoll on Fort Sill. Many cities and highway systems in southwest Oklahoma and north Texas, once southern [[Comancheria]], bear reference to his name.

==Early life==
[[File:Cynthia Ann Parker.jpg|thumb|left|175px|Cynthia Ann Parker and her daughter, Topʉsana (Prairie Flower), in 1861]]
Quanah Parker's mother, [[Cynthia Ann Parker]] (born ((circa|1827))), was a member of the large Parker frontier family that settled in east [[Texas]] in the 1830s. She was captured in 1836 (((circa|age eight))) by [[Comanche]]s during the raid of [[Fort Parker Massacre|Fort Parker]] near present-day [[Groesbeck, Texas]]. Given the Comanche name ''Nadua'' (Foundling), she was adopted into the Nokoni band of Comanches, as foster daughter of Tabby-nocca.<ref name="ohs">((cite web |url= http://digital.library.okstate.edu/encyclopedia/entries/P/PA014.html |title= Parker, Quanah (ca. 1852–1911) |author1= Pierce, Michael D |publisher= Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture – Oklahoma Historical Society |access-date= 20 Dec 2009 |url-status= dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100205014917/http://digital.library.okstate.edu/encyclopedia/entries/P/PA014.html |archive-date= 2010-02-05 ))</ref>
Assimilated into the Comanche, Cynthia Ann Parker married the Kwahadi warrior chief [[Peta Nocona]], also known as Puhtocnocony, Noconie, Tah-con-ne-ah-pe-ah, or Nocona ("[[Lone Wanderer]]").<ref name="ohs"/>

Quanah Parker's paternal grandfather was the Kwahadi chief [[Iron Jacket]] (Puhihwikwasu'u), a warrior of the earlier [[Comanche Wars|Comanche-American Wars]], famous among his people for wearing a [[Spain|Spanish]] [[Mail (armour)|coat of mail]].

Cynthia Ann Parker and Nocona's first child was Quanah Parker, born in the [[Wichita Mountains]] of southwestern Oklahoma. In a letter to rancher [[Charles Goodnight]], Quanah Parker writes, "From the best information I have, I was born about 1850 on Elk Creek just below the Wichita Mountains."<ref name="bil">((cite book|title= The Last Comanche Chief: The Life and Times of Quanah Parker |author1= Neeley, Bill |year= 2009 |publisher= Castle Books |pages= 304  |isbn= 978-0785822592))</ref> Alternative sources cite his birthplace as Laguna Sabinas/Cedar Lake in [[Gaines County]], Texas.<ref>Clyde L. and Grace Jackson, Quanah Parker, Last Chief of the Comanches; a Study in Southwestern Frontier History, New York, Exposition Press [1963] p. 23</ref>

Cynthia Ann Parker and Nocona also had another son, ''Pecos'' (''Pecan''), and a daughter, ''Topsana'' (Prairie Flower). In December 1860, Cynthia Ann Parker and Topsana were captured in the [[Battle of Pease River]]. American forces were led by Sgt. John Spangler, who commanded Company H of the [[2nd Cavalry Regiment (United States)|U.S. 2nd Cavalry]], and [[Texas Ranger Division|Texas Rangers]] under [[Sul Ross]] would claim that at the end of the battle, he wounded Peta Nocona, who was thereafter killed by Spangler's Mexican servant but this was disputed by eyewitnesses among the Texas Rangers and by Quanah Parker. It was believed that Quanah Parker and his brother Pecos were the only two to have escaped on horseback, and were tracked by Ranger [[Charles Goodnight]] but escaped to rendezvous with other Nokoni. Some, including Quanah Parker himself, claim this story is false and that he, his brother, and his father Peta Nocona were not at the battle, that they were at the larger camp miles away, and that Peta Nocona died years later of illness caused by wounds from battles with Apache.

Cynthia Ann Parker, along with her infant daughter Topsana, were taken by the Texas Rangers against her will to Cynthia Ann Parker's brother's home. After 24 years with the Comanche, Cynthia Ann Parker refused re-assimilation. Topsana died of an illness in 1863. Cynthia Ann Parker died by suicide through voluntary starvation in March 1871.

In the Comanche language, ''kwana'' means "an odor" or "a smell". Comanche warriors often took on more active, masculine names in maturity, but Quanah Parker retained the name his mother gave him, initially in tribute to her after her recapture.

==Career==
[[File:Quanah Parker on horseback.jpg|thumb|left|Quanah Parker on horseback wearing eagle feather headdress and holding a lance bottom-up.]]
After Peta Nocona's death (c. 1864), being now Parra-o-coom ("Bull Bear") the head chief of the Kwahadi people, [[Horseback (Comanche)|Horseback]], the head chief of the Nokoni people, took young Quanah Parker and his brother Pecos under his wing. After Peta Nocona and Iron Jacket, Horseback taught them the ways of the Comanche warrior, and Quanah Parker grew to considerable standing as a warrior. He left and rejoined the Kwahadi band with warriors from another band. Quanah Parker surrendered to Mackenzie and was taken to Fort Sill, Indian Territory where he led the Comanches successfully for a number of years on the reservation. Quanah Parker was never elected principal chief of the Comanche by the tribe. The U.S. government appointed him principal chief of the entire nation once the people had gathered on the reservation and later introduced general elections. 

In October 1867, when Quanah Parker was only a young man, he had come along with the Comanche chiefs as an observer at treaty negotiations at Medicine Lodge, Kansas. Horseback made a statement about Quanah Parker's refusal to sign the treaty. In the early 1870s, the Plains Indians were losing the battle for their land with the United States government. Following the capture of the Kiowa chiefs [[Sitting Bear]], [[Big Tree (war chief)|Big Tree]], and [[Satanta (chief)|Satanta]], the last two paroled in 1873 after two years thanks to the firm and stubborn behaviour of [[Guipago]], the Kiowa, Comanche, and Southern Cheyenne tribes joined forces in several battles. Colonel [[Ranald Mackenzie]] led U.S. Army forces in rounding up or killing the remaining Indians who had not settled on reservations.

In 1873, [[Isatai'i]], a Comanche claiming to be a medicine man, called for all the Comanche bands to gather together for a [[Sun Dance]], even though that ritual was [[Kiowa]], and was not a Comanche practice. The bands gathered in May on the Red River, near present-day [[Texola, Oklahoma]]. At that gathering, Isatai'i and Quanah Parker recruited warriors for raids into Texas to avenge slain relatives. Other Comanche chiefs, notably Isa-Rosa ("White Wolf") and Tabananika ("Sound of the Sunrise") of the [[Yamparika]], and [[Big Red Meat]] of the Nokoni band, identified the buffalo hide merchants as the real threat to their way of life. They suggested that if Quanah Parker were to attack anybody, he should attack the merchants. A war party of around 250 warriors, composed mainly of Comanches and Cheyennes, who were impressed by Isatai'i's claim of protective medicine to protect them from their enemies' bullets, headed into Texas towards the trading post of [[Adobe Walls, Texas|Adobe Walls]]. The raid should have been a slaughter, but the saloonkeeper had heard about the coming raid and kept his customers from going to bed by offering free drinks. Around 4 am, the raiders drove down into the valley. Quanah Parker and his band were unable to penetrate the two-foot thick sod walls and were repelled by the hide merchants' long-range .50 caliber [[Sharps rifle]]s. As they retreated, Quanah Parker's horse was shot out from under him at five hundred yards. He hid behind a buffalo carcass, and was hit by a bullet that ricocheted off a powder horn around his neck and lodged between his shoulder blade and his neck. The wound was not serious, and Quanah Parker was rescued and brought back out of the range of the buffalo guns.<ref>
((Cite book
 | last = Dixon
 | first = Olive King
 | title = Life of Billy Dixon
 | location = Austin, Texas
 | publisher = State House Press
 | year = 1927
 | page = 186
 | isbn = 0938349112 ))</ref> The attack on Adobe Walls caused a reversal of policy in Washington. It led to the [[Red River War]], which culminated in a decisive Army victory in the [[Battle of Palo Duro Canyon]]. On September 28, 1874, Mackenzie and his [[Tonkawa]] scouts razed the Comanche village at [[Palo Duro Canyon]] and killed nearly 1,500 Comanche horses, the main form of the Comanche wealth and power.

==On the reservation==
[[File:Quanahbusiness.GIF|thumbnail|right|Parker in December 1889 wearing European-American business attire]]

With their food source depleted, and under constant pressure from the army, the Kwahadi Comanche finally surrendered in 1875. With Colonel Mackenzie and Indian Agent James M. Hayworth, Parker helped settle the Comanche on the Kiowa-Comanche-Apache Reservation in southwestern [[Indian Territory]].<ref name=ohs/>

Quanah Parker's home in [[Cache, Oklahoma]]<ref name=ohs/> was called the [[Quanah Parker Star House|Star House]].<ref>[http://www.preservationok.org/Quanah_Parker_Star_House.html Quanah Parker Star House] ((webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120201053101/http://www.preservationok.org/Quanah_Parker_Star_House.html |date=February 1, 2012 )), Preservation Oklahoma, Inc.</ref> 

Parker went on hunting trips with President [[Theodore Roosevelt]], who often visited him.<ref name=ohs/> Nevertheless, he rejected both [[monogamy]] and traditional [[Protestant]] [[Christianity]] in favor of the [[Native American Church]] Movement, of which he was a founder.

==Samuel Burk Burnett==
The story of the unique friendship that grew between Quanah Parker and the Burnett family is addressed in the exhibition of cultural artifacts that were given to the Burnett family from the Parker family. The presentation of a cultural relic as significant as Quanah Parker's war lance was not done lightly. It is a clear indication of the high esteem to which the Burnett family was regarded by the Parkers.((fact|date=November 2022)) The correspondence between Quanah Parker and [[Samuel Burk Burnett|Samuel Burk Burnett, Sr.]] (1849–1922) and his son Thomas Loyd Burnett (1871–1938), expressed mutual admiration and respect. The historical record mentions little of Quanah Parker until his presence in the attack on the buffalo hunters at Adobe Walls on June 27, 1874. Fragmented information exists indicating Quanah Parker had interactions with the Apache at about this time.

This association may have related to his taking up the [[Native American Church]], or [[peyote]] religion. Quanah Parker was said to have taken an Apache wife, but their union was short-lived. The Apache dress, bag and staff in the exhibit may be a remnant of this time in Quanah Parker's early adult life. With the buffalo nearly exterminated and having suffered heavy loss of horses and lodges at the hands of the US military, Quanah Parker was one of the leaders to bring the Kwahadi (Antelope) band of Comanches into [[Fort Sill]] during late May and early June 1875. This brought an end to their nomadic life on the southern plains and the beginning of an adjustment to more sedentary life. Burk Burnett began moving cattle from South Texas in 1874 to near present-day [[Wichita Falls, Texas]]. There he established his ranch headquarters in 1881.<ref name="TSHA-Minor">((Cite web|url=https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/entries/burnett-samuel-burk|title=TSHA &#124; Burnett, Samuel Burk|website=www.tshaonline.org))</ref>  Changing weather patterns and severe drought caused grasslands to wither and die in Texas. Burnett and other ranchers met with Comanche and Kiowa tribes to lease land on their reservation—nearly ((convert|1|e6acre|ha)) just north of the [[Red River of the South|Red River]] in Oklahoma.

Quanah Parker, like many of his contemporaries, was originally opposed to the opening of tribal lands for grazing by Anglo ranching interests. Quanah Parker changed his position and forged close relationships with a number of Texas cattlemen, such as Charles Goodnight and the Burnett family. As early as 1880, Quanah Parker was working with these new associates in building his own herds.<ref name="TSHA-Minor"/> In 1884, due largely to Quanah Parker's efforts, the tribes received their first "grass" payments for grazing rights on Comanche, Kiowa and Apache lands. It is during this period that the bonds between Quanah Parker and the Burnett family grew strong.

Burnett ran 10,000 cattle until the end of the lease in 1902.<ref name="TSHA-Minor"/> The cattle baron had a strong feeling for Native American rights, and his respect for them was genuine. Where other cattle kings fought natives and the harsh land to build empires, Burnett learned Comanche ways, passing both the love of the land and his friendship with the natives to his family. As a sign of their regard for Burnett, the Comanches gave him a name in their own language: ''Mas-sa-suta,'' meaning "Big Boss". Quanah Parker earned the respect of US governmental leaders as he adapted to the white man's life and became a prosperous rancher in Oklahoma. His spacious, two-story [[Quanah Parker Star House|Star House]] had a bedroom for each of his seven wives and their children. He had his own private quarters, which were rather plain. Beside his bed were photographs of his mother Cynthia Ann Parker and younger sister Topʉsana. Quanah Parker extended hospitality to many influential people, both Native American and European American. Among the latter were the Texas surveyor [[W. D. Twichell]] and the cattleman [[Charles Goodnight]].((Citation needed|date=June 2010))

During the next 27 years Quanah Parker and the Burnetts shared many experiences. Burnett helped by contributing money for the construction of Star House, Quanah Parker's large frame home.  Burnett asked for (and received) Quanah Parker's participation in a parade with a large group of warriors at the Fort Worth Fat Stock Show and other public events. The "Parade" lance depicted in the exhibit was usually carried by Quanah Parker at such public gatherings. Burnett assisted Quanah Parker in buying the granite headstones used to mark the graves of his mother and sister. After years of searching, Quanah Parker had their remains moved from Texas and reinterred in 1910 in Oklahoma on the Comanche reservation at Fort Sill.

According to his daughter "Wanada" Page Parker, her father helped celebrate President [[Theodore Roosevelt]]'s 1905 inauguration by appearing in the parade.<ref>[http://texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth19941/?q=%22Parker,%20Quanah,%201845?-1911%22 "Quanah Parker in Headdress"], Portal of Texas History, University of North Texas</ref> In April 1905, Roosevelt visited Quanah Parker at the Star House. President Roosevelt and Quanah Parker went [[wolf hunting]] together with Burnett near [[Frederick, Oklahoma]].<ref>((cite web|url=http://digital.library.okstate.edu/encyclopedia/entries/R/RO026.html |title=Roosevelt's Wolf Hunt |author1=Cox, Matthew Rex |publisher=Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture – Oklahoma Historical Society |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111005164853/http://digital.library.okstate.edu/encyclopedia/entries/R/RO026.html |archive-date=October 5, 2011 ))</ref> During the occasion, the two discussed serious business. Quanah Parker wanted the tribe to retain ownership of ((convert|400000|acre|km2)) that the government planned to sell off to homesteaders, an argument he eventually lost. Quanah Parker asked for help combating unemployment among his people and later received a letter from the President stating his own concern about the issue. The wolf hunt was believed to be one of the reasons that Roosevelt created the [[Wichita Mountains Wildlife Refuge]].

==Marriage and family==
[[File:Quanah Parker photo in Shamrock, TX IMG 6161.JPG|200px|right|thumb|Quanah Parker photograph at Pioneer West Museum in [[Shamrock, Texas|Shamrock]], [[Texas]]]]

Quanah Parker took two wives in 1872 according to Baldwin Parker, one of Quanah Parker's sons. His first wife was ''Ta-ho-yea'' (or ''Tohayea''), the daughter of [[Mescalero]] [[Apache]] chief Old Wolf. He had wed her in Mescalero by visiting his Apache allies since the 1860s and had got her for five mules. After a year of marriage and a visit of Mescalero Apache in the Quohada camps, ''Ta-ho-yea'' asked to return home, citing as her reason her inability to learn the Comanche language. Quanah Parker sent her back to her people. Quanah Parker's other wife in 1872 was ''Wec-Keah'' or ''Weakeah'', daughter of Penateka Comanche subchief Yellow Bear (sometimes ''Old Bear''). Although first espoused to another warrior, she and Quanah Parker eloped, and took several other warriors with them. Yellow Bear pursued the band and eventually Quanah Parker made peace with him. The two bands united, forming the largest force of Comanche Indians.

Over the years, Quanah Parker married six more wives: Chony, Mah-Chetta-Wookey, Ah-Uh-Wuth-Takum, Coby, Toe-Pay, and Tonarcy. A photograph, ((circa|1890)), by William B. Ellis of Quanah Parker and two of his wives identified them as ''Topay'' and ''Chonie''.<ref>[http://texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth17136/?q=%22Parker,%20Quanah,%201845?-1911%22 "Quanah Parker with Two Wives"], Portal to Texas History, University of North Texas</ref> Quanah Parker had eight wives and twenty-five children (some of whom were adopted).

After moving to the reservation, Quanah Parker got in touch with his white relatives from his mother's family. He stayed for a few weeks with them, where he studied [[English language|English]] and Western culture, and learned white [[History of agriculture in the United States#Ranching|farming techniques]].

==Founder of the Native American Church Movement==
Quanah Parker is credited as one of the first important leaders of the [[Native American Church]] movement.<ref>((cite book |title=Peyote: An Account of the Origins and Growth of the Peyote Religion |author1=Marriott, Alice Lee |author2=Rachlin, Carol K |year=1971 |publisher=Thomas Y. Crowell Co. |pages=111 |asin=B0044EQFKC))</ref> Quanah Parker adopted the peyote religion after having been gored in southern Texas by a bull.((Citation needed|date=October 2011)) Parker was visiting his uncle, John Parker, in Texas where he was attacked, giving him severe wounds. To fight an onset of blood burning fever, a Mexican [[curandera]] was summoned and she prepared a strong peyote tea from fresh peyote to heal him. Thereafter, Quanah Parker became involved with peyote, which contains [[hordenine]], [[mescaline]] or [[phenylethylamine]] [[alkaloids]], and [[tyramine]] which act as natural antibiotics when taken in a combined form. Clinical studies indicate that [[peyocactin]], a water-soluble crystalline substance separated from an ethanol extract of the plant, proved an effective antibiotic against 18 strains of penicillin-resistant ''[[Staphylococcus aureus]]'', several other bacteria, and a fungus.<ref>((Cite journal| last=McCleary| first=J.A.; Sypherd, P.S.; Walkington, D.L.| title=Antibiotic Activity of an Extract Of Peyote [Lophophora williamsii (Lemaire) Coulter]| journal=Economic Botany| volume=14| pages=247–249|year=1960| issue=3| doi=10.1007/bf02907956| s2cid=41659698))</ref>

Quanah Parker taught that the sacred peyote medicine was the sacrament given to the Indian peoples and was to be used with water when taking communion in a traditional Native American Church medicine ceremony. Quanah Parker was a proponent of the "half-moon" style of the peyote ceremony. The "cross" ceremony later evolved in Oklahoma because of [[Caddo]] influences introduced by [[John Wilson (Caddo)|John Wilson]], a [[Caddo]]-[[Delaware Nation|Delaware]] religious leader who traveled extensively around the same time as Parker during the early days of the Native American Church movement.

Quanah Parker's most famous teaching regarding the spirituality of the Native American Church:

<blockquote>The White Man goes into his church house and talks ''about'' [[Jesus]], but the Indian goes into his [[tipi]] and talks ''to'' Jesus.<ref>Hagan, William T. (1995). [https://books.google.com/books?id=T_r2ONG0S08C&pg=PA57&lpg ''Quanah Parker, Comanche Chief'']. University of Oklahoma. ((ISBN|0806127724)), p. 57.</ref></blockquote>

The modern reservation era in Native American history began with the adoption of the Native American Church and Christianity by nearly every Native American tribe and culture within the United States and [[First Nations in Canada|Canada]] as a result of Quanah Parker and Wilson's efforts. The peyote religion and the Native American Church were never the traditional religious practice of North American Indian cultures. This religion developed in the nineteenth century, inspired by events of the time being east and west of the [[Mississippi River]], Quanah Parker's leadership, and influences from Native Americans of [[Indigenous peoples of Mexico|Mexico]] and other [[Plains Indians|southern tribes]].<ref>[[Indian Territory|Annexation of Native American Land]]</ref><ref>[[Indian Removal Act|Indian Removal Act of 1830]]</ref><ref>[[Medicine Lodge Treaty|Medicine Lodge Treaty of 1867]]</ref><ref>[[Manifest Destiny|President Andrew Jackson's Manifest Destiny]]</ref><ref>[[Red River War|Red River War of 1874–1875]]</ref><ref>[[Texas–Indian wars|Texas–Indian Wars 1821–1875]]</ref> They had used peyote in spiritual practices since ancient times. He advocated only using mind-altering substances for ritual purposes.<ref>Hayward, Robert (2011). ''The Thirteenth Step: Ancient Solutions to the Contemporary Problems of Alcoholism and Addiction using the Timeless Wisdom of The Native American Church Ceremony.'' Native Son Publishers Inc. ((ISBN|0983638403))</ref>

== Performing ==
Quanah Parker acted in several silent films, including ''The Bank Robbery'' (1908).<ref>((cite web |title=''The Bank Robbery'' |url=https://www.loc.gov/item/2016600223/ |website=Library of Congress |access-date=10 September 2022))</ref>

==Death==
[[File:Quanah gravestone.JPG|thumb|right|150px|alt=|Quanah Parker gravesite]]
At the age of 66, Quanah Parker died on February 23, 1911, at [[Quanah Parker Star House|Star House]].<ref>((cite news |title=Quanah Parker Dead. Famous Comanche Chief Once Entertalned Ambassador Bryce |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1911/02/24/archives/quanah-parker-dead-famous-comanche-chief-once-entertalned.html |quote=Quanah Parker, the famous chief of the Comanche Indian tribe, died at his home here today of pneumonia Quanah Parker's mother was a white girl who was ...|newspaper=[[New York Times]] |date=February 24, 1911 |access-date=2011-05-26 ))</ref> In 1911, Quanah Parker's body was interred at Post Oak Mission Cemetery near [[Cache, Oklahoma]].<ref>[http://digital.library.okstate.edu/encyclopedia/entries/P/PO020.html Post Oak Mission] ((webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111103041618/http://digital.library.okstate.edu/encyclopedia/entries/P/PO020.html |date=November 3, 2011 )) ''Oklahoma Historical Society's Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture''</ref> In 1957, his remains were moved to Fort Sill Post Cemetery at [[Fort Sill, Oklahoma|Fort Sill]], Oklahoma, along with his mother [[Cynthia Ann Parker]] and sister Topsannah ("Prairie Flower").<ref name=ohs/> The inscription on his tombstone reads:

((poemquote|Resting Here Until Day Breaks
And Shadows Fall and Darkness
Disappears is
Quanah Parker Last Chief of the Comanches
Born 1852
Died Feb. 23, 1911|Post Oak Mission Cemetery Comanche County, Oklahoma ((coord|34.62310|-98.75970|display=inline|region:US-OK_type:landmark))))

Biographer Bill Neeley wrote:
"Not only did Quanah pass within the span of a single lifetime from a [[Stone Age]] warrior to a [[politician|statesman]] in the age of the [[Industrial Revolution]], but he never lost a battle to the white man and he also accepted the challenge and responsibility of leading the whole Comanche tribe on the difficult road toward their new existence."<ref name="bil"/>

==Criticism==
Although praised by many in his tribe as a preserver of their culture, Quanah Parker also had Comanche critics. Some ((who|date=July 2019)) claimed that he "sold out to the white man" by adapting and becoming a rancher. He dressed and lived in what some viewed as a more European-American than Comanche style. Critic [[Paul Chaat Smith]] called "Quanah Parker: sellout or patriot?" the "basic Comanche political question".<ref>((Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JD_CCwAAQBAJ|title=Everything You Know about Indians Is Wrong|last=Smith|first=Paul Chaat|year=2009|publisher=U of Minnesota Press|isbn=978-0816674022|page=146|language=en))</ref>

Quanah Parker did adopt some European-American ways, but he always wore his hair long and in braids.<ref name=ohs/> He also refused to follow U.S. marriage laws and had up to eight wives at one time.<ref name=ohs/>

==Family reunion==
The Quanah Parker Society, based in [[Cache, Oklahoma]], holds an annual family reunion and powwow. Events usually include a pilgrimage to sacred sites in Quanah, Texas; tour of his "Star Home" in Cache; dinner; memorial service at Fort Sill Post Cemetery; [[gourd dance]], [[pow-wow]], and worship services.<ref>[http://www.barkley.biz/~ronald/qpreunion/index.htm "Quanah Reunion and Powwow"] ((Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140815200652/http://www.barkley.biz/~ronald/qpreunion/index.htm |date=2014-08-15 )), Quanah Parker Society</ref> This event is open to the public.

==Memorials and honors==
[[File:Quanah Parker Inn, Quanah, TX Picture 2189.jpg|200px|right|thumb|The Quanah Parker Inn is located on [[U.S. Highway 287]] at the west end of [[Quanah, Texas]]]]
* In 1970, the [[Quanah Parker Star House|Star House]] was listed on the [[National Register of Historic Places]].<ref name=ohs/>
* The Quanah Parker Trail, a public art project begun in 2010 by the [http://www.TexasPlainsTrail.com Texas Plains Trail Region], commemorates sites of Comanche history in the Plains and Panhandle of Texas, the central region of Comancheria.<ref>((cite web |url=http://www.QuanahParkerTrail.com/ |title=Home |website=QuanahParkerTrail.com))</ref>
* [[Quanah, Texas]], county seat of [[Hardeman County, Texas|Hardeman County]]. The Quanah Parker Inn is located on [[U.S. Highway 287]]. At the founding of Quanah, Parker made this blessing:
<blockquote>May the [[Great Spirit]] smile on your little town, May the rain fall in season, and in the warmth of the sunshine after the rain, May the earth yield bountifully, May peace and contentment be with you and your children forever.((Citation needed|date=June 2010))</blockquote>
* [[Nocona, Texas|Nocona]], Texas, is named after Quanah Parker's father, Comanche chief Peta Nocona.
* 1962, Parker Hall, a [[residence hall]] at [[Oklahoma State University]].
* Parker Hall, a [[residence hall]] at [[Southwestern Oklahoma State University]].
* The Quanah Parker Trailway portion of [[U.S. Route 62 in Oklahoma|Highway 62]] in southern Oklahoma.<ref>((cite web|url=http://www.okladot.state.ok.us/memorial/htmls/listp.htm|author=Oklahoma Department of Transportation |title=Oklahoma's Memorial Highways & Bridges – P Listing|access-date=2010-06-02))</ref>
* Quanah Parker Lake and Quanah Creek, both in the Wichita Mountains, are named in his honor.
* Quanah Parker Trail, a small residential street on the northeast side of [[Norman, Oklahoma|Norman]], Oklahoma. ((Citation needed|date=June 2010))
* In [[Fort Worth, Texas|Fort Worth]], along the banks of the [[Trinity River (Texas)|Trinity River]], is Quanah Parker Park.
* The [[Quanah, Acme and Pacific Railway]], which originated in Texas in 1902 and was merged with the [[Burlington Northern Railroad]] in 1981.
* Quanah Parker Elementary School in [[Midland, Texas|Midland]], Texas
* 2007, State of Texas historical marker erected in the name of Quanah Parker near the [[Fort Worth Stockyards|Fort Worth Stockyards Historic District]] recognizing his endeavors as a cattleman and Oklahoma rancher.<ref>((cite web |url=http://atlas.thc.state.tx.us/Details/5507014005 |title=Quanah Parker – Fort Worth – Marker Number: 14005 |date=2007 |website=Texas Historic Sites Atlas |publisher=[[Texas Historical Commission]]))</ref>
* In 2019 the asteroid [[List of minor planets: 260001–261000#366|(260366) Quanah = 2004 US3]] discovered on 2004 Oct. 28 by J. Dellinger at Needville was named in his honor.<ref name <ref name="MPCS112434">((cite journal|title=New Names of Minor Planets|journal=The Minor Planet Circulars/Minor Planets and Comets|date=2019-04-06 
|volume=MPC 112429-112436|page=112434|url=https://minorplanetcenter.net/iau/ECS/MPCArchive/2019/MPC_20190406.pdf|access-date=8 April 2019))</ref>

== In popular culture ==
* In the 1956 film [[Comanche (1956 film)|''Comanche'']], directed by George Sherman, Quanah Parker is played by [[Kent Smith]].
* In the 1961 film ''[[Two Rode Together]]'', Quanah Parker is portrayed by [[Henry Brandon (actor)|Henry Brandon]].
* Chapter XIV of [[Poul Anderson]]'s novel ''[[The Boat of a Million Years]]'' portrays Parker in a fictional incident in 1872 concerning the imminent massacre of a settler family by Comanches. Parker is portrayed in a sympathetic light.
* The 2008 miniseries [[Comanche Moon (miniseries)|''Comanche Moon'']] featured Quanah Parker as a minor character, played by [[Eddie Spears]].
* [[Actor]] Richard Angarola (1920–2008) was cast as Quanah Parker in the 1959 episode, "Tribal Justice", of the [[Television syndication|syndicated television]] [[anthology series]], ''[[Death Valley Days]]'', hosted by [[Stanley Andrews]]. In the story line, Parker, before he becomes Comanche chief, must clear his name for causing the death of a fellow tribesman.<ref>((cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0556918/?ref_=nm_flmg_act_29|title=Tribal Justice on ''Death Valley Days''|publisher=[[Internet Movie Database]]|access-date=January 26, 2019))</ref>
* In the 2021 [[Paramount+]] TV series [[1883 (TV series)|''1883'']], [[Martin Sensmeier]] plays Sam, a skilled Comanche warrior loyal to Quanah Parker, who later takes Elsa as his wife.

==Notes==
((reflist|colwidth=20em))

==Further reading==
* La Barre, Weston (1938). ''The Peyote Cult'', New Haven, CT: Yale University Press
* Carlson, Paul H. and Crum, Tom (2012). ''Myth, Memory and Massacre: The Pease River Capture of Cynthia Ann Parker''. Texas Tech University Press. ((ISBN|978-0896727465)). ((OCLC|793384221))
* [[S. C. Gwynne| Gwynne, S. C.]] (2010). ''Empire of the Summer Moon: Quanah Parker and the Rise and Fall of the Comanches, the Most Powerful Tribe in American History'', Scribner,  2010, ((ISBN|9781849018203))
* Hagan, William T. (19976). ''United States-Comanche Relations: The Reservation Years'', New Haven, CT: Yale University Press
* Hamalainen, Pekka (2008). ''Comanche Empire'', New Haven, CT: Yale University Press 
* Exley, Jo Ann Powell (2001) ''Frontier Blood: the Saga of the Parker Family'', Texas A & M University
* Jackson, Clyde L. and Grace (1963).  ''Quanah Parker, last chief of the Comanches; a study in Southwestern Frontier history'', New York: Exposition Press, 1963
* Selden, Jack K. (2006). ''Return: The Parker Story'', Clacton Press

==External links==
((Appletons' Poster|year=1900|Parker, Quanah|Quanah Parker))
((commons category))
* [http://texashistory.unt.edu/search/?q=%22Parker%2C+Quanah%2C+1845%3F-1911%22&t=dc.subject Photographs of Quanah Parker, 1890–1900], Portal to Texas History, University of North Texas
* [http://www.comanchenation.com/ "Comanche Nation"], Official Website
*((IMDb name|1130420))
* [https://tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/fpa28 "Quanah Parker"], Texas Handbook Online
* [http://www.stainblue.com/quanahparker.html Quanah Parker and Peyote]
* [https://www.comanchelodge.com/quanahpg.html Quanah Parker – Biography of the Famous Warrior]
* [https://www.flickr.com/photos/lakota_sioux_and_comanche_indians/11282928623/sizes/o/in/photostream/ Map of Comancheria]

((Comanche))
((American frontier))
((Authority control))

((DEFAULTSORT:Parker, Quanah))
[[Category:1840s births]]
[[Category:1911 deaths]]
[[Category:Comanche campaign]]
[[Category:Comanche people]]
[[Category:Year of birth uncertain]]
[[Category:Native American tribal government officials in Indian Territory]]
[[Category:People from Comanche County, Oklahoma]]
[[Category:Native American male actors]]
[[Category:Native American Church]]
[[Category:Native American leaders]]
[[Category:Native American history of Texas]]
[[Category:Native American temperance activists]]

Pages transcluded onto the current version of this page (help):

Quanah Parker (edit)
Template:Abbr (view source) (protected)
Template:Ambox (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:American frontier (edit)
Template:Appletons' Poster (edit)
Template:Appletons' poster (edit)
Template:Authority control (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Blockquote (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Blockquote/styles.css (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Both (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Catalog lookup link (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Category handler (view source) (protected)
Template:Circa (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Citation needed (view source) (protected)
Template:Cite book (view source) (protected)
Template:Cite journal (view source) (protected)
Template:Cite news (view source) (protected)
Template:Cite web (view source) (protected)
Template:Comanche (edit)
Template:Comma separated entries (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Commons category (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Convert (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Coord (view source) (protected)
Template:Country2nationality (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:DMCA (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Dated maintenance category (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Dated maintenance category (articles) (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Delink (view source) (protected)
Template:Detect singular (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:EditAtWikidata (view source) (protected)
Template:En dash range (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:FULLROOTPAGENAME (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Fact (view source) (protected)
Template:Find country (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Find sources mainspace (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Fix (view source) (protected)
Template:Fix/category (view source) (protected)
Template:Hlist/styles.css (view source) (protected)
Template:IMDb name (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:ISBN (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:ISO 3166 code (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Icon (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:If empty (view source) (protected)
Template:If then show (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Infobox Native American leader (view source) (semi-protected)
Template:Infobox officeholder (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Infobox officeholder/office (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Lang-com (edit)
Template:Lit (view source) (extended confirmed protected)
Template:Literal translation (view source) (extended confirmed protected)
Template:Main other (view source) (protected)
Template:More citations needed (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Navbox (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Nbhyph (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Nobold (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Nobold/styles.css (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Non breaking hyphen (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Nowrap (view source) (protected)
Template:Ns has subpages (view source) (protected)
Template:OCLC (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:PAGENAMEBASE (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Pagetype (view source) (protected)
Template:Plainlist (view source) (protected)
Template:Plainlist/styles.css (view source) (protected)
Template:Poem quote (view source) (extended confirmed protected)
Template:Poemquote (view source) (semi-protected)
Template:Reflist (view source) (protected)
Template:Reflist/styles.css (view source) (protected)
Template:SDcat (view source) (protected)
Template:Short description (view source) (protected)
Template:Short description/lowercasecheck (view source) (protected)
Template:Side box (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Sister project (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Str endswith (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Strfind short (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Thin space (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Thinsp (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Trim (view source) (protected)
Template:Unbulleted list (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Use mdy dates (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Webarchive (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Who (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Yesno (view source) (protected)
Template:Yesno-no (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Yesno-yes (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Arguments (view source) (protected)
Module:Authority control (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Authority control/auxiliary (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Authority control/config (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Catalog lookup link (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Category handler (view source) (protected)
Module:Category handler/blacklist (view source) (protected)
Module:Category handler/config (view source) (protected)
Module:Category handler/data (view source) (protected)
Module:Category handler/shared (view source) (protected)
Module:Check for unknown parameters (view source) (protected)
Module:Check isxn (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Citation/CS1 (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/COinS (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/Date validation (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/Identifiers (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/Utilities (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/Whitelist (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css (view source) (protected)
Module:Convert (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Convert/data (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Convert/text (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Coordinates (view source) (protected)
Module:Coordinates/styles.css (view source) (protected)
Module:Delink (view source) (protected)
Module:Detect singular (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Disambiguation/templates (view source) (protected)
Module:EditAtWikidata (view source) (protected)
Module:Find country (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Find sources (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Find sources/config (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Find sources/links (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Find sources/templates/Find sources mainspace (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:GetParameters (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:ISO 3166 (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:ISO 3166/data/National (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Icon (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Icon/data (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:If empty (view source) (protected)
Module:Infobox (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Infobox/styles.css (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:InfoboxImage (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Lang (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Lang/ISO 639 synonyms (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Lang/data (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Language/data/iana languages (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Language/data/iana regions (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Language/data/iana scripts (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Language/data/iana suppressed scripts (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Language/data/iana variants (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:List (view source) (protected)
Module:Math (view source) (protected)
Module:Message box (view source) (protected)
Module:Message box/ambox.css (view source) (protected)
Module:Message box/configuration (view source) (protected)
Module:Namespace detect/config (view source) (protected)
Module:Namespace detect/data (view source) (protected)
Module:Navbar (view source) (protected)
Module:Navbar/configuration (view source) (protected)
Module:Navbar/styles.css (view source) (protected)
Module:Navbox (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Navbox/configuration (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Navbox/styles.css (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Ns has subpages (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/config (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/disambiguation (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/setindex (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/softredirect (view source) (protected)
Module:Plain text (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:SDcat (view source) (protected)
Module:Separated entries (view source) (protected)
Module:Side box (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Side box/styles.css (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:String (view source) (protected)
Module:String2 (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:TableTools (view source) (protected)
Module:Text (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Unicode data (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Unsubst (view source) (protected)
Module:Ustring (view source) (protected)
Module:Webarchive (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Webarchive/data (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:WikidataIB (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:WikidataIB/nolinks (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:WikidataIB/titleformats (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Wikitext Parsing (view source) (protected)
Module:Yesno (view source) (protected)

Return to Quanah Parker.

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quanah_Parker"