Quechumaran or Kechumaran is a language-family proposal that unites Quechua and Aymara. Quechuan languages, especially those of the south, share a large amount of vocabulary with Aymara. The hypothesis of the existence of Quechuamara was originally posted by linguist Norman McQuown in 1955.[1] Terrence Kaufman[2] finds the proposal reasonably convincing, but Willem Adelaar, a Quechua specialist, believes the similarities to be caused by borrowing during long-term contact.[3] Lyle Campbell suspects that the proposal is valid but does not consider it to have been conclusively proved.[4]
Moulian et al. (2015) posits the Puquina language of the Tiwanaku Empire as a possible source for some of the shared vocabulary between Quechua, Aymara and Mapuche.[5]
An automated computational analysis (ASJP 4) by Müller et al. (2013)[6] also groups Quechuan and Aymaran together. However, since the analysis was automatically generated, the grouping could be either due to mutual lexical borrowing or genetic inheritance.
Swadesh lists
100-word Swadesh lists of Proto-Aymaran and Proto-Quechuan from Cerrón (2000):[7]
| no. |
gloss |
Proto-Quechuan |
Proto-Aymaran
|
| 1. |
I |
*ya-qa |
*na-ya
|
| 2. |
you |
*qam |
*huma
|
| 3. |
we |
*ya-qa-nčik |
*hiwa-sa
|
| 4. |
this |
*kay |
*aka
|
| 5. |
that |
*čay |
*uka
|
| 6. |
who? |
*pi |
*qači
|
| 7. |
what? |
*ima |
*qu
|
| 8. |
not |
*mana |
*hani
|
| 9. |
all |
*λapa |
*taqi
|
| 10. |
many |
*ačka |
*aλuqa
|
| 11. |
one |
*ŝuk |
*maya
|
| 12. |
two |
*iŝkay |
*paya
|
| 13. |
big |
*hatu(n) |
*haĉ’a
|
| 14. |
long |
*suni |
*suni
|
| 15. |
small |
*učuk |
*hisk’a
|
| 16. |
woman |
*warmi |
*marmi
|
| 17. |
man |
*qari |
*čača
|
| 18. |
person |
*runa |
*haqi
|
| 19. |
fish |
*čaλwa |
*čǎλwa
|
| 20. |
bird |
*pisqu |
*amač’i
|
| 21. |
dog |
*aλqu |
*anu(qa)
|
| 22. |
louse |
*usa |
*lap’a
|
| 23. |
tree |
*maλki |
*quqa
|
| 24. |
seed |
*muhu |
*atʰa
|
| 25. |
leaf |
*rapra |
*lapʰi
|
| 26. |
root |
*sapʰi |
*asu
|
| 27. |
bark |
*qara |
*siλp’i
|
| 28. |
skin |
*qara |
*lip’iči
|
| 29. |
flesh |
*ayča |
*hanči
|
| 30. |
blood |
*yawar |
*wila
|
| 31. |
bone |
*tuλu |
*ĉ’aka
|
| 32. |
grease |
*wira |
*lik’i
|
| 33. |
egg |
*runtu / *ruru |
*k’awna
|
| 34. |
horn |
*waqra |
*waqra
|
| 35. |
tail |
*ĉupa |
*wič’inkʰa
|
| 36. |
feather |
*pʰuru |
*pʰuyu
|
| 37. |
hair |
*aqča / *čukča |
*nik’uĉa
|
| 38. |
head |
*uma |
*p’iqi
|
| 39. |
ear |
*rinri |
*hinču
|
| 40. |
eye |
*ñawi |
*nawra
|
| 41. |
nose |
*sinqa |
*nasa
|
| 42. |
mouth |
*simi |
*laka
|
| 43. |
tooth |
*kiru |
*laka ĉ’akʰa
|
| 44. |
tongue |
*qaλu |
*laqra
|
| 45. |
claw |
*ŝiλu |
*šiλu
|
| 46. |
foot |
*ĉaki |
*kayu
|
| 47. |
knee |
*qunqur |
*qhunquru
|
| 48. |
hand |
*maki |
*ampara
|
| 49. |
belly |
*paĉa / *wiksa |
*puĉa(ka)
|
| 50. |
neck |
*kunka |
*kunka
|
| 51. |
breasts |
*ñuñu |
*ñuñu
|
| 52. |
heart |
*ŝunqu |
*čuyma
|
| 53. |
liver |
*k’ipĉa(n) |
*k’ipĉa
|
| 54. |
drink |
*upya- |
*uma-
|
| 55. |
eat |
*mikʰu- |
*manq’a- / *palu-
|
| 56. |
bite |
*kani- |
*aĉu-
|
| 57. |
see |
*rikʰu- |
*uλa-
|
| 58. |
hear |
*uya- |
*iša-
|
| 59. |
know |
*yaĉa- |
*yaĉi-
|
| 60. |
sleep |
*puñu- |
*iki-
|
| 61. |
die |
*wañu- |
*hiwa-
|
| 62. |
kill |
*wañu-či- |
*hiwa-ya-
|
| 63. |
swim |
*wayt’a- |
*tuyu-
|
| 64. |
fly |
*pʰaya-ri- |
*hala-
|
| 65. |
walk |
*puri- |
*sara- / *wasa-
|
| 66. |
come |
*ŝa-mu- |
*huta-
|
| 67. |
lie |
*anĉ’a-ra- |
*haqu-ši-
|
| 68. |
sit |
*taya-ku- |
*uta-ĉ’a-
|
| 69. |
stand |
*ŝaya-ri- |
*saya-
|
| 70. |
give |
*qu- |
*čura-
|
| 71. |
say |
*ñi- |
*saya-
|
| 72. |
sun |
*rupay |
*lupi
|
| 73. |
moon |
*kiλa |
*paqši
|
| 74. |
star |
*quyλur |
*wara(wara)
|
| 75. |
water |
*yaku |
*uma
|
| 76. |
rain |
*tamya / *para |
*haλu
|
| 77. |
stone |
*rumi |
*qala
|
| 78. |
sand |
*aqu |
*č’aλa
|
| 79. |
earth |
*paĉa |
*uraqi
|
| 80. |
cloud |
*pʰuyu / *pukutay |
*qhinaya / *urpi
|
| 81. |
smoke |
*q’usñi / *quntay |
*iwq’i
|
| 82. |
fire |
*nina |
*nina
|
| 83. |
ashes |
*uĉpa |
*qhiλa
|
| 84. |
burn |
*k’añay |
*nak’a-
|
| 85. |
path |
*ñayani |
*tʰaki
|
| 86. |
mountain |
*urqu |
*quλu
|
| 87. |
red |
*puka |
*čupika
|
| 88. |
green |
*q’umir / *ĉiqya(q) |
*č’uqña
|
| 89. |
yellow |
*q’iλu / *qarwa |
*tuyu
|
| 90. |
white |
*yuraq |
*anq’u
|
| 91. |
black |
*yana |
*ĉ’iyara
|
| 92. |
night |
*tuta |
*aruma
|
| 93. |
hot |
*q’unu |
*hunĉ’u
|
| 94. |
cold |
*čiri |
*tʰaya
|
| 95. |
full |
*hunta |
*pʰuqa
|
| 96. |
new |
*muŝuq |
*mačaqa
|
| 97. |
good |
*aλi |
*aski
|
| 98. |
round |
*muyu |
*muruqu
|
| 99. |
dry |
*čaki |
*waña
|
| 100. |
name |
*suti |
*suti
|
