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((Short description|Species of tree))
((more citations needed|date=June 2013))
((speciesbox
| name = Kermes oak
| image = Quercus coccifera.jpg
|status = LC
|status_system = IUCN3.1
|status_ref = <ref name=iucn>((Cite iucn |title=''Quercus coccifera'' |author=Gorener, V., Barstow, M. & Harvey-Brown, Y.|name-list-style=amp |page=e.T194078A2296598 |date=2018 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-1.RLTS.T194078A2296598.en|access-date=25 January 2024))</ref>
| genus = Quercus
| display_parents = 2
| parent = Quercus sect. Ilex
| species = coccifera
| authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]
| range_map = Quercus coccifera range.svg
| range_map_caption = Distribution map
| synonyms_ref = <ref name=POWO_295963-1>((cite web |title=''Quercus coccifera'' L.. |work=Plants of the World Online |publisher=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew|url=http://www.plantsoftheworldonline.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:295963-1 |access-date=2023-02-21 ))</ref>
| synonyms = ((collapsible list|bullets = true
  |''Ilex aculeata'' <small>Garsault</small>
  |''Quercus aquifolia'' <small>Kotschy ex A.DC., nom. subnud.</small>
  |''Quercus arcuata'' <small>Kotschy ex A.DC.</small> 
  |''Quercus brachybalanos'' <small>Kotschy ex A.DC.</small>
  |''Quercus calliprinos'' <small>Webb</small> 
  |''Quercus chainolepis'' <small>Kotschy ex A.DC.</small>
  |''Quercus coccifera'' subsp. ''calliprinos'' <small>(Webb) Holmboe</small>
  |''Quercus coccifera'' subsp. ''cryptocarpa''  <small>Svent. & Marcet</small>
  |''Quercus coccifera'' subsp. ''kryptocarpa''  <small>Svent. & Marcet</small>
  |''Quercus coccifera'' subsp. ''palaestina''  <small>(Kotschy) Holmboe</small>
  |''Quercus consobrina'' <small>Kotschy ex A.DC.</small>
  |''Quercus cretica'' <small>Raulin ex A.DC., pro syn.</small>
  |''Quercus dipsacina'' <small>Kotschy ex A.DC.</small>
  |''Quercus dispar'' <small>Kotschy ex A.DC., nom. illeg.</small>
  |''Quercus echinata'' <small>Kotschy ex A.DC., not validly publ.</small>
  |''Quercus fenzlii'' <small>Kotschy</small> 
  |''Quercus inops'' <small>Kotschy ex A.DC., not validly publ.</small>
  |''Quercus mesto'' <small>Boiss.</small>
  |''Quercus obtecta'' <small>Poir.</small>
  |''Quercus palaestina'' <small>Kotschy</small> 
  |''Quercus pentadactyla'' <small>Bosc</small>
  |''Quercus pseudorigida'' <small>Kotschy ex A.Camus</small> 
  |''Quercus recurvans'' <small>Kotschy ex A.DC.</small> 
  |''Quercus rigida'' <small>Willd.</small>
  |''Quercus sibthorpii'' <small>Kotschy ex Boiss.</small> 
  |''Quercus valida'' <small>Kotschy ex A.DC. </small>
  |''Scolodrys rigida'' <small>(Willd.) Raf.</small>
  ))
))

'''''Quercus coccifera''''', the '''kermes oak''', is an [[oak]] bush  in the ''[[List of Quercus species#Section Ilex|Ilex]]'' [[section (botany)|section]] of the genus.<ref>((Citation |last1=Denk |first1=Thomas |title=An Updated Infrageneric Classification of the Oaks: Review of Previous Taxonomic Schemes and Synthesis of Evolutionary Patterns |date=2017 |url=https://www.biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/early/2017/07/31/168146.full.pdf |work=Oaks Physiological Ecology. Exploring the Functional Diversity of Genus Quercus L. |pages=13–38 |editor-last=Gil-Pelegrín |editor-first=Eustaquio |place=Cham |publisher=Springer International Publishing |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-3-319-69099-5_2 |isbn=978-3-319-69099-5 |access-date=2022-11-16 |last2=Grimm |first2=Guido W. |last3=Manos |first3=Paul S. |last4=Deng |first4=Min |last5=Hipp |first5=Andrew L. |editor2-last=Peguero-Pina |editor2-first=José Javier |editor3-last=Sancho-Knapik |editor3-first=Domingo))</ref> It has many [[Synonym (taxonomy)|synonyms]], including '''''Quercus calliprinos'''''.<ref name=POWO_295963-1/> It is native to the [[Mediterranean region]] and Northern African [[Maghreb]], south to north from [[Morocco]] to [[France]] and west to east from [[Portugal]] to [[Cyprus]] and [[Turkey]], crossing [[Spain]], [[Italy]], [[Libya]], Balkans, and [[Greece]], including [[Crete]]. The Kermes Oak was historically important as the food plant of ''[[Kermes (insect)|Kermes]]'' scale insects, from which a red [[dye]] called [[crimson]] was obtained.<ref>((cite book|last=Young|first=Frank N. Jr|title=A Survey of Entomology|year=2002|publisher=Writers Club Press|location=San Jose|isbn=0-595-22143-2|page=9 |author2=Kritsky, Gene))</ref> The etymology of the specific name ''coccifera'' is related to the production of red cochineal (crimson) dye and derived from Latin [[wikt:coccum#Latin|coccum]] which was from Greek [[wikt:κόκκος|κόκκος]], the kermes insect. The Latin [[wikt:-fera#Latin|-fera]] means 'bearer'.<ref>((Cite web|url=http://www.thefreedictionary.com/cochineal|title=Cochineal))</ref>

==Description==
''Quercus coccifera'' is usually a [[shrub]] less than ((convert|2|m|ft|abbr=off|frac=2)) high, rarely a small [[tree]], reaching ((convert|1|-|6|m|frac=2|ft)) tall (a ((convert|10|m|ft|abbr=on|disp=or)) specimen recorded in [[Kouf]], Libya)<ref>((cite web|title=Important bird areas fact sheet: Jabal al Akhdar |url=http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sitefactsheet.php?id=6471 |publisher=BirdLife International |access-date=2013-06-22|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222002630/http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sitefactsheet.php?id=6471| archive-date=2014-02-22 ))</ref> and ((Convert|50|cm|abbr=off)) in trunk diameter. It is [[evergreen]], with spiny-serrated coriaceous [[leaves]] 1.5–4&nbsp;cm long and 1–3&nbsp;cm broad. The [[acorn]]s are 2–3&nbsp;cm long and 1.5–2&nbsp;cm in diameter when mature about 18 months after pollination. They are held in a cup covered in dense, elongated, reflexed scales.

It blooms from March to May in weather still wet. It is easily propagated by [[seed]], an acorn that lies dormant until germinated by wet weather. This might occur anywhere from late summer to late autumn or early winter (October, November or December) of the following year. The acorns are very bitter, varying greatly in size and shape from one specimen to another and tasting bad. Acorns can germinate even before falling from the plant, but ''Q.&nbsp;coccifera'' is also multiplied by root suckers and layering.

== Gallery ==
<gallery>
File:Quercus coccifera (14).JPG|Trunk
File:Quercus coccifera (10).JPG|Leaves on branch
File:Quercus coccifera (9).JPG|Leaves
File:Quercus coccifera (8).JPG|Close-up of leaves
File:Quercus coccifera MHNT.BOT.2008.1.15.jpg|Acorns
File:KermesOakKythira.jpg|Kermes oak in [[Kythira|Kythera]]. 
</gallery>

==Taxonomy==
===''Quercus coccifera''===
''Quercus coccifera'' was first described by [[Carl Linnaeus]] in 1753.<ref name=POWO_295963-1/> It is called "[[wikt:chêne des garrigues|chêne des garrigues]]" (garrigue oak) in French. The term "[[wikt:garrigue#French|garrigue]]" comes from Catalan or Occitan "[[wikt:garric|garric]]" (meaning "twisted") the name for ''Q.&nbsp;coccifera'' in those languages. The common Spanish name of ''Q. coccifera'' is ''[[wikt:chaparro#Spanish|chaparro]]'', which refers to its small size, a feature it shares with other oak species in similar habitats in other parts of the world, such as the [[chaparral]] communities from various parts of the Americas. The word ''chaparro'' comes from the [[Basque language|Basque]] ''[[wikt:txapar|txapar]]'' meaning "little thicket".<ref>((cite web |title=chaparral |url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?allowed_in_frame=0&search=chaparral&searchmode=none |access-date=2013-06-22 |work=Online Etymology Dictionary |publisher=Douglas Harper))</ref> ''Quercus coccifera'' is placed in [[Quercus sect. Ilex|section ''Ilex'']].<ref>((Cite journal |last1=Denk |first1=Thomas |last2=Grimm |first2=Guido W. |last3=Manos |first3=Paul S. |last4=Deng |first4=Min |last5=Hipp |first5=Andrew L. |date=2017 |title=Appendix 2.1: An updated infrageneric classification of the oaks |website=figshare |doi=10.6084/m9.figshare.5547622.v1 |url=https://figshare.com/articles/dataset/Appendix_2_1_________An_updated_infrageneric_classification_of_the_oaks/5547622/1 |access-date=2023-02-18 |format=xls |name-list-style=amp ))</ref>

===''Quercus calliprinos''===
''Quercus calliprinos'', the 'Palestinian oak', of the eastern Mediterranean, has been distinguished from the kermes oak by its larger size (more often a tree, up to 18&nbsp;m) and larger acorns over 2&nbsp;cm diameter.((citation needed|date=February 2023)) In [[Israel]] it is called the 'common oak' (((Lang-he|אלון מצוי)), ((IPA-he|a'lon ma'tsuj|IPA))) or the '[[Palestine (region)|Palestine]] oak'.((citation needed|date=February 2023)) ((As of|2023|February)), [[Plants of the World Online]] regards it as a [[Synonym (taxonomy)|synonym]] of ''Quercus coccifera''.<ref name=POWO_295963-1/>

== Distribution and habitat ==
[[File:Quercus coccifera 1.JPG|thumb|''Q. coccifera'' bush in coastal area]]

''Quercus coccifera'' is an important Mediterranean [[Shrub|bush]] or dwarf vegetation, where the [[biome]] it dominates often bears its name (''[[Maquis shrubland|maquis]]'', ''coscojar'', ''[[garrigue]]'', ''carrascal'', ''chaparral'', etc.). ''Q.&nbsp;coccifera'' forms monospecific communities or communities integrated with ''[[Pinus]]'', mediterranean [[buckthorn]]s, ''[[Myrtus]]'', [[Arecaceae]], [[juniper]]s, ''[[Pistacia]]'', ''[[Rosmarinus]]'', ''[[Thymus (plant)|Thymus]]'', etc.

It is located throughout the region around the [[Mediterranean Sea]], especially in central southern and eastern halves. It is similarly found on islands in the Mediterranean, from the [[Balearic Islands]] to [[Cyprus]]. It is common in [[Crete]] and can survive heavy sheep and goat grazing for long periods as a ground cover a few centimeters high. The same is true in [[Mallorca]], [[Ibiza]] and the [[Iberian peninsula]].

The species grows on dry, sunny slopes. It supports both subhumid climates with dry summers or semi-desert climates with [[rainfall]] between ((Convert|400 and 600|mm)). A very hardy species, it grows well in all types of [[soil]]s as a shrub, withstanding [[overgrazing]].
It is indifferent to [[soil chemistry]], living on calcareous, pebbly, stony and poor soils. A lover of warm weather, it starts to fail from ((Convert|1000|m|abbr=on)) above sea level.
It is capable of supporting the continental Mediterranean climate with more extreme temperatures and low rainfall, replacing ''[[Quercus ilex]]'' (holm oak) in drier areas where it excels in drought resistance. It also grows on sea cliffs and in windy areas where other species of ''Quercus'' or ''[[Pinus]]'' cannot resist the harsh weather conditions.

== Ecology ==
[[File:Quercus coccifera1 de maig de 2009.jpg|thumb|left|Flowering in the [[Castelltallat range]]]]

Populations typically occur in desert regions without any inhabited nucleus because crops are not economically profitable and the climate becomes progressively more continental and drier and therefore end in extreme temperatures accompanied by slow-growing dwarf juniper species. It is the last species of genus ''Quercus'' to disappear when rainfall is lacking. Their ecological importance is as a habitat and food source in these areas (they have edible acorns, although with a very bitter taste) for nesting birds, foxes, rodents and wild boars. It forms thickets, thorny and dense, some recorded as tall as 5&nbsp;m. It is sometimes accompanied by other plant species of the same size and climber plants such as [[asparagus]] or [[Smilax aspera|Mediterranean smilax]].

''Q.&nbsp;coccifera'' is associated with several asparagus species, ''[[Crataegus monogyna]]'', [[Chamaerops|Mediterranean dwarf palm]], ''[[Ephedra (genus)|ephedra]]'', [[Myrtaceae|myrtle]], several species of [[Juniper]]s (''Juniperus, sabinas''...), ''[[Pistacia terebinthus]]'', [[Pistacia lentiscus|mastic]], wild ''[[Olea europea]]'', [[Smilax aspera|sarsaparilla]], ''[[Rhamnus atlantica]]'', ''[[Rhamnus lycioides]]'', ''[[Rhamnus (plant)|Rhamnus oleoides]]'', ''[[Rhamnus catharticus]]'' etc. The communities receiving several characteristic names.

Kermes oaks have become scarce due to their replacement in wet zones by larger species such as Holm oak. It has also suffered from extensive culling for use as charcoal. It is the only food and shelter for wildlife in some areas, such as the [[Ebro valley]] and other dry areas where chaparral replaces oaks due to low rainfall.

It can survive heavy sheep and goat grazing for a long time as a ground carpet a few cm high, and will grow higher as a bush or a tree according to how much the grazing pressure is slackened.

== Conservation==
It is included as an endangered species in the Red Book of [[Bulgaria]].<ref>((cite web |title=Quercus coccifera |url=http://e-ecodb.bas.bg/rdb/en/vol1/Quecocci.html |access-date=19 January 2017 |website=Red Book of Bulgaria, vol. 1))</ref>

== Notable specimens ==
In [[Cyprus]] village of [[Kalopanagiotis]],  the tallest tree of this species has grown to a height of 17 meters.  The tree is approximately  700 years old.

== See also ==
((Commons category|Quercus coccifera))
* [[Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and scrub]]
* [[Kermes (dye)]]

== References ==
((Reflist))

((Clear))
((Tannin source))
((Taxonbar|from=Q158178))

[[Category:Quercus|coccifera]]
[[Category:Flora of North Africa]]
[[Category:Trees of Europe]]
[[Category:Plants described in 1753]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus]]
[[Category:Flora of the Mediterranean Basin]]

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Module:String (view source) (protected)
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Module:Taxonbar (view source) (template editor protected)
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Module:Taxonbar/conf (view source) (template editor protected)
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Module:Unsubst (view source) (protected)
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Module:WikidataIB/titleformats (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Wikitext Parsing (view source) (protected)
Module:Yesno (view source) (protected)

Return to Quercus coccifera.

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quercus_coccifera"