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((Short description|Melody generic term used in traditional Chinese music))
((refimprove|date=December 2018))
A '''''qupai''''' (((zh|c=[[wikt:曲牌|曲牌]]|p=qǔpái)); also called ((zh|c=牌子|p=paizi))) is the generic term for a fixed [[melody]] used in [[traditional Chinese music]]. The literal meaning is "named tune," "labeled melody," "titled tune," or "titled [[song]]". ''Qupai'' are relatively brief, most comprising between 20 and 70 [[bar (music)|measures]] in [[duple time|2/4]] [[meter (music)|meter]].<ref>[http://google.com/search?q=cache:kyRBDFmLZZ0J:www.evideo.edu.sg/downloads%255CMusic%2520and%2520Performance%255CMusic%255CUpper%2520Secondary%255CChinese%2520Ensemble%25206.pdf]((Dead link|date=May 2011))</ref> Many ''qupai'' are centuries old, but only a few of these have been handed down to the present.<ref>Bell Yung, Evelyn Sakakida Rawski, Rubie Sharon Watson (1996). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=gXGcQQFxpMEC&dq=qupai&pg=PA30 Harmony and counterpoint: ritual music in Chinese context]'', p.30. ((ISBN|978-0-8047-2658-0)).</ref> 

''Qupai'' are commonly used in Chinese opera, such as ''[[kunqu]]'' and [[Beijing opera]], as well as by folk and ritual ensembles, including ''[[Jiangnan sizhu]]'' and [[Taoism|Taoist]] ritual music. ''Qupai'' have also been used as the basis for 20th century compositions for Chinese instruments, both solo and ensemble. In these contexts, these stock melodies very often serve as a basis for melodic elaboration and [[variation (music)|variation]]. This variation is particularly well codified in the ''taoqu'' structure of ''Chaozhou xianshi'' music.<ref>"[http://www.umbc.edu/eol/8/dujunco/dujunco2.html EOL 8: Birth of a New Mode? (Dujunco): Chaozhou Modal Practice]", ''Ethnomusicology OnLine''.</ref>

The ''[[Baisha xiyue]]'' tradition of the [[Nakhi|Naxi]] of [[Lijiang, Yunnan|Lijiang]], [[Yunnan]] utilizes 24 ''qupai''.

==Notable ''qupai''==
*Ba Ban (八板, Eight Beats)
*Huang Ying Liang Chi (黄莺亮翅, Oriole Soaring)
*Jiang Jun Ling (将军令, General's Command)
*Liu Qingniang (柳青娘, Lady Green Willow)
*Qiansheng Fo (千声佛, A Thousand Buddhas)
*[[Shui Long Yin]] (水龙吟, Water Dragon Chant)
*Wan Nian Huan (万年欢, Everlasting Joy)
*Xi Jiang Yue (西江月, Moon Over the West River)
*巫山顶
*即 (五三点)
*五梆子
*巴音杭盖
*推辘轴
*十番
*Si Gong Zhu (四公主, Four Princesses)

==See also==
*[[Xiaodiao]]

==References==
((reflist))

==External links==
*[http://www.skyren-art.com/en/dingshimei/calligraphy-/210-xijingyue.html Xi Jiang Yue (西江月) Moon Over the West River in Chinese Calligraphy,Big Seal Script].
*Harris, Rachel (2004). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=sQlxJdK6wGUC&dq=qupai&pg=PA72 Singing the village: music, memory and ritual among the Sibe of Xinjiang]''. ((ISBN|978-0-19-726297-9)).
*Witzleben, John Lawrence (1995). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=BwrFRAEhuPAC&dq=qupai+tunes&pg=PA70 "Silk and bamboo" music in Shanghai: the jiangnan sizhu instrumental]'', p.70. ((ISBN|978-0-87338-499-5)).

((Melody types))
[[Category:Chinese music]]
[[Category:Melody]]

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