RPG-7
An RPG-7 launcher (top) with a Bulgarian PG-7G inert training warhead and booster (bottom)
Type	Handheld rocket launcher[1]
Place of origin	Soviet Union
Service history
In service	1961–present
Used by	See Users
Wars	See Conflicts
Production history
Designer	Bazalt
Designed	1958
Manufacturer	Bazalt and Degtyarev plant (Russian Federation)
Unit cost	c. US$350[2]
Produced	1958–present
No. built	9,000,000+[3]
Variants	RPG-7V2 (current model) RPG-7D3 (paratrooper) Type 69 RPG (China) PSRL-1 (Airtronic USA)[4]
Specifications
Mass	6.3 kg (13.9 lb) (without a telescopic sight) 7 kg (15.4 lb) (with PGO-7)
Length	950 mm (37.4 in)
Cartridge	85 mm (3.3 in)
Caliber	40 mm (1.6 in)
Muzzle velocity	115 m/s (380 ft/s) (boost) 300 m/s (980 ft/s) (flight)
Effective firing range	330 m (1,080 ft) (PG-7V)
Maximum firing range	700 m (2,300 ft) (OG-7V) (self detonates at ~920 m (3,020 ft))
Sights	PGO-7 (2.7×), UP-7V telescopic sight and 1PN51/1PN58 night vision sights Red dot reflex sight

The RPG-7 (Russian: РПГ-7, Ручной Противотанковый Гранатомёт, romanized: Ruchnoy Protivotankovyy Granatomot, lit. 'Handheld Anti-Tank Grenade-launcher') is a portable, reusable, unguided, shoulder-launched, anti-tank, rocket launcher. The RPG-7 and its predecessor, the RPG-2, were designed by the Soviet Union, and are now manufactured by the Russian company Bazalt. The weapon has the GRAU index (Russian armed forces index) 6G3.

The ruggedness, simplicity, low cost, and effectiveness of the RPG-7 has made it the most widely used anti-armor weapon in the world. Currently around 40 countries use the weapon; it is manufactured in several variants by nine countries. It is popular with irregular and guerrilla forces.

Widely produced, the most commonly seen major variations are the RPG-7D (десантник – desantnik – paratrooper) model, which can be broken into two parts for easier carrying; and the lighter Chinese Type 69 RPG. DIO of Iran manufactures RPG-7s with olive green handguards, H&K pistol grips, and a commando variant.

The RPG-7 was first delivered to the Soviet Army in 1961 and deployed at the squad level. It replaced the RPG-2, having clearly out-performed the intermediate RPG-4 design during testing. The current model produced by the Russian Federation is the RPG-7V2, capable of firing standard and dual high-explosive anti-tank (HEAT) rounds, high explosive/fragmentation, and thermobaric warheads, with a UP-7V sighting device fitted (used in tandem with the standard 2.7× PGO-7 optical sight) to allow the use of extended range ammunition. The RPG-7D3 is the equivalent paratrooper model. Both the RPG-7V2 and RPG-7D3 were adopted by the Russian Ground Forces in 2001.

Description

The launcher is reloadable and based around a steel tube, 40 mm (1.6 in) in diameter, 950 mm (37 in) long, and weighing 7 kg (15 lb). The middle of the tube is wood wrapped to protect the user from heat and the end is flared. Sighting is usually optical with a back-up iron sight, and passive infrared and night sights are also available. The launchers designated RPG-7N1 and RPG-7DN1 can thus mount the multi-purpose night vision scope 1PN51^[5] and the launchers designated RPG-7N2 and RPG-7DN2 can mount the multi-purpose night vision scope 1PN58.^[6]

As with similar weapons, the grenade protrudes from the launch tubes. It is 40–105 mm (1.6–4.1 in) in diameter and weighs between 2 kg (4.4 lb)^[7] and 4.5 kg (9.9 lb). It is launched by a gunpowder booster charge, giving it an initial speed of 115 m/s (380 ft/s), and creating a cloud of light grey-blue smoke that can give away the position of the shooter.^[8] The rocket motor^[a] ignites after 10 m (33 ft) and sustains flight out to 500 m (1,600 ft) at a maximum velocity of 295 m/s (970 ft/s). The grenade is stabilized by two sets of fins that deploy in-flight: one large set on the stabilizer pipe to maintain direction and a smaller rear set to induce rotation. The grenade can fly up to 1,100 m (3,600 ft); the fuze sets the maximum range, usually 920 m (3,020 ft).^[9]

Propulsion system

According to the United States Army Training and Doctrine Command (TRADOC) Bulletin 3u (1977) Soviet RPG-7 Antitank Grenade Launcher—Capabilities and Countermeasures, the RPG-7 munition has two sections: a "booster" section and a "warhead and sustainer motor" section. These must be assembled into the ready-to-use grenade. The booster consists of a "small strip powder charge" that serves to propel the grenade out of the launcher; the sustainer motor then ignites and propels the grenade for the next few seconds, giving it a top speed of 294 m/s (960 ft/s). The TRADOC bulletin provides anecdotal commentary that the RPG-7 has been fired from within buildings, which agrees with the two-stage design. It is stated that only a 2 metres (6.6 feet) standoff to a rear obstruction is needed for use inside rooms or fortifications. The fins not only provide drag stabilization, but are designed to impart a slow rotation to the grenade.^{[citation needed]}

Due to the configuration of the RPG-7 sustainer/warhead section, it responds counter-intuitively to crosswinds. A crosswind will tend to exert pressure on the stabilizing fins, causing the projectile to turn into the wind (see Weathervane effect). While the rocket motor is still burning, this will cause the flight path to curve into the wind. The TRADOC bulletin explains aiming difficulties for more distant moving targets in crosswinds at some length.

Ammunition

The RPG-7 can fire a variety of warheads for anti-armor (HEAT, PG-Protivotankovaya Granata) or anti-personnel (HE, OG-Oskolochnaya Granata) purposes, usually fitting with an impact (PIBD) and a 4.5 second fuze. Armor penetration is warhead dependent and ranges from 300–600 mm (12–24 in) of RHA; one warhead, the PG-7VR, is a 'tandem charge' device, used to defeat reactive armor with a single shot.^{[citation needed]} The Russian Ministry of Defense said in December 2023 that it has modified the RPG-7V grenade launcher in order to shoot 82-mm mines.^[10]

Current production ammunition for the RPG-7V2 consists of four main types:

• PG-7VL [c.1977] – improved 93 mm (3.7 in) HEAT warhead effective against most vehicles and fortified targets.^[7]
• PG-7VR [c.1988]^{[citation needed]} – tandem charge warhead designed to penetrate up to 750 mm (30 in) rolled homogeneous armour equivalence of explosive reactive armor and the conventional armor underneath. It has a range of 200 m (660 ft).^[11]
• TBG-7V Tanin [c.1988] – 105 mm (4.1 in) thermobaric warhead for anti-personnel and urban warfare.^{[citation needed]}
• OG-7V [c.1999] – 40 mm (1.6 in) fragmentation warhead for anti-personnel warfare. Has no sustainer motor.^{[citation needed]}

Other warhead variants include:

• PG-7V [c.1961] – baseline 85 mm (3.3 in) HEAT warhead capable of penetrating 260 mm (10 in) RHA.^[12]
• PG-7VM [c.1969] – improved 70 mm (2.8 in) HEAT warhead capable of penetrating 300 mm (12 in) RHA.
• PG-7VS [c.1972] – improved 73 mm (2.9 in) HEAT warhead capable of penetrating 400 mm (16 in) RHA.
• PG-7VS1 [c.mid-1970s] – cheaper PG-7VS version capable of penetrating 360 mm (14 in) RHA.
• GSh-7VT [c.2013] – anti-bunker warhead with cylindrical follow-through blast-fragmentation munition followed by explosively formed penetrator.^[13]
• OGi-7MA [unknown] – anti-personnel fragmentation munition developed for the Bulgarian ATGL-L. improved equivalent to the Soviet OG-7V. Compatible with RPG-7.^[14]

Specifications

Manufacturer specifications for the RPG-7V1.^[15]

Name	Type	Image	Weight	Explosive weight[16][17]	Diameter	Penetration	Lethal radius
PG-7VL	Single-stage HEAT		2.6 kg (5.7 lb)	730 g (26 oz) OKFOL (95% HMX + 5% wax)	93 mm (3.7 in)	>500 mm (20 in) RHA
PG-7VR	Tandem charge HEAT		4.5 kg (9.9 lb)	1.43 kg (3.2 lb) OKFOL (95% HMX + 5% wax)	64 mm (2.5 in)/105 mm (4.1 in)	600 mm (24 in) RHA (with reactive armor) 750 mm (30 in) RHA (without reactive armor)
OG-7V	Fragmentation		2 kg (4 lb)	210 g (7.4 oz) A-IX-1	40 mm (1.6 in)		7 m (23 ft) (vs. body armor)[18][19]
TBG-7V	Thermobaric		4.5 kg (9.9 lb)	1.9 kg (4.2 lb) ОМ 100МИ-3Л + 0.25 kg (0.55 lb) A-IX-1 (as thermobaric explosive booster)	105 mm (4.1 in)		10 m (30 ft)

Hit probabilities

A 1976 U.S. Army evaluation of the weapon gave the hit probabilities on a 5-by-2.5-metre (16.4 ft × 8.2 ft) panel moving sideways at 4 m/s (13 ft/s).^[20] Crosswinds cause additional issues as the round steers into the wind; in an 11 km/h (6.8 mph) wind, firing at a stationary tank sized target, the gunner cannot expect to get a first-round hit more than 50% of the time at 180 m (590 ft).^[21]

History of use

The RPG-7 was first used in 1967 by Egypt during the Six-Day War, and by the Viet Cong during the Vietnam War, but it did not see widespread usage in Vietnam until the following year.^[22]

The RPG-7 was used by the Provisional Irish Republican Army in Northern Ireland from 1969 to 2005, most notably in Lurgan, County Armagh, where it was used against British Army observation posts and the towering military base at Kitchen Hill in the town.^[23] The IRA also used them in Catholic areas of West Belfast against British Army armoured personnel carriers and Army forward operating bases (FOB). Beechmount Avenue in Belfast became known as "RPG Avenue" after attacks on British troops.^[24]

In Mogadishu, Somalia, RPG-7s were used to down two U.S. Army Black Hawk helicopters in 1993.^[25][26]

During the first and second Chechen wars, Chechens used RPG-7 which they had captured from Soviet bases and used them against Russian armored columns. During the first war, Russians may have lost 100 tanks and 250 AFVs in Grozny.^[27] The Chechens were able to knock out T-72s with three or four RPG-7 hits. Against T-72s with explosive reactive armor, the Chechens fired an RPG in close range (within 50 m (160 ft)) to detonate the armor and then followed this with RPG hits on the now exposed point of the tank, also from close range.^[28] The RPG-7 was also effective against armoured fighting vehicles (AFVs), buildings and personnel.^[29]

The PG-7VR has been used by Iraqi insurgents.^[30] On 28 August 2003, it achieved a mobility kill against an American M1 Abrams hitting the left side hull next to the forward section of the engine compartment.^[31]

During the War in Afghanistan (2001–2021), several M1A2 Abrams were temporarily disabled by RPG-7 hits.^[32]

Users

Non-state users

•  ISIL^[69]
•  Taliban^[70]
•  Hezbollah^[70]
•  Syrian opposition^[70]
•  Houthi movement^[71]
• Ulster Volunteer Force^[72]
• New Irish Republican Army^[72]
• Qassam Brigades
• Al-Quds Brigades

Former users

•  Lithuania^[33]

Conflicts

1960s

• Vietnam War (1955–1975): First used in 1967.^[22]
• Six Day War (1967)^[22]

1970s

• Yom Kippur War (1973)^[73]
• Ethiopian Civil War (1974–1991)
• Angolan Civil War (1975–2002)
• Sino-Vietnamese War (1979)
• Soviet–Afghan War (1979–1989)^[74]

1980s

• Iran-Iraq War (1980–1988)
• Sri Lankan Civil War (1983–2009)^[75]
• Second Sudanese Civil War (1983–2005)

1990s

• Gulf War (1990–1991)^[76]
• Somali Civil War (1991–present)^[76]
• First Chechen War (1994–1996)^[27]
• Eritrean–Ethiopian War (1998–2000)
• Second Chechen War (1999–2009)^[27]

2000s

• War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)^[76]
• Iraq War (2003–2011)^[76]

2010s

• Syrian Civil War (2011–present)
• War in Iraq (2013–2017)
• South Sudanese Civil War (2013–2020)
• Yemeni Civil War (2014–present)

2020s

• Tigray War (2020–2022)
• Russian invasion of Ukraine (2022–ongoing)
• War in Amhara (2023–ongoing)
• 2023 Israel–Hamas war (2023-ongoing)