Cardinal

Radulfus Nigellus
Cardinal-Priest
ChurchSanta Prassede
(1188)
Orders
Created cardinalMarch 1185
by Pope Lucius III
RankCardinal Deacon, then
Cardinal Priest
Personal details
Born
Pisa (?)
Died30 December 1188
Mortara
NationalityItalian
ResidenceRome, Verona
Occupationcourtier
papal legate
Professionparish priest

Radulfus Nigellus[1] (died 30 December 1188) was a cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. He was a native of Pisa,[2] or perhaps of France.[3]

Life

Radulfus held the title magister, though the source of the title and the expertise which supported it are unknown.[4]

Driven out of Rome by the Roman commune, due to the war over Tusculum, Pope Lucius III (1181–1185) fled to the Emperor Frederick Barbarossa, who was at Verona.[5] Some of the cardinals followed Pope Lucius to Verona; others, however, whose followers had perpetrated the outrages at Tusculum and in the Roman campagna, remained in the city.[6] Radulfus was a member of the papal court and followed Pope Lucius III in his flight from the Roman commune to Verona in July 1184. Far from obtaining aid from the emperor Frederick Barbarossa, they fell into quarreling, and the papal court became prisoner of the emperor in Verona.

Cardinal deacon

Radulfus was named a cardinal by Pope Lucius III (1181-1185) in Verona on Ash Wednesday 1185, and assigned the deaconry of San Giorgio in Velabro in Rome.[7] He first subscribed his name to a papal document, as far as current evidence shows, on 4 April 1185[8] His latest known signature as cardinal deacon of S. Giorgio is on 17 March 1188 at the Lateran.[9]

Lucius died on 25 November 1185, still residing in Verona, while an angry and uncooperative emperor resided at the imperial headquarters in Pavia. The election of his successor, in which Cardinal Radulfus took part, was held on the next day. It was brief and unanimous.[10] The successful candidate was Humbertus Crivelli, the Archbishop of Milan and Cardinal of S. Lorenzo in Damaso, "a violent and unyielding spirit, and a strong opponent of Frederick (Barbarossa)," in the words of Ferdinand Gregorovius. He took the name Urban III, and maintained all of the uncompromising policies of Lucius III. He and the papal court continued as virtual prisoners in Verona.[11] Cardinal Radulfus signed documents for Pope Urban from 9 December 1185 to 13 October 1187.[12]

Urban III and the cardinals, including Radulfus, managed to escape from Verona in the second half of September 1187, but Pope Urban III died at Ferrara on October 20, 1187, grieving over the disasters in the Holy Land.[13] In the election which followed, there were three candidates, Henri de Marsiac, Paolo Scolari, and Alberto di Morra. Alberto, the leader of the imperial faction, was elected as Gregory VIII on 21 October 1187. He immediately began plans to return to Rome, with the cooperation of the emperor and the officials of Rome, but he reigned for one month and twenty-eight days, managing to reach only as far as Pisa.[14] During that brief time, Radulfus subscribed several documents in Ferrara, Modena, Parma, and Pisa.[15]

Cardinal Radulfus participated in his third papal election in twenty-five months at Pisa. The cardinals unanimously elected Cardinal Paolo Scolari, bishop of Palestrina, on 19 December 1187, the Saturday after the Feast of S. Barbara. He accepted his election and took the name Clement III. By 11 February 1188 he, the cardinals, and the papal court had returned to Rome and were resident at the Lateran.[16]

Cardinal priest

On 17 March 1188, Cardinal Radulfus appears as a cardinal priest with the titulus of Santa Prassede.[17] He is mentioned in a letter of Pope Clement III to Archbishop Baldwin of Canterbury on 10 December 1188; the archbishop and the monks of Canterbury are to obey papal decisions in the matter of the appointment of the prior; the pope had given mandates in his instructions to the Cardinal of Santa Prassede, Apostolicae Sedis legato.[18] Radulfus, however, never reached England, because he died at Mortara on 30 December 1188.[19]

Radulfus' successor at S. Prassede, Cardinal Rufinus, subscribed a document for Pope Clement III.[20]

References

  1. ^ Radulphus, Rodulphus, Ridolfo, Raoul
  2. ^ Italian sources, beginning with Onuphrio Panvinio, and including Ciaconius (1st ed. p. 493, 2nd ed. p. 1121), Cardella, and Moroni, claim him as an Italian of Pisa, offering no proof.
  3. ^ French sources, including Frizon, Aubery, and Duchesne (Preuves, p. 141), claim that he was a member of the house of Neslé, but offer no proof. Kartusch, p. 357, with note 1.
  4. ^ Paul Fridolin Kehr, Italia pontificia Vol. VII, pars 1 (Berlin: Weidmann 1923), p. 242, no. 39 (13 September 1187); 250-251, nos. 4 and 5 (14 April and 29 June 1186). Kartusch, p. 358, note 2.
  5. ^ Ferdinand Gregorovius, (1896), The History of Rome in the Middle Ages Vol. IV, part 2. (London: George Bell 1896), pp. 609-611. Jaffé II, pp. 465-466.
  6. ^ Gregorovius, p. 611.
  7. ^ Ciaconius-Olduin, p. 1121. Kartusch, p. 357, with note 4.
  8. ^ Kartusch, p. 358, with note 5. Cf. Jaffe, p. 431.
  9. ^ Kartusch, p. 358, with note 9. Jaffé II, p. 536, no. 16178. J.P. Migne (ed.), Patrologiae Latinae Cursus Completus Tomus CCIV (Paris 1855), p. 1326.
  10. ^ Horace Kinder Mann, The Lives of the Popes in the Early Middle Ages, Volume 10 (London: Kegan Paul 1914), pp. 286-289.
  11. ^ F. Gregorovius, The History of Rome in the Middle Ages Vol. IV, part 2 (London: George Bell 1896), pp. 610-612.
  12. ^ Jaffé II, p. 493.
  13. ^ Gervase of Canterbury, "Chronica", in: William Stubbs (ed.), The Chronicle of the Reigns of Stephen, Henry II, and Richard, Vol. I (London: Longman, Trübner 1879), p. 388.
  14. ^ Gregorovius IV. 2, p. 615.
  15. ^ Jaffé II, p. 528. J.P. Migne (ed.), Patrologiae Latinae Collectio, Tomus CCII (Paris 1855), pp. 1546 (Ferrara, 31 October), 1555 (Modena, 22 November), 1557 (Parma 29 November), 1564 (Pisa 11 December).
  16. ^ Jaffé, p. 536.
  17. ^ Kartusch, p. 358, with note 11. Jaffé II, p. 536, no. 16176. J.P. Migne (ed.), Patrologiae Latinae Cursus Completus Tomus CCIV (Paris 1855), p. 1323 (noting the error with the reading of the date).
  18. ^ Kartusch, p. 358, with note 11. Jaffé II, p. 553, no. 16360. J.P. Migne (ed.), Patrologiae Latinae Cursus Completus Tomus CCIV (Paris 1855), p. 1403.
  19. ^ Werner Maleczek: Papst und Kardinalskolleg von 1191 bis 1216. Die Kardinäle unter Coelestin III. und Innocenz III. Wien : Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, 1984, p. 257
  20. ^ Kartusch, p. 358, with note. 14.

Sources

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