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((Short description|Spanish-American builder and engineer))
((More citations needed|date=February 2011))
((family name hatnote|Guastavino|Moreno|lang=Spanish))
((Infobox person
| name                      = Rafael Guastavino
| image                     = Rafael Guastavino portrait.jpg
| image_size                = 220px
| alt                       = 
| caption                   = Portrait of Rafael Guastavino
| nationality               = 
| citizenship               = 
| birth_name                = Rafael Guastavino Moreno
| birth_date                = ((birth date|1842|3|1|mf=yes))
| birth_place               = [[Valencia, Spain|Valencia]], [[Spain]]
| death_date                = ((death date and age|1908|2|1|1842|3|1|mf=yes))
| death_place               = [[Asheville, North Carolina]], [[United States]]
| resting_place             = [[Basilica of St. Lawrence, Asheville]]
| resting_place_coordinates =
| spouse                    = 
| parents                   = 
| children                  = 
| module                    =
     ((Infobox engineering career
     | discipline           = [[Architectural engineering]]
     | institutions         = 
     | practice_name        = 
     | employer             = 
     | significant_projects = 
     | significant_design   = 
     | significant_advance  = [[Guastavino tile]]
     | significant_awards   = 
     ))
))
'''Rafael Guastavino Moreno''' (((IPA-es|rafaˈel ɣwastaˈβino)); March 1, 1842((snd)) February 1, 1908) was a Spanish building engineer and builder who immigrated to the United States in 1881; his career for the next three decades was based in [[New York City]].<ref>((Cite news|url=https://www.architecturaldigest.com/gallery/guastavino-tile-arches/all|title=9 Dazzling Tiled Archways Devised by Rafael Guastavino ((!)) Architectural Digest|work=Architectural Digest|access-date=2017-09-20|language=en))</ref>

Based on the [[Catalan vault]], he created the [[Guastavino tile]], a "Tile Arch System", patented in the United States in 1885, which was used for constructing robust, self-supporting [[arch]]es and [[Vault (architecture)|architectural vaults]] using interlocking [[terracotta]] [[tile]]s and layers of [[mortar (masonry)|mortar]]. His work appears in numerous prominent projects designed by major architectural firms in New York and other cities of the Northeast. Guastavino tile is found in some of New York's most prominent [[Beaux Arts architecture|Beaux-Arts landmarks]] and in major buildings across the United States. It is also used in numerous architecturally important and famous buildings with vaulted spaces.

==Guastavino Fireproof Construction Company==
[[File:Grand Central Oyster Bar & Restaurant (Manhattan, New York) 002.jpg|thumb|left|250px|Guastavino tile vaulting at the [[Grand Central Oyster Bar & Restaurant]]]]

In 1881 Guastavino came to New York City from [[Valencia]],<ref name="Globe_20110226">((cite news |url=https://archive.boston.com/ae/theater_arts/articles/2011/02/26/rafael_guastavino_the_greatest_architect_youve_never_heard_of/ |title=The greatest architect you've never heard of |author=Sam Allis |work=[[The Boston Globe]] |date=February 26, 2011 |access-date=February 26, 2011))</ref> with his youngest son, nine-year-old Rafael Jr.<ref name=Chesky/> In Spain he had been an accomplished architect and was a contemporary of [[Antoni Gaudí]].<ref name="Globe_20110226"/> In the March 7, 1885 article entitled "The Dakota Apartment House", printed in ''The Real Estate Record and Builders Guide'', Guastavino was identified as the contractor in charge of "fireproof construction" of the luxury apartment building, which was completed in 1884. Though not specified, the work may very well have included the groined vault entries on the south side on West 72nd Street, and the north side on West 73rd Street, as well as the construction of the subterranean basement, and the 3-foot thick arched floors between the basement and attic levels.

Guastavino was commissioned by the firm of [[McKim, Mead, and White]] for their [[Boston Public Library]] (1889), which increased his reputation with every major architect on the East Coast.<ref name="Globe_20110226" /> His published drawings of interior decoration of the Spanish Renaissance style caught the eye of an architect, who asked him to submit a design for the planned New York Progress Club building. After forming a partnership with William Blodgett, Guastavino eventually was offered a construction position in 1890 with [[George W. Vanderbilt]] to construct arches for the new mansion, [[Biltmore Estate]] at [[Asheville, North Carolina]].

After working on the estate, Guastavino decided to build his own retirement home in the mountains of [[Black Mountain, North Carolina]] in a 500-acre valley. His property, ''Rhododendron'', also had a vineyard, dairy, brick kiln, and more.<ref name="Rhododendron">[https://www.rguastavino.org/guastavino-estate «Guastavino Estate - Rhododendron - Black Mountain, North Carolina»], ''Guastavino Alliance''. Retrieved March 23, 2024.</ref> This property currently is owned by Christmount Assembly, the conference center for the [[Christian Church (Disciples of Christ)]].<ref name="christmount">((Cite web|url=https://www.christmount.org/|title=Christmount Retreat, Camp & Conference Center, Black Mountain NC 28711|website=christmount|access-date=Dec 14, 2019))</ref> Guastavino's wife Francesca remained in the house until she died in 1946, and all that remains is a brick foundation and a [[wine cellar]].<ref name=Chesky>((cite news|url=https://www.citizen-times.com/story/news/local/2023/09/30/did-infidelity-bring-biltmore-basilica-builder-guastavino-to-wnc/70964404007/|title=WNC History: Infidelity may have led to Guastavino's move here, work on Biltmore, basilica|last=Chesky|first=Anne|work=[[Asheville Citizen-Times]]|date=September 30, 2023))</ref> The property holds artifacts that may be visited, including the kiln and chimney, a wine cellar, beautiful old stone walls, and many smaller structures that have been rediscovered as modern buildings have been constructed there.

[[File:St Francis de Sales (Philadelphia) 1.png|thumb|right|250px|[[St. Francis de Sales Roman Catholic Church (Philadelphia)|St. Francis de Sales Roman Catholic Church]] in Philadelphia]]

Guastavino and his son also developed twenty-four products that were awarded patents. Their company, Guastavino Fireproof Construction Company,<ref name="Globe_20110226" /> run by the father and then by his son, was incorporated in 1889. It executed its final contract in 1962. [[Akoustolith]] was one of several trade names used by Guastavino.

Hundreds of major building projects incorporate the distinctive [[Guastavino tile|Tile Arch System]]. In [[Chicago]], the central nave vaulting of [[Rockefeller Chapel]] at the [[University of Chicago]] uses 100,000 Guastavino tiles. In [[Boston]], Guastavino tiles are found in the [[Boston Public Library]]; in [[New York City]], in the [[Grand Central Terminal]], [[Grant's Tomb]], [[Carnegie Hall]], the [[American Museum of Natural History]], [[Congregation Emanu-El of New York]], and [[St. Bartholomew's Episcopal Church (Manhattan)|St. Bartolomew's Episcopal Church]]; and in [[Washington, D.C.]] in the [[U.S. Supreme Court]] building and the [[National Museum of Natural History]] on the [[National Mall]]. Guastavino tiles form the domes of [[Philadelphia]]'s [[St. Francis de Sales Roman Catholic Church (Philadelphia)|St. Francis de Sales Roman Catholic Church]]. At [[Pittsburgh]]'s [[Union Station (Pittsburgh)|Union Station]], the vaulting of the carriage turnaround is a Guastavino tile system. In [[Nebraska]], the tiles may be seen in the [[Nebraska State Capitol]].

===Work in New York City===
[[File:Bridgemarket tile ceiling jeh.jpg|thumb|left|250px|Bridgemarket, under [[Queensboro Bridge]]]]
In 1900, New York architects [[Heins & LaFarge]] hired Guastavino to help construct [[City Hall (IRT Lexington Avenue Line)|City Hall station]], the underground showpiece for the [[Interborough Rapid Transit Company|IRT]], the first part of the then-new [[New York City Subway]]. The station, although elegant, was never convenient or popular, as it was superseded by nearby stops with connections to Brooklyn. After the city closed it in 1945 because needed upgrades were too expensive, it became a legendary abandoned Manhattan underground relic. Subway buffs and [[urban spelunker]]s knew about it. Guastavino also installed the ceiling of the south arcade of the [[Manhattan Municipal Building]], which was constructed during 1907-1914.

The Guastavinos had entered New York as immigrants via [[Ellis Island]]. In 1917 the younger Rafael Guastavino III was commissioned to rebuild the ceiling of the Ellis Island Great Hall. The Guastavinos set 28,258 tiles into a self-supporting interlocking ((convert|56|ft|m|adj=on))-high ceiling grid so durable and strong that during the restoration project of the 1980s only seventeen of those tiles had to be replaced.<ref>((Cite news |last=Dunlap |first=David W. |date=25 February 1987 |title=At Ellis Island, Gloomy Ruin Starts to Shine |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1987/02/25/nyregion/at-ellis-island-gloomy-ruin-starts-to-shine.html |access-date=27 October 2023))</ref>

The largest dome created by the Guastavino Company was over the central [[crossing (architecture)|crossing]] for the [[Cathedral of St. John the Divine]] in [[Manhattan]]: it is ((convert|100|ft|m|abbr=on)) in diameter and ((convert|160|ft|m)) high. This dome was intended to be a temporary structure, to be replaced by a high central tower. In 2009 this "temporary" fix celebrated the 100th anniversary of its construction. Guastavino received this contract due to the much lower price he could quote because his system served as its own scaffolding. This was an extreme test of his system, however. The masons had to work from above, each day adding a few rows of tiles, and standing on the previous day's work to make progress. At the edges, many layers of tile were laid, and the dome thins as it rises toward the center.

==As building engineer==
Few structures designed and built by Guastavino alone have been identified. He was responsible for a series of surviving rowhouses with unusual Mooresque features on West 78th Street (121–131 known as the "red and whites"), on [[Manhattan]]'s [[Upper West Side]]. Another of his structures, now used as an event space called Guastavino's, is located under the [[Midtown Manhattan]] end of the [[Queensboro Bridge]].<ref>[https://www.facebook.com/pages/New-York-NY/Guastavinos/109188109102681 Guastavino Facebook page, retrieved 2010-11-21]</ref> His son Rafael's Mediterranean villa (1912), built entirely of Guastavino tiles, still stands on [[Awixa Avenue]], in [[Bay Shore]], [[Long Island]]<ref>((Cite web|url=https://awixa.com/|title=awixa.com|website=DAN.COM|access-date=Dec 14, 2019))</ref> and was added to the [https://www.nps.gov/nr/feature/places/13000912.htm National Register of Historic Places] in 2013.<ref>((Cite web|title=Rafael Guastavino Jr. House|url=https://www.nps.gov/nr/feature/places/13000912.htm|access-date=2021-03-25|website=www.nps.gov))</ref>

==Family==
Guastavino lived with his aunt and uncle when he studied architecture in [[Barcelona]], and he had a relationship with their adopted daughter Pilar. When he was 17 and she was 16, Pilar became pregnant, and the two married. They had three sons together, but Guastavino had an affair with [[nanny]] Paulina Roig, after which Pilar left her husband, later moving to Argentina. It is believed Paulina was the mother of Guastavino's fourth son Rafael Jr., and the three, along with the two previous daughters she had, moved to New York City together in 1881.<ref name=Chesky/><ref name="Globe_20110226" /> However, Paulina and her two daughters returned to Spain that same year.

Guastavino began a relationship with Francesca Ramirez, who was much younger than he was, and he pretended Francesca was his daughter until they moved to North Carolina in the early 1890s. They married in 1894, when Guastavino was 51 and she was 33. At that time, he tried searching for his ex-wife and sons but had no luck.<ref name=Chesky/>

==Retirement in North Carolina==
[[Image:Basilica of Saint Lawrence Interior 9.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Inside dome of the [[Basilica of St. Lawrence, Asheville|Basilica of St. Lawrence]], and final resting place of Rafael Guastavino in [[Asheville]], [[North Carolina]].<ref name = nrhpinv>((Cite web | author =Michael T. Southern and Peter Austin| title = Rafael Guastavino, Sr., Estate| work = National Register of Historic Places - Nomination and Inventory | date =May 1989| url = https://files.nc.gov/ncdcr/nr/BN0196.pdf | publisher = North Carolina State Historic Preservation Office | access-date = 2014-08-01))</ref>]]

After working on a commission at the [[Biltmore Estate]], Guastavino retired to [[Black Mountain, North Carolina|Black Mountain]].

The site of his estate is now used as Christmount, the conference and retreat center of the [[Christian Church (Disciples of Christ)]].<ref name="christmount"/> Ruins of the original Guastavino Estate still stand, and a collection of Guastavino memorabilia is held in the Christmount library.<ref name="Rhododendron"/> The [[Rafael Guastavino, Sr., Estate]] was listed on the [[National Register of Historic Places]] in 1989.<ref name="nris">((NRISref|version=2010a))</ref>

In North Carolina Guastavino completed a number of projects: his work is found in [[Duke Chapel]] in [[Durham, North Carolina|Durham]], the [[Jefferson Standard Building]] in [[Greensboro, North Carolina|Greensboro]], the Motley Memorial in [[Chapel Hill, North Carolina|Chapel Hill]], and [[Basilica Shrine of St. Mary (Wilmington, North Carolina)|Basilica Shrine of St. Mary]] in [[Wilmington, North Carolina|Wilmington]]. He is buried in the crypt of the [[Basilica of St. Lawrence, Asheville]], which he designed in 1905.

==Archival sources==
*[http://findingaids.cul.columbia.edu/ead/nnc-a/ldpd_3463538/.html The records and drawings of the Guastavino Fireproof Construction Company] are held by the [http://library.columbia.edu/locations/avery/da.html/ Department of Drawings & Archives] in the [[Avery Architectural and Fine Arts Library]] at [[Columbia University]] in New York City.

== See also ==
*[[First Church of Christ, Scientist (Cambridge, Massachusetts)]]

==References==
'''Notes'''
((reflist))

'''Further reading'''
* Ochsendorf, John; Freeman, Michael (Photographer), [https://www.amazon.com/Guastavino-Vaulting-Art-Structural-Tile/dp/1568987412 ''Guastavino Vaulting: The Art of Structural Tile''], Princeton Architectural Press; 1st edition (September 22, 2010). ((ISBN|978-1568987415))
* Moro, Javier; ''A prueba de fuego'', Ed. Planeta 2020, a novel thoroughly researched about the Guastavinos, father and son. ((ISBN|978-84-670-6391-2))

==External links==
((commons category|Rafael Guastavino Moreno))
*[http://www.rafaelguastavino.com/ Rafaelguastavino.com:] documenting Guastavino's work in New York City
*[http://web.mit.edu/cron/Backup/project/guastavino/www/ Guastavino.net backup at MIT:] documenting Guastavino's work in the Boston area, this page provides copies of writings and patents by the Guastavinos as well
* [http://vimeo.com/49352185 Video] of masons using traditional Guastavino methods, ca.2012
* [http://findingaids.cul.columbia.edu/ead/nnc-a/ldpd_3463538/ Guastavino Fireproof Construction Company architectural records, 1866-1985 (bulk, 1890-1942)]. [http://library.columbia.edu/locations/avery/da.html/ Held by the Department of Drawings & Archives], [http://library.columbia.edu/locations/avery.html/ Avery Architectural & Fine Arts Library, Columbia University, New York City]
* [https://www.citizen-times.com/gcdn/-mm-/c0ca9bf4b46d0aa4cc4adfee692ed1042f3da6ac/c=0-3-2760-1555/local/-/media/2017/06/07/BlackMountainNews/B9327870544Z.1_20170607144153_000_GASIIKDAP.1-0.jpg Photo of the Rhododendron house]

((Authority control (arts)|country=ES))

((DEFAULTSORT:Guastavino, Rafael))
[[Category:1842 births]]
[[Category:1908 deaths]]
[[Category:Spanish emigrants to the United States]]
[[Category:Burials in North Carolina]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from New York City]]
[[Category:Spanish Roman Catholics]]
[[Category:Architects from the Valencian Community]]
[[Category:19th-century American businesspeople]]

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