¹ — Involved an Allied convoy or delivery mission
² — Involved an Axis convoy or delivery mission
The Raid on Souda Bay was an assault by Italian Royal Navy explosive boats on Souda Bay, Crete, during the first hours of 26 March 1941. The motor boats were launched by the destroyers Francesco Crispi and Quintino Sella on the approaches to the bay. After negotiating the boom defences, the small craft attacked the Royal Navyheavy cruiserHMS York and the Norwegian tanker Pericles. The Allied vessels were both sunk in shallow waters by the explosive charges and eventually lost.
Souda is a naturally protected harbour on the northwest coast of the island. It had been chosen as a target by the Decima Flottiglia MAS months before because of the almost continuous Allied naval activity there.[2] Air reconnaissance had spotted a number of naval and auxiliary steamers at anchor in Souda Bay, Crete.[3]
On 25 March 1941, the Italian destroyers Francesco Crispi and Quintino Sella departed from Leros island in the Aegean at night, each one carrying three 2 long tons (2.0 t) motor assault boats of the Decima known as Motoscafo da Turismo (MT).[4] Each MT (nicknamed barchino - "little boat") carried a 300 kg (660 lb) explosive charge inside its bow.[5] The MTs were specially equipped to make their way through obstacles such as torpedo nets. The pilot would steer the assault craft on a collision course at his target ship, and then would jump from his boat before impact and warhead detonation.[3]
The attack
York and Pericles both crippled and beached. A Short Sunderland flying boat is landing between them
At 23:30, the MT were released by the destroyers 10 mi (8.7 nmi; 16 km) off Souda. Once inside the bay, the six boats, under the command of Lieutenant Luigi Faggioni, identified their targets: the heavy cruiser HMS York, a large tanker (the Norwegian Pericles of 8,300 long tons (8,400 t)), another tanker and a cargo ship.[3] At 4:46, two MTs hit HMS York amidships, flooding her aft boilers and magazines, and the ship was beached by her own crew to avoid capsizing.[6] Two seamen were killed by the explosions.[6]Pericles was severely damaged and settled on the bottom, while the other tanker and the cargo ship were sunk, according to Italian sources.[7] According to British reports, the other barchini apparently missed their intended targets, and one of them ended stranded on the beach.[8] The antiaircraft guns of the base opened fire randomly, believing that the base was under air attack.[9]
All six of the Italian sailors: Luigi Faggioni, Alessio de Vito, Emilio Barberi, Angelo Cabrini, Tullio Tedeschi, and Lino Beccati, were captured.[10]
Aftermath
Destroyer Sella, one of the mother ships of the explosive motor boats
HMS York was disabled and grounded, though her antiaircraft guns still provided air defence to the harbour. On 21 March two divers assessing damage were killed by a near miss during an air strike.[6] A salvage operation involving submarine HMS Rover, dispatched from Alexandria to assist York with electrical power,[11] was abandoned due to the intensity of the air attacks, which damaged the submarine and forced her return to Egypt. The cruiser was evacuated and her main guns were wrecked with demolition charges by her crew before the German capture of Crete.[10] As for the Pericles, she was taken in tow by destroyers, but broke in two and sank on 14 April 1941 en route to Alexandria during a storm.[12]
The sinking of HMS York was the source of a controversy between the Regia Marina and the Luftwaffe over credit for her sinking. The matter was resolved by British war records and by the ship's own war log, captured by Italian naval officers who boarded the half-sunk cruiser.[13]
After the war, the hull of HMS York was raised and towed to Bari, and scrapped there by an Italian shipbreaker in March 1952.[6]
^Greene, Jack and Massignani, Alessandro (2004). The Black Prince And The Sea Devils: The Story Of Valerio Borghese And The Elite Units Of The Decima Mas. Da Capo Press, page 39. ISBN0306813114
^The Italians seized the following naval message from Captain Portal to his Chief Engineering Officer: "Please take statements from all men who were in boiler and engine rooms when the ship was struck on the 26th, also from any men who can bear witness as to the R.A.s who were lost, being in the engine room. I would like you also to make rough notes now, while events are fresh in your mind, of sequence of damage reports and appreciations as time went on. Also a log of events since we started pumping out. R.P." Borghese, page 83
References
Frogmen First Battles by retired U.S. Captain William Schofield, Branden Books, 2004. ISBN0-8283-2088-8
The Naval War in the Mediterranean, 1940-1943 by Jack Greene & Alessandro Massignani, Chatam Publishing, London, 1998. ISBN1-86176-057-4
United Kingdom
Norway
Italy
Reginald Henry Portal_damaged_at_Souda_Bay_May_1941.jpg)
