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((Short description|Hereditary queen of Balobedu))
((Use dmy dates|date=April 2022))
((more citations needed|date=September 2014))

((Royal house|
|surname        = Modjadji
|estate         = Balobedu
|coat of arms   =
|country        = [[South Africa]]
|titles         = Rain Queen
|founder       = Maselekwane Modjadji I
|current head   = Masalanabo Modjadji VII
|founding year  = 1800
|cadet branches =
))

'''Queen Modjadji''', or the '''Rain Queen''', is the hereditary [[Queen regnant|queen]] of [[lobedu people|Balobedu]], a people of the [[Limpopo Province]] of [[South Africa]]. The Rain Queen is believed to have special powers, including the ability to control the clouds and rainfall.<ref name=":1">((Cite journal|last1=Davidson|first1=Patricia|last2=Mahashe|first2=George|date=2012|title=Visualizing the Realm of a Rain-Queen: The Production and Circulation of Eileen and Jack Krige's Lobedu Fieldwork Photographs from the 1930s|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41940661|journal=Kronos|issue=38|pages=47–81|jstor=41940661 |issn=0259-0190))</ref> She is known as a mystical and historic figure who brought rain to her allies and drought to her enemies. She is not a ruler as such, but a powerful rainmaker and a traditional healer (ngaka).<ref>https://www.voanews.com/amp/a-13-a-2003-04-11-7-south/393407.html</ref>

((As of|March 2024)), the title is in dispute between two claimants:

The traditional installation of Prince Lekukela Modjadji as the king of the Balobedu took place at Khetlhakoni Royal Palace in Modjadjiskloof outside Tzaneen in Limpopo. 
Princess Masalanabo, who was expected to be the next Rain Queen, is intended by the faction of the Modjadji Royal Council that installed him to now take a position reserved for her and become the Khadikholo (great aunt) of Balobedu. <ref>((Cite web|last=Allsop|first=Jon|date=2018-09-21|title=The Restoration of South Africa's Rain Queen|url=http://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/south-africa-rain-queen|access-date=2020-09-26|website=Atlas Obscura|language=en|archive-date=2018-09-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180921185003/https://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/south-africa-rain-queen|url-status=live))</ref><ref>Njanji, Susan. [https://citizen.co.za/lifestyle/your-lifestyle-1/1540073/sas-pre-teen-queen-rainmaking-powers/ "SA's pre-teen queen with 'rainmaking' powers"] ((Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201042421/https://citizen.co.za/lifestyle/your-lifestyle-1/1540073/sas-pre-teen-queen-rainmaking-powers/ |date=2017-12-01 )), [[The Citizen (South Africa)|''The Citizen'']] (November 6, 2017).</ref><ref name="TimesZA"/>

The other claimant is Lekukela's sister, who is known to loyalists as Masalanabo II Modjadji VII. She is the daughter of the last Rain Queen, Makobo Modjadji VI. A ceremony to celebrate her 18th birthday was held in April 2023 at the Kara Heritage Institute in [[Pretoria]]; it was organized by the Balobedu Heritage Society, which was founded by her great grandmother [[Mokope Modjadji V]]. The event was used to launch her history booklet "Masalanabo Modjadji VII : Daughter Of The Sun". She will be crowned in April 2024 by a rival faction of the Modjadji Royal Council.<ref>https://theafricanroyalfamilies.com/2023/04/16/rain-queens-of-balobedu-south-africa/</ref> <ref>https://www.snl24.com/amp/dailysun/news/bolobedus-rain-queen-queen-masalanabo-modjadji-vii-celebrates-18th-birthday-in-tshwane-20230417</ref> <ref>https://letabaherald.co.za/127283/princess-masalanabo-to-be-inaugurated-in-august/#:~:text=Princess%20Masalanabo%20Modjadji%2C%20who%20turned,ascend%20to%20the%20Modjadji%20throne.</ref><ref>https://letabaherald.co.za/131164/masalanabo-modjadjis-queenship-endorsed/amp</ref>

The matter of the succession is currently before the courts of South Africa.

==History==

There are several different stories relating to the creation and history of the Rain Queens of Balobedu. One story states that an old chief in 16th century [[Monomotapa]] (South eastern [[Zimbabwe]]), was told by his ancestors that by impregnating his daughter, Dzugundini, she would gain rain-making skills. Another story involves a scandal in the same chief's house, in which the chief's son impregnated Dzugundini. Dzugundini was held responsible and was forced to flee the village. Dzugundini ended up in Molototsi Valley, which is in the present day Balobedu Kingdom.

The village she established with her loyal followers was ruled by a Mokoto, a male leader, but the peace and harmony of the village were disrupted by rivalries between different families; therefore, to pacify the land, Mokoto impregnated his own daughter in order to restore the tribe's matrilineal tradition. In another version, Mokoto had a vision that he had to marry his daughter in order to create a matrilineal dynasty.<ref name=":0" /> She gave birth to the first Rain Queen, known as '''Modjadji''', which means: "ruler of the day".

Oral histories recount that the Rain Queens are originally from [[ancient Ethiopia]] and built the fortress of [[Great Zimbabwe]].<ref name=":0" />

During the 1930s, social anthropologists [[Eileen Krige]] and Jack Krig carried out fieldwork on the society of the Rain Queens.<ref name=":1" /> Their work was published in 1943 as ''The Realm of a Rain-Queen. A Study of the Pattern of Lovedu Society'', and remains one of the standard anthropological works.<ref name=":1" />

==Customs==
According to custom, the Rain Queen must shun public functions, and can only communicate with her people through her male or female [[councillor]]s.

Every November she presides over the annual [[Rainmaking (ritual)|Rainmaking]] ceremony at her royal compound in Khetlhakone Village.

She is not supposed to marry, but has many "wives", as they are referred to in the Balobedu language. These are not spouses in the usual sense of the word; as a [[queen regnant]], she has the equivalent of [[royal court]] servants, or [[lady-in-waiting|ladies-in-waiting]]), sent from many villages all over the Balobedu Kingdom. These wives were selected by [[Privy Council|The Queen's Royal Council]] and in general are from the households of the subject chiefs. This ritual of "bride giving" is strictly a form of diplomacy to ensure loyalty to the Queen.

The Rain Queen's mystical rain-making powers are believed to be reflected in the lush garden which surrounds her royal compound. Surrounded by parched land, her garden contains the world's largest [[cycad]] trees which are in abundance under a spectacular [[tropical rain belt|rain belt]].((citation needed|date=November 2015))  One species of cycad, the [[Modjadji cycad]], is named after the Rain Queen. The rain-making powers are also believed to be transmitted through matriarchal mitochondrial DNA((citation needed|date=November 2023)). Therefore,  the Queenship is inherited through matrilineal lineage, by the daughters of the Rain queen.

The Rain Queen is a prominent figure in South Africa, many communities respecting her position and, historically, attempting to avoid conflict in deference thereto. The fifth Rain Queen, [[Mokope Modjadji]], maintained cordial relations with [[Nelson Mandela]]. Even presidents of South Africa during [[apartheid]] visited the Rain Queens.<ref name=":0">((Cite news|last=McNeil|first=Donald G. Jr.|date=2001-06-30|title=Modjadji V, Rain Queen, Dies in South Africa at 64|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/06/30/world/modjadji-v-rain-queen-dies-in-south-africa-at-64.html|access-date=2021-05-07|issn=0362-4331))</ref>

The Rain Queen has become a figure of interest, she and the royal institution becoming a significant tourist attraction contributing to the South African economy. The Rain Queen was offered an annual government [[civil list]]. The [[wikt:stipend|stipend]] was also expected to help defray the costs of preserving the [[cycad]] trees found in the Rain Queen's gardens.

==Makobo Modjadji==
<!-- Unsourced image removed: [[File:Modjadji-6.jpg|thumb|100px|right|The Late Rain Queen [[Makobo Modjadji]]]] -->
((main|Makobo Modjadji))
[[File:Rain Queen Makobo Constance Modjadji VI.jpg|thumb|Makobo Constance Modjadji VI]]
Rain Queen Makobo Caroline Modjadji VI (22 July 1978 – 12 June 2005) was the sixth in a line of the Balobedu people's Rain Queens. Makobo was crowned on 16 April 2003, at the age of 25, after the death of her predecessor and grandmother, Rain Queen [[Mokope Modjadji V]]. This made her the youngest queen in the history of the Balobedu.

Makobo was admitted into the Limpopo [[Medi-Clinic]] for an undisclosed illness on 10 June 2005 and died two days later, at the age of 27. The official cause of death was listed as chronic [[meningitis]]. She is survived by a son, Prince Lekukela Hex (b. 1997), and a daughter, Masalanabo Modjadji VII (b. 20 January 2005) who succeeded her in 2023 when she turned 18. <ref>https://www.snl24.com/amp/dailysun/news/bolobedus-rain-queen-queen-masalanabo-modjadji-vii-celebrates-18th-birthday-in-tshwane-20230417</ref>

==Succession==
The Rain Queen's official [[sexual partner|mates]] are chosen by the Royal Council, so that all of her children will be of [[Dynasty|dynastic]] status, from which future Rain Queens may descend. However, the Rain Queens are not expected to remain in exclusive relations with these partners. In the past, the Rain Queen was allowed to have children only by [[endogamy|her close relatives]].((citation needed|date=November 2011))

Perhaps uniquely, the Balobedu crown descends according to [[Primogeniture#Matrilineal primogeniture|matrilineal primogeniture]]: her eldest daughter is always her [[wikt:successor|successor]], so the title of Rain Queen is normally passed from mother to daughter. It is said that she ingests poison when she is near death so that her daughter will assume the crown more quickly. Lately, however, many traditions have been abandoned, influenced by [[Christian mission]]aries.

The government of South Africa recognized Princess Masalanabo as the future Rain Queen in a 2016 memorandum and she was expected to officially receive her certificate in 2021, when she turned 18, as minors are not allowed to be traditional leaders.<ref>((Cite news|last=Graham|first=Stuart|date=June 1, 2016|title=Rain Queen granted official recognition in South Africa|language=en|work=The Times|url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/rain-queen-granted-official-recognition-in-south-africa-6zfx9lw6c|access-date=2021-05-07|issn=0140-0460))</ref> Makobo's brother Prince Mpapatla was designated [[regent]] for Princess Masalanabo. However, Mpapatla himself has a daughter by his cousin, a woman from the royal Modjadji line. Mpapatla, however, has insisted that his late sister's daughter, Princess Masalanabo, will be enthroned as the queen when she turns 18.<ref>((cite news |url=http://www.sowetanlive.co.za/news/2016/05/30/rain-queen-finally-recognised |title=Rain Queen finally recognised |publisher=Sowetan LIVE |date=30 May 2016 |accessdate=2016-08-19 |archive-date=2016-06-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160602200731/http://www.sowetanlive.co.za/news/2016/05/30/rain-queen-finally-recognised |url-status=live ))</ref><ref>((cite news |author=Bongani Nkosi |url=http://www.timeslive.co.za/thetimes/2016/05/30/State-recognises-the-Rain-Queen |title=State recognises the Rain Queen |publisher=Times LIVE |date=2016-05-30 |accessdate=2016-08-19 |archive-date=2016-08-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160805142211/http://www.timeslive.co.za/thetimes/2016/05/30/State-recognises-the-Rain-Queen |url-status=live ))</ref><ref>((cite web |url=https://nationalmuseumpublications.co.za/modjadji-the-rain-queen/ |title=Modjadji – The Rain Queen |first=Gosiame Amy |last=Goitsemodimo |publisher=National Museum Publications |date=6 September 2019 |access-date=20 September 2020 |archive-date=20 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200920113746/https://nationalmuseumpublications.co.za/modjadji-the-rain-queen/ |url-status=live ))</ref>

However, in May 2021, the Modjadji Royal Council appointed Masalanabo's older brother, Prince Lekukela, as king of the Balobedu nation with the support of Prince Regent Mpapatla, citing Masalanabo's lack of preparation on divine processes traditionally assumed by Rain Queens, as she lives in [[Gauteng]] with the family of Mathole Motshekga, a former advisor to the Balobedu Royal Council. Mpapatla claims there is a 2006 Royal Council resolution appointing Lekukela as heir to the Balobedu throne, which was allegedly kept secret due to security concerns.<ref name="TimesZA"/> The Royal Council plans for Princess Masalanabo to instead assume the position of ''khadi-kholo'' (great aunt) of the Balobedu kingdom.<ref>((Cite news|last=Makhafola|first=Getrude|date=May 9, 2021|title=Prince Lekukela Modjadji ascends to Balobedu royal family throne - instead of his sister Masalanabo|language=en|work=News24|url=https://www.news24.com/news24/southafrica/news/prince-lekukela-modjadji-ascends-to-balobedu-royal-family-throne-instead-of-his-sister-masalanabo-20210509|access-date=2021-11-27|issn=))</ref><ref name="TimesZA">((Cite news|last=Tshikalange|first=Shonisani|date=May 17, 2021|title=Modjadji Royal Council on ascension to the throne that caused a rift|language=en|work=The Times South Africa|url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/news/south-africa/2021-05-17-modjadji-royal-council-on-ascension-to-the-throne-that-caused-a-rift/|access-date=2021-11-27|issn=))</ref> Lekukela was installed as King elect by the Modjadji royal council in October 2022, although his coronation is still pending judicial approval after a court application was submitted by Princess Masalanabo's legal team in order to challenge the Royal Council's decision, which they claim to be illegal under the Traditional Leadership and Governance Framework Act and to ignore the recognition of Masalanabo as Rain Queen by President [[Cyril Ramaphosa]].<ref>((Cite news|last=Sadike|first=Mashudu|date=May 19, 2021|title=Modjadji queenship dispute heads to court|language=en|work=IOL|url=https://www.iol.co.za/pretoria-news/news/modjadji-queenship-dispute-heads-to-court-7e6fa7ca-1219-4917-93c2-156949a1f62b|access-date=2021-11-27|issn=))</ref><ref>((Cite news|last=Shipalana|first=Justice|date=October 1, 2022|title=Prince Lekukela Modjadji installed as King of the Balobedu|language=en|work=SABC|url=https://www.sabcnews.com/sabcnews/prince-lekukela-modjadji-installed-as-king-of-the-balobedu/|access-date=2022-10-01|issn=))</ref> An online petition against Lekukela's appointment was launched in May 2021, even though the Royal Council has stated the decision is irreversible.<ref>((Cite news|last=Nemakonde|first=Vhahangwele|date=May 13, 2021|title=Council says prince Lekukela's appointment can't be revoked|language=en|work=IOL|url=https://www.citizen.co.za/news/2489130/council-says-prince-lekukelas-appointment-cant-be-revoked/|access-date=2021-11-27|issn=))</ref>

A male branch of the extended royal clan has also petitioned the South African president to restore the male line of the Balobedu royal house, which reigned before 1800. This request is considered unlikely to be granted, since the Rain Queen heritage is recognised as a national cultural legacy and interest in it has stimulated significant tourist trade. This male branch is reportedly considered by some to be a faction that promotes division within the royal clan of the Balobedu people.((citation needed|date=February 2022))

==List of Rulers of Balobedu ==
# Rain Queen I [[Maselekwane Modjadji]] (1800–1854)
# Rain Queen II [[Masalanabo Modjadji|Masalanabo I Modjadji]] (1854–1894)
# Rain Queen III [[Khesetoane Modjadji]] (1895–1959)
# Rain Queen IV [[Makoma Modjadji]] (1959–1980)
# Rain Queen V [[Mokope Modjadji]] (1981–2001)
# Rain Queen VI [[Makobo Modjadji]] (2003–2005) Prince Regent Mpapatla Modjadji (2005–2022)
# Rain Queen VII [[Masalanabo II Modjadji]] (2024–)<ref>((Cite web |date=2023-08-31 |title=Masalanabo Modjadji’s queenship endorsed |url=https://letabaherald.co.za/131164/masalanabo-modjadjis-queenship-endorsed/ |access-date=2023-10-14 |website=Letaba Herald |language=en))</ref>

==In popular culture==
[[Image:She first.jpg|thumb|right|200px|''She: A History of Adventure''.]]
The second Rain Queen, [[Masalanabo Modjadji]], is said to have been the inspiration for [[H. Rider Haggard]]'s novel ''[[She (novel)|She: A History of Adventure]]''.<ref>((Cite book |last=Cohen |first=C |title=Rider Haggard: His life and works |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan UK |year=1968 |isbn=1349006025 |location=United Kingdom))</ref> 

The [[Marvel comics]] character [[Storm (Marvel comics)|Storm]] is a fictional descendant of the dynasty that produces the Rain Queens through the line of the Sorceress Supreme Ayesha from the [[Hyborian Age]].<ref>((Cite web|title=Ayesha (Sorcerer Supreme; Rain Queen of Boludebu)|url=http://www.marvunapp.com/Appendix7/ayesha-sorcereress_supreme.html|access-date=2022-02-05|website=www.marvunapp.com))</ref> Mujaji is also the name of the goddess of sustenance in The Orisha, the pantheon of [[Wakanda]].<ref>((Cite web|date=2018-02-21|title=Black Panther's Sequel Could Bring a New Mythology Into the MCU|url=https://www.cbr.com/black-panther-sequel-new-gods-mcu/|access-date=2022-02-05|website=CBR|language=en-US))</ref> In Wakanda, Storm is called Hadari-Yao ("Walker of Clouds" in ancient Alkamite), a goddess who preserves the balance of natural things.<ref>((cite comic|writer=Coates, Ta-Nehisi|penciller=Sprouse. Chris|inker=Vines. Dexter|story=Avengers of the New World: Part 5|title=Black Panther Vol. 6|issue=#17|date=October 2017|Coinkers=Story. Karl))</ref>

==See also==
*[[Balobedu]]
*[[Matrilineality]]
*[[Matrilineal succession]]
*[[Rainmaking (ritual)]]
*[[She (novel)|''She'' (novel)]]
*''[[The Mysterious Flame of Queen Loana]]''

==References ==
((Reflist))

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20050906221926/http://www.tzaneen.co.za/ice/modjadji_history.htm Rain Queen customs and history], from a South African website for the Ikageng Community Empowerment of [[Tzaneen]]
*[https://archive.today/20130414151621/http://www.earthfoot.org/lit_zone/modjadji.htm Rain Queen customs], from a commercial website promoting "very small-scale, locally produced, low-impact Ecotours"
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20160303204152/http://www.face.org.za/content/studio/stParticipants/stChrisDeidericks.htm#modjadji "The Balobedu of Modjadji"].
*[http://rainqueensofafrica.com/ Rain Queens of Africa and other Female Leadership traditions]
*[http://www1.southafrica.net/Cultures/ta-IN/consumer.southafrica.net/Things+to+Do/Attractions/NaturalAttractions/The+Sacred+Forest+of+the+Rain+Queen.htm The Sacred Forest of the Department]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20090415121722/http://www.ezakwantu.com/Tribes%20-%20Ba%20Lobedu%20-%20Lobedu%20-%20Northern%20Basotho%20-%20Balobedu%20-%20Lovedu.htm The Lobedu: A North Sotho Tribe]

[[Category:Limpopo]]
[[Category:Rain Queens| ]]
[[Category:Royal titles]]
[[Category:Monarchies of South Africa]]

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