Ram ke Naam
In the Name of God
Directed byAnand Patwardhan
Produced byAnand Patwardhan
Release date
  • September 1992 (1992-09) (Film South Asia)
Running time
75 minutes
CountryIndia
LanguagesEnglish, Hindi

Ram ke Naam (English: In the Name of God) is a 1992 documentary by Indian filmmaker Anand Patwardhan. The film explores the campaign waged by the right-wing Hindu nationalist organisation Vishva Hindu Parishad to build a temple to the Hindu deity Ram at the site of the Babri Masjid in Ayodhya, as well as the communal violence that it triggered. A couple of months after Ram ke Naam was released, activists of the VHP and other Hindu nationalist groups demolished the Babri Masjid in 1992, provoking further violence. The film earned Patwardhan a wide recognition, and received several national and international awards.

Background

Main article: Ayodhya dispute

In 1526 following the Mughal invasion of the Indian subcontinent, Mir Baqi, a general of the emperor Babur, built a mosque at Ayodhya which he named after Babur. Hindus believe that Ayodhya is the birthplace of the deity Rama.[1] Local traditions hold that a temple to Rama stood at the site and was demolished by Baqi. The site was used for religious purposes by people of both beliefs until 1949.[2][3] In that year, idols of Rama were surreptitiously placed inside the mosque. An uproar followed, and multiple civil suits were filed laying claim to the site. The site was declared to be in dispute, and the gates to the mosque were locked.[4]

In the 1980s, the Vishva Hindu Parishad (VHP), a Hindu nationalist organisation, began a campaign to build a temple dedicated to Rama at the site, with the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) backing the movement politically.[5][6][7] In September 1990, the BJP leader L. K. Advani began a "rath yatra," or chariot journey, to the city of Ayodhya in support of the movement. The journey triggered communal riots in several cities, leading to Advani's arrest by the government of Bihar. A large number of volunteers nonetheless reached Ayodhya, and attacked the mosque. This resulted in a pitched battle with government's paramilitary forces that ended with the death of several VHP volunteers.[8]

Synopsis

Ram ke Naam explores the VHP's campaign to demolish the Babri Masjid and build a temple to Rama in its place. The film begins with a clip of an organizer describing Advani's rath yatra in 1990. It then shows scenes from the yatra, with young men dressed in saffron seen in Ayodhya, followed by a video prepared by the VHP. The video depicts an incident at the temple in 1949, when an idol of Rama "appeared" inside the mosque. In the VHP's retelling, Rama is shown descending from the sky and miraculously appearing in the mosque, watched by astonished spectators, followed by a member of the VHP telling the same story.[9]

The documentary then shifts to interviews with Muslim residents, who state that they do not have access to justice, and describe the destruction that occurred during communal riots in 1986. Patwardhan then interviews young male members of the VHP, who say that they will take Ayodhya by force if they need to. One of the men is unable to answer a question about historicity of Rama's date of birth. The film then shows Advani's yatra entering the state of Bihar, and several provocative speeches by politicians of the BJP. This is followed by an interview with a tax inspector, who was fired for objecting to irregularities in the tax returns of the VHP. Patwardhan interviews Baba Lal Das, a Hindu priest of the idols within the mosque compound, who described the VHP's agitation as unnecessary, and an attempt to create religious tension. The film concludes with a clip of people at a BJP rally attempting to justify the assassination of Mahatma Gandhi by Nathuram Godse.[9]

Reception and analysis

The film received a positive reception from critics, and also received several national and international awards. A review in the magazine Manushi stated that the film was a reminder of "that rare commodity called truth," and went on to say that although the film might be considered to have flaws of a technical nature, it should be mandatory viewing for people who wished to understand the Ayodhya dispute.[9]

The VHP and its affiliates in the Sangh Parivar reacted with hostility to the film, stating that it was "anti-Hindu." In 1993 volunteers of the Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad and the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh prevented the documentary from being screened at a college in Mumbai.[10] In 2002, the VHP also prevented the movie from being screened at the American Museum of Natural History.[11][12] After a screening of the documentary at ILS Law College on 27 December 2014 was cancelled due to threats from right wing organisations, Patwardhan officially released the documentary on YouTube.[13] In February 2019, YouTube put an age restriction on the documentary which now opens with a disclaimer saying it may be “inappropriate for some users” even though the film holds a U certificate (for unrestricted public exhibition) from the Central Board of Film Certification.[14] In August 2019, a screening of the film at the Hyderabad Central University was interrupted and the organisers detained by police.[15]

Patwardhan was already fairly well known thanks to his earlier films, such as Prisoners of Conscience, which critiqued the state of emergency imposed by Prime Minister Indira Gandhi in the mid 1970s. However, Ram ke Naam earned him a wide recognition for the first time.[16]

Awards

References

  1. ^ Bhagat, Rasheeda (28 September 2010). "The Ayodhya Conundrum". The Hindu Business Line. Retrieved 29 September 2010.
  2. ^ van der Veer, Peter (1987). "'God must be Liberated!' A Hindu Liberation Movement in Ayodhya". Modern Asian Studies. 21 (2): 283–301. doi:10.1017/s0026749x00013810. JSTOR 312648. S2CID 69004346.
  3. ^ Narain, Harsh (1993). The Ayodhya Temple Mosque Dispute: Focus on Muslim Sources. New Delhi: Penman Publications. pp. 8–9. ISBN 81-85504-16-4.
  4. ^ "Timeline: Ayodhya holy site crisis". BBC News. 6 December 2012. Retrieved 19 March 2014.
  5. ^ Guha, Ramachandra (2007). India after Gandhi: the history of the world's largest democracy (1st ed.). India: Picador. pp. 582–598. ISBN 978-0-330-39610-3.
  6. ^ Katju, Manjari (2013). Vishva Hindu Parishad and Indian Politics. Orient Blackswan. pp. 88–112. ISBN 978-81-250-2476-7.
  7. ^ Lochtefeld, James G. (1994). "The Vishva Hindu Parishad and the Roots of Hindu Militancy". Journal of the American Academy of Religion. 62 (2): 587–602. doi:10.1093/jaarel/lxii.2.587. JSTOR 1465279.
  8. ^ Guha, Ramachandra (2007). India After Gandhi. MacMillan. pp. 633–659.
  9. ^ a b c Pande, Mrinal (November 1992). "Ram Ke Naam Chronicle of a demolition Foretold" (PDF). Manushi (73). Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 November 2019. Retrieved 21 December 2014.
  10. ^ Sen, Manjula (26 December 1993). "College Barred From Screening Film". The Times of India.
  11. ^ Joshi, Namrata (9 August 2011). "Naked Man Outside Frame". Outlook. Retrieved 19 December 2014.
  12. ^ Maclay, Kathleen. "Anand Patwardhan, the 'Michael Moore of India,' brings his hard-hitting documentary films to campus". UC Berkeley News. Retrieved 19 December 2014.
  13. ^ "'These right-wingers can't decide what India should see'". Pune Mirror. 7 January 2015. Retrieved 7 January 2015.
  14. ^ "YouTube blocks Anand Patwardhan's documentary 'Ram Ke Naam' for users under the age of 18".
  15. ^ "Three campuses: The brouhaha over the screening of Ram Ke Naam".
  16. ^ Lal, Vinay (March 2005). "Travails of the Nation Some Notes on Indian Documentaries". Third Text. 19 (2). doi:10.1080/0952882042000328089. S2CID 142194323.
  17. ^ "40th National Film Awards" (PDF). Directorate of Film Festivals. Retrieved 2 March 2012.
  18. ^ "Anand Patwardhan". Internet Movie Database. Retrieved 23 November 2014.
  19. ^ "YIDDF 1993". Yamagata International Documentary Film Festival. Retrieved 23 November 2014.

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