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((Short description|German light tracked vehicle))
((more citations needed|date=June 2017))
((Italic title))
((Infobox weapon
| name               = ''Raupenschlepper Ost'' (RSO)
| image              = Bundesarchiv Bild 101I-203-1696-25, Albanien, Raupenschlepper Ost mit Kanone.jpg
| image_size         = 300
| caption            = RSO towing 105 mm howitzer
| origin             = [[Nazi Germany]]
| type               = [[Tractor unit|Prime mover]]
| is_vehicle         = yes
<!-- General specifications -->
| length             = ((convert|4.425|m|ftin|sigfig=1|abbr=on))
| width              = ((convert|1.99|m|ftin|abbr=on))
| height             = ((convert|2.53|m|ftin|abbr=on))
| weight             = 2.5-3 t
| suspension         = Fully Tracked
| speed              = ((convert|30|km/h|mph|abbr=on))
| vehicle_range      = ((convert|300|km|mi|abbr=on))
| primary_armament   = None
| secondary_armament =
| armour             = None
| engine             = Steyr V8 3.5l / 8-cylinder Petrol/ 85&nbsp;PS (RSO/01)
5.5l / 4cyl Deutz diesel / 66&nbsp;PS (RSO/03)
| crew               = 2 (including Driver assistant)
| engine_power       = 85/66 PS
|
))

'''''Raupenschlepper Ost''''' ([[German language|German]]: "Caterpillar Tractor East", more commonly abbreviated to '''RSO''') was a fully [[Continuous track|tracked]], lightweight vehicle used by the [[Wehrmacht]] in [[World War II]]. It was conceived in response to the poor performance of wheeled and half-tracked vehicles in [[rasputitsa|the mud]] and snow during the Wehrmacht's first autumn and winter on the [[Eastern Front (World War II)|Soviet Front]].<ref>((Citation
 | last = Andorfer
 | first = Volker
 | last2 = Greenland
 | first2 = Anthony J.
 | title = Raupenschlepper Ost - RSO
 | publisher =  Heiner Duske
 | series = Nuts and Bolts
 | volume = 29
 | date = December 15, 2012
 | pages = 176
 | language = de, en
 | url = http://www.nuts-bolts.de/issue/show/34
 ))</ref>

The RSO was a contemporary with somewhat similar [[Allies of World War II|Allied]] full-tracked small artillery tractors in use in other armies (such as the Soviet [[STZ-5]] "Stalingradets", and the U.S. Army's [[M4 Tractor]]), mostly originated from the pre-war light to medium series of Vickers artillery tractors.

Two variants of this vehicle were built: the basic cargo carrier, and a self-propelled antitank vehicle armed with a [[PaK 40]] gun. Both shared the same chassis.

== Cargo carrier variant: RSO ==
[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 101I-022-2925-17, Russland, motorisierte Truppen.jpg|thumb|left|A Raupenschlepper Ost (RSO) in service just before the [[Kursk]] offensive in Russia]]

=== History ===
After the Wehrmacht's first fall and winter (1941–1942) on the [[Eastern Front (World War II)|Eastern Front]], they found that the extremely primitive roadways in the USSR and [[Rasputitsa|seasonal mud]] required a fully tracked supply vehicle to maintain mobility. [[Steyr-Daimler-Puch|Steyr]] responded by proposing a small, fully tracked vehicle based upon its ((convert|1.5|tonne|lb|adj=on)) truck, the [[Steyr 1500A light truck]], already in use in the army. The vehicle was introduced in 1942 as the ''Raupenschlepper Ost'' (RSO).
[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 101I-049-1603-31, Jugoslawien, Raupenschlepper Ost mit Geschütz.2.jpg|thumb|right|A Raupenschlepper Ost pulling 105 mm howitzer in [[Skanderbeg Square]], Tirana, the capital of Albania, after taking over the city from the Italians, September 1943.]]
Initially designed as a prime mover and artillery supply vehicle, it eventually served in a wide variety of roles. Immediately after the vehicle reached the Eastern front, the combat units started using it for general transport duties. It gave outstanding service due to its reliability, its ease of maintenance, and its capability to take over a variety of roles - in every kind of terrain - that other vehicles lacked. The four road wheels per side, all in a single line as part of a "slack-track" system with no return rollers, comprised a much simpler suspension system, much more able to handle the [[rasputitsa]] mud season and [[Russian winter]] conditions, without mud or snow freezing between the wheels of the complex overlapping/interleaved ''Schachtellaufwerk'' suspension systems that German half-track vehicles like the [[Sd.Kfz. 7]] possessed. Soon the orders for the RSO surpassed Steyr's production ability, and more manufacturers joined the vehicle's production in order to meet the ever increased demands.

=== Description ===
[[File:Raupenschlepper ost.jpg|thumb|RSO/01, [[Sinsheim Auto & Technik Museum]] (2004)]]
[[File:HGM Raupenschlepper Ost.jpg|thumb|RSO/03, [[Museum of Military History, Vienna]] (2010)]]
The original version had a pressed-steel cab with a truck-like configuration similar to the wheeled trucks. The next two versions – RSO/02 and 03 – had a simpler, soft-top, slab-sided metal cab. All models had wooden, drop-side cargo beds typical of [[light truck]]s of the era. It had a ground clearance of ((cvt|55|cm|in)) and was originally powered by a [[Steyr-Daimler-Puch|Steyr]] V8 petrol engine of 3.5&nbsp;L giving ((cvt|85|PS|kW|disp=flip)), which in the RSO/03 [[Magirus]]-produced vehicles was replaced by a ((cvt|66|PS|kW|disp=flip)) [[Deutz AG|Deutz]] air-cooled diesel engine.

The later model used a Cletrac-type final drive (instead of the automotive-type differential unit used previously) along with many other improvements. The engine was mounted on the floor of the driving cab with the drive taken through a single plate clutch to the transmission. The transmission had four forward gears and one reverse. The suspension consisted of four large pressed-steel disk wheels on each side, mounted in pairs with elliptic springs. Steering involved upright steering levers to four hydraulic brakes on the sprockets and idlers. A spring-loaded [[pintle]] was fitted at the rear, and towing hooks were fitted in the front. It had a speed of about ((convert|30|km/h|mph)).

The [[Kingdom of Romania]] purchased 100 RSO/01 tractors in 1943. These were used for towing anti-tank guns.<ref>Mark Axworthy, London: Arms and Armour, 1995, ''Third Axis, Fourth Ally: Romanian Armed Forces in the European War, 1941–1945'', p. 124</ref>
((clr))

== Anti-tank variant: RSO/PaK 40 ==
[[File:rso pak.jpg|thumb|left|RSO/PAK40]]

By 1943 infantry anti-tank units at the front complained strongly that it was almost impossible to move their guns using trucks at daylight under enemy fire, leading to enormous losses of equipment during "emergency relocations" (at the time a [[euphemism]] for withdrawal), and their opinions reached the top ranks. [[OKW]] explored a previously considered proposal to fit the 75&nbsp;mm [[PaK 40]]/1 anti-tank gun – by then the standard PaK used by the [[Wehrmacht]] - on top of an RSO chassis. After seeing the blueprints, Hitler ordered a limited production run for combat testing, before the prototypes were completed.

The project was carried out by Steyr. The suspension of the RSO remained unchanged, but the front driver's compartment was replaced with a low, lightly armoured superstructure. The result was a lightweight, cheap to produce, and highly mobile infantry anti-tank weapon. It was more exposed compared to the conventional, open-topped ''[[Panzerjäger]]'' style of [[tank destroyer]], which had a construction cost many times that of a RSO/PaK 40.

[[File:Steyr RSO w-Pak 40.jpg|thumb|right|RSO/PAK40 at the Deutsches Panzermuseum Munster, Germany.]]
Although the vehicle was intended for use by the infantry anti-tank units, all pre-production vehicles were issued to armoured units (''Panzerjager Abteilungen'' 743 and 744, and 18th ''[[Panzergrenadier]]'' Division), due to the urgent need for replacements. Their low speed and light armour inevitably resulted in problems for these units trying to cooperate with those in other fighting vehicles. The German [[Army Group South]], where the units issued for combat testing, declared the vehicle useful, and large-scale production was quickly authorised.

Despite the decision to have Steyr shift its entire production line to the RSO/PaK 40, no specific order arrived, and only the approximately 60 pre-production vehicles were ever manufactured. While the first vehicles were rolled out from the production line, Steyr started testing an improved version that incorporated a wider chassis and tracks; these changes improved cross-country performance and lowered the center of gravity, a problem in a vehicle of such a high ground clearance.

None of the improved version ever reached the front. In October 1943, Steyr was ordered by the Ministry of Munitions to cease production of any type of tracked vehicles. By then a new up-gunned version of the widened chassis had been designed and was planned to enter production in 1944; it had a more powerful and less noisy V8 petrol engine to carry the 88&nbsp;mm [[PaK 43]] L71 gun, by far the most powerful anti-tank weapon of its era designated ''Pz.Jäg.'' K43. It is doubtful any were constructed by the end of the war.

== Production ==
Approximately 23,000 RSO of all versions were produced by Steyr (2,600 pcs), [[Motorenfabrik Oberursel#World War II|Klöckner-Humboldt-Deutz AG]] (KHD; 12,500 pcs), [[Auto Union]]'s [[Chemnitz|Siegmar]] plant (former [[Wanderer (car)|Wanderer]]; 5,600 pcs) and [[Gräf & Stift]] (4,500 pcs).

==See also==
* The 21st century [[Bandvagn 206]], used in Europe and the Americas
* [[M29 Weasel]]
* ''[[Schwerer Wehrmachtschlepper]]''
* ''[[Sd.Kfz. 4]]''
* [[Universal Carrier]]
* [[C2P|C2P tractor]]
* [[Renault UE Chenillette|Renault UE]]
* [[ M4 Tractor]]

== References ==
=== Notes ===
((Reflist))

=== Bibliography ===
((empty section|date=March 2014))

==External links==
((Commons category|Raupenschlepper Ost))
* [http://www.lonesentry.com/ordnance/raupenschlepper-ost-steyr-typ-rso01-full-track-light-prime-mover.html Raupenschlepper OST Steyr (Catalog of Enemy Ordnance] ((Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101110042507/http://www.lonesentry.com/ordnance/raupenschlepper-ost-steyr-typ-rso01-full-track-light-prime-mover.html |date=2010-11-10 )), U.S. Office of Chief of Ordnance, 1945)
* [http://www.clubhyper.com/reference/rsoph_1.htm HyperScale Raupenschlepper Ost Reference]

((WWIIGermanVehicles))

[[Category:World War II vehicles of Germany]]
[[Category:Artillery tractors]]
[[Category:Military vehicles introduced from 1940 to 1944]]
[[Category:Military vehicles of Germany]]

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