Ray Mabus | |
---|---|
75th United States Secretary of the Navy | |
In office May 19, 2009 – January 20, 2017 | |
President | Barack Obama |
Deputy | Robert O. Work Janine A. Davidson |
Preceded by | Donald C. Winter |
Succeeded by | Richard V. Spencer |
United States Ambassador to Saudi Arabia | |
In office July 5, 1994 – April 25, 1996 | |
President | Bill Clinton |
Preceded by | John Frank Bookout Jr. |
Succeeded by | Wyche Fowler |
60th Governor of Mississippi | |
In office January 12, 1988 – January 14, 1992 | |
Lieutenant | Brad Dye |
Preceded by | William Allain |
Succeeded by | Kirk Fordice |
37th Auditor of Mississippi | |
In office January 5, 1984 – January 7, 1988 | |
Governor | William Allain |
Preceded by | Hamp King |
Succeeded by | Pete Johnson |
Personal details | |
Born | Raymond Edwin Mabus Jr. October 11, 1948 Ackerman, Mississippi, U.S. |
Political party | Democratic |
Spouse(s) | Julie Hines
(m. 1987; div. 2000)Lynne Horecky (m. 2007) |
Children | 3 |
Alma mater | University of Mississippi (BA) Johns Hopkins University (MA) Harvard University (JD) |
Military service | |
Allegiance | ![]() |
Branch/service | ![]() |
Years of service | 1970–1972 |
Rank | ![]() |
Raymond Edwin Mabus Jr. (/meɪbəs/; born October 11, 1948) is an American politician and lawyer. A member of the Democratic Party, he served as the 75th United States Secretary of the Navy from 2009 to 2017. Mabus previously served as the State Auditor of Mississippi from 1984 to 1988, as the 60th Governor of Mississippi from 1988 to 1992, and as the United States Ambassador to Saudi Arabia from 1994 to 1996.
Mabus was born on October 11, 1948 in Ackerman, Choctaw County, Mississippi, United States.[1] The only child of a successful timber farmer, he graduated from Ackermann High School in 1966 as class valedictorian.[2] He graduated summa cum laude from the University of Mississippi, where he was a member of Beta Theta Pi, with a Bachelor of Arts in English and political science. He earned a Master of Arts in political science from Johns Hopkins University and a Juris Doctor, magna cum laude, from Harvard Law School. He had been offered a Fulbright Scholarship, had held a Woodrow Wilson Fellowship, and had traveled widely throughout Europe, the Middle East, Russia, and Latin America[3] Prior to attending law school, he also served two years in the Navy as a surface warfare officer from 1970 to 1972 aboard the cruiser USS Little Rock (CLG-4), achieving the rank of Lieutenant Junior Grade.[4] He worked as a law clerk in the United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit and as a legal counsel to a subcommittee of the United States House Committee on Agriculture.[2]
Mabus volunteered for William F. Winter's unsuccessful gubernatorial candidacy in 1967.[5] Following Winter's successful election to the governorship in 1979, he returned to Mississippi to work as the governor's legal counsel in 1980.[1][6] While in office, Winter and his staff pushed through a legislative overhaul of the state's public education system.[7] Mabus was one of several of the governor's aides who delivered lectures across the state to build popular support for the reform bill.[8] State Senator Ellis B. Bodron, who was broadly opposed to the legislation, denounced Mabus and the other young Winter aides—including Dick Molpus, David Crews, Bill Gartin, Andy P. Mullins, and John Henegan—as the "Boys of Spring", a moniker which they thereafter took pride in.[9] Mabus also helped draft an open records law and more stringent driving under the influence legislation.[10] He left the counsel position in 1983.[1]
While working on Winter's staff in 1982, Mabus requested that the Department of Audit supply him with the latest three audit reports for Hinds County government. The department sent him three reports, with the latest dated 1977. Surprised, Mabus reminded the department that he wanted the three latest audits. The department informed him that 1977 was the last year in which an audit of the county was conducted, and that all audits were being conducted on a five-year-delay. Aspiring to run for elective office, Mabus researched the position of State Auditor.[11] He realized the office had the power to investigate nearly all state and local government agencies,[12] later saying, "I did a radical thing. I went and read the statute. That office had more jurisdiction than almost any in the state of Mississippi. It had never been used. It's the one place you can combat corruption without changing the law. It was sitting there, waiting for somebody like me to come along."[6] Concluding that it could be "the most powerful office in the state", he decided to run for position of auditor in the 1983 elections.[12]
In the 1983 Democratic primary, Mabus faced Department of Audit employee Mason Shelby and former radio station owner Murray Cain.[13] Shelby was viewed as the favorite of the outgoing state auditor, Hamp King, and other leaders in the department. Mabus and Cain criticized the department for which Shelby worked as outdated in its methods and a part of an old boy network.[14] Mabus declared that the department was two to four years behind on most of its audits. King wrote an open letter to Mabus rejecting his claims as exaggerations and asked a legislative committee to conduct a review of the Department of Audit.[15] Mabus ultimately won the election, and the legislative report was published in December. The committee identified several flaws with the department's structure and practices, and determined that it was delinquent for 581 fiscal years worth of audits.[16]
Mabus was sworn-in as state auditor on January 5, 1984.[17] At the time he took office, he found the audit department was disorganized; in addition to being behind on hundreds of years' worth of audits, it had no filing system and thousands of dollars' worth of checks for auditing services performed for local governments and other agencies were stored in a shoebox in the auditor's office. Mabus convinced the legislature to permit the department to contract out auditing services to private Certified Public Accountant firms to work on the backlog. Using these strategies, the office eliminated the backlog in two years.[11] On July 1, 1985 his office adopted Generally Accepted Accounting Principles for financial reporting. His office also released a single comprehensive annual financial report for state government for the 1986 fiscal year instead of separate reports for each state agency, the first time this had been done in Mississippi.[18] The consolidated report was well-received, and the legislature subsequently mandated the issuance of a comprehensive financial report by statute, though it transferred the responsibility for the document's publication to the Fiscal Management Board.[19]
Mabus discovered early in his tenure that many department auditors conducting reviews of county government finances were forced to piece together county accounting records as they worked.[11] Though the state charged $25 per day it took to work on a county audit, most counties found this preferable than paying to maintain their own accounting. Many auditors found that records were missing, which Mabus feared might conceal evidence of fraud.[20] In order to improve county accounting practices, he created a new requirement that county governments maintain up-to-date accounting records, raised the cost of daily auditing services to $100, and appointed a head of an investigative division in the department.[21] He had field auditors supplied with undercover tags so that their vehicles could not be traced during their investigations.[22]
Mabus warned the Mississippi Association of Supervisors that he would enforce financing laws strictly and would disapprove of misuse of local government resources or noncompliance with purchasing practices. In order to ease compliance, he created a technical assistance division in the Department of Audit to provide legal and accounting advice to county boards of supervisors. He also met with each of the 82 county boards to advise them of relevant state laws and his expectations. To deal with complaints of malfeasance, he created a departmental hotline to field public grievances. The hotline received numerous complaints from across the state, accusing county supervisors of various acts of malfeasance including misusing county resources for private purposes, signing contracts with companies despite conflicts of interest, gifting away government funds to charities, and extorting contractors.[21] Mabus' office ultimately audited all 82 counties during his term, enabling five to have their bond ratings restored and leading to $1.7 million in misused funds returned to the state.[6] His actions infuriated many county supervisors.[23]
Early in his term Mabus began collaborating with the Federal Bureau of Investigation on a corruption investigation into Mississippi county governments known as Operation Pretense.[24] For the purposes of secrecy, initially only Mabus and his chief investigator in his department were aware of the scope of the federal investigation, until the first indictments against county officials were announced in February 1987.[25] By the time Operation Pretense was finished, Operation Pretense 57 county supervisors were indicted.[26] The Department of Audit's contribution to the investigation was mostly limited to providing purchasing records for federal prosecutors to use as evidence of wrongdoing.[27] Upon the public reveal of the investigation, Mabus appealed to the state legislature to switch counties from the beat system of government to the unit system,[a] mandate the hiring of professional county administrators, and strengthen county record-keeping standards. He also advised restricting federally-convicted criminals from holding public office, barring convicted vendors from securing government contracts, and creating a white collar crimes unit in the office of the Attorney General of Mississippi.[29] He was succeeded as State Auditor by Pete Johnson on January 7, 1988.[30]
Main article: 1987 Mississippi gubernatorial election |
Mabus began planning a gubernatorial bid in 1985 and formally declared his candidacy four days after Operation Pretense was revealed to the public in 1987. Incumbent William Allain did not seek reelection.[31] In the Democratic primary he faced seven other candidates, including former governor Bill Waller, Attorney General Ed Pittman, Maurice Dantin, John Aurther Eaves, and Mike Sturvidant.[2] Mabus had an advantage in being from northeast Mississippi, which usually heavily participated in Democratic primaries. He also enjoyed the good faith of many journalists for cracking down on corruption.[26] Some warned that county supervisors would organize against him as retaliation for his work as auditor, but these fears proved unfounded.[32][b] Mabus led in the August 4 primary with 37 percent of the vote, while Sturvidant—who spent heavily on his campaign—placed second with 16 percent.[33][34] A runoff was held on August 25 in which Mabus took 65 percent of the vote, the largest-ever margin of victory in a runoff in the state's history.[26][33]
In the 1987 general election Mabus faced Republican Jack Reed. A businessman from Tupelo, Reed had worked with Winter on education reform and ran as a moderate, leaving voters with the impression that the two candidates had little to distinguish one from the other.[35] Mabus ran with the slogan "Mississippi will never be last again,"[10] and while his campaign did not articulate many specific stances, it emphasized a theme of change.[6] He pledged to raise the state's teacher salaries to the Southeastern average, which Reed criticized as necessitating either a tax hike or funding cuts to other government responsibilities. Mabus spent a total of $2.9 million on his campaign, the most ever spent on a Mississippi gubernatorial candidacy.[33] He won with 53.4 percent of the vote, relying on a coalition of support from blacks, urbanites, and traditional Democrats from the northeastern portion of the state.[35] About two-thirds of the white electorate voted against him, but he secured almost 90 percent of the black vote. Mabus was inaugurated as the 60th Governor of Mississippi on January 12, 1988. Aged 39, he was the youngest governor in the country.[10]
At the beginning of his term, Mabus enjoyed the cooperation of legislators[36] and an $85 million budget surplus.[37] In 1988 he proposed a bill to the legislature which would require counties to switch from the beat system to the unit system and hire a professional county administrator to handle financial matters and purchasing.[38] The State Senate passed a bill which mandated a transition by all counties to switch to a loose form of the unit system, while the House of Representatives endorsed legislation which would allow counties to switch to a full unit system following a local referendum. A conference committee was unable to reconcile the two different proposals before they expired on the legislative calendar. The legislature successfully passed a bill raising supervisor's salaries, which Mabus vetoed on April 30.[39] In early June he declared that he would call the legislature into special session to consider the unit system legislation, and the session was eventually scheduled for August 10.[40] Addressing the legislature in joint session, Mabus denounced the beat system as an antiquated form of government which "made stealing too easy and too tempting" and created inefficiency.[41] On August 16, the legislature passed the County Government Reorganization Act, which stipulated that counties were to decide on what form of government to use in a November referendum, and further stipulated requirements for implementation of the unit system. Mabus signed the bill into law.[42] County supervisors began drawing up cost estimates of implementing the unit system, with estimates from 47 different counties varying from $500 to $1.48 million. Mabus and other observers denounced the estimates as exaggerated and criticized them for not incorporating cost-savings projections post-transition.[43] In November 46 of the 82 counties voted to adopt the unit system, with 61 percent of voters backing the switch.[44] Mabus established the Governor's County Unit Task Force in January 1991 to examine the progress of the unit transition and recommend improvements.[45] None of its findings were used due to the end of Mabus' term.[46]
During the 1988 session, Mabus vetoed a bill which would have forced the Fiscal Management Board—which he chaired as governor—to uniformly reduce expenditures if a projected revenue shortfall became apparent. He also convinced the legislature to appropriate the projected revenue surplus towards increasing schoolteacher salaries, and successfully lobbied the body to adopt several government reorganization recommendations, including the creation of a Department of Finance and Administration,[47] which replaced the Fiscal Management Board and assumed its responsibilities for making budget recommendations and fiscal adjustments.[48] The reorganization also led to the abolition of the State Eleemosynary Board and charitable hospitals, with the latter's funds subsequently diverted to the state Medicaid program.[47] Mabus was disappointed that the legislature did not adopt the majority of his proposals—which would have greatly reduced the number of state boards and commissions—but claimed that those enacted saved the state at least $928,744 annually.[48] In the 1989 session he proposed the legislature authorize the issuance of general obligation bonds to fund a five-year capital improvement plan and thereby free up general revenue for other services.[49] The bond proposal expired due to disagreement between the Senate and House, so Mabus called the legislature into special session to address the issue. The legislature authorized the issuance of $78.1 million in bonds for the 1990 fiscal year, and in the 1990 session authorized the issuance of an additional $69.5 million in bonds.[47]
Mabus decided to focus on improving public education during the 1990 legislative session.[50] He passed B.E.S.T. (Better Education for Success Tomorrow),[51] gave teachers the largest pay raise in the nation;[52] and was named one of Fortune Magazine's ten "best education governors".[53]
Facing a $120 million budget shortfall in early 1991, Mabus imposed large cuts to state expenditures as required by law.[54][37] As time went on, many legislators began to feel Mabus was arrogant and did not want to be an equal partner in creating public policy for the state.[55]
Mabus unsuccessfully attempted to replace the chairman of the Mississippi Democratic Party, Ed Cole, the first black man to hold the position. The action provoked the ire of many black Democrats in the state.[56]
Main article: 1991 Mississippi gubernatorial election |
Enabled by a gubernatorial succession amendment ratified in 1986, Mabus became the first Mississippi governor to run for reelection in the 20th century. In the 1991 Democratic primary he faced former U.S. Congressman Wayne Dowdy, who ran with the slogan "Save us from Mabus",[37] and George Blair. Styling himself a populist, Dowdy ran an old-style campaign and attempted to portray Mabus as arrogant, calling him "the ruler".[57] He also mocked Mabus' 1987 slogan by saying that if elected "Mississippi would never be lost again".[58] Mabus denounced his opponent as part of the "old guard" of Mississippi politicians and criticized his attendance record in the U.S. Congress.[58] Equipped with more financial resources, Mabus' spent five times the amount of Dowdy and won in the primary with 50.7 percent of the vote.[58]
In the general election Mabus faced Republican Kirk Fordice, a former Vicksburg construction executive. Fordice declared his support for legislative term limits and welfare reform. He labeled Mabus a "Kennedyesque liberal" who focused too much on education and criticized his deficit spending.[37] Mabus continued to advocate support for public education and attack Fordice as a lobbyist and outside who did not appreciate the needs of the state. Later in the campaign race became an issue, as Fordice declared his support for workfare and ending racial quotas. Mabus aired a series of television ads which accused Fordice of planning to shut down the state's historically black schools.[37] The governor spent twice as much as his opponent and held an edge in polls up to the election, but many potential voters identified themselves as undecided. On November 5, Fordice won with 50.8 percent to Mabus' 47.6 percent, the first Republican victory in a Mississippi gubernatorial race since 1874.[59] Having received six percent less of the total vote share than in 1987, several observers blamed Mabus' loss on perception that he was an arrogant leader. Turnout among black voters was also lower in 1991, and some national Democrats accused Fordice of using race-baiting tactics.[60] Mabus was succeeded by Fordice on January 14, 1992.[61]
Mabus was appointed by President Bill Clinton to be the United States Ambassador to Saudi Arabia. Confirmed by the U.S. Senate on July 1, 1994,[62] he served until 1996, when he resigned to return to Mississippi to work for his family's lumber business.[63] During his tenure five Americans were killed in a bombing at a military training installation in Riyadh.[64] Before he departed, the Saudi Arabian government inducted him into the Order of King Abdulaziz.[65]
After his return to Mississippi, Mabus practiced law.[53] In 2000 he took an executive position at Foamex International. He served as the company's CEO during a bankruptcy reorganization and resigned from the post in 2007 to spend more time in Mississippi.[66]
Mabus has been awarded the U.S. Department of Defense Distinguished Public Service Award, the U.S. Army's Distinguished Civilian Service Award, the Martin Luther King Jr. Social Responsibility Award from the King Center for Nonviolent Social Change in Atlanta, the National Wildlife Federation Conservation Achievement Award, the King Abdulaziz Award from the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, and the Mississippi Association of Educators' Friend of Education Award.
He was included in Glassdoor's 2013 list of "Highest Rated CEOs" at 43rd place with an 82% approval rate.[88] In 2017 the Mississippi Center for Justice accorded Mabus its Champion of Justice award.[89] In 2019 the town of Ackermann erected historic markers honoring both Mabus and fellow town native former governor J. P. Coleman at Governor's Park.[90]
He is active in many community activities, primarily focusing on education. Following Hurricane Katrina, he founded the Help and Hope Foundation, which works to meet the needs of children affected by the storm.
Mabus married Julie Hines, the daughter of a Jackson banker, in 1987, shortly before he ran for governor. Some observers speculated that the marriage was meant to improve his image before the campaign. They had two daughters together.[91] They divorced in 2000,[53] with the separation proceedings and the following custody dispute over their children marked by bitterness. A Hinds County court ultimately granted Mabus shared custody with the children.[91] He married Lynne Horecky in 2007.[53]
Mabus is a fan of the Boston Red Sox having first followed the team during the 1975 World Series while a student at Harvard Law School.[92]
In 2009, and again in 2014, Mabus made cameo appearances on the TV drama NCIS in the Season 7 episode "Child's Play", and in the Season 12 episode "Semper Fortis", as an NCIS Agent named "Ray".[93] In 2012, he appeared in the movie Battleship as the commanding officer of USS Ronald Reagan.[94] Mabus made a cameo appearance as himself in the "It's Not a Rumor" episode of the TV series The Last Ship, issuing orders to the crew of the Nathan James via a recorded message; in the storyline, by the time the ship received the orders, Mabus had succumbed to the "Red Flu" virus.[95] During his tenure as Navy secretary, he threw ceremonial first pitches at all 30 major league baseball parks in the United States, the only person ever believed to have done so.[76]