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((Short description|Australian anatomist and anthropologist))
((Use South African English|date=January 2021))
((Use dmy dates|date=January 2021))
((Infobox scientist
| name              = Raymond Arthur Dart
| image             = Raymond Dart- Smithsonian Institution Archives - SIA-SIA2008-0845 (cropped).jpg
| image_size        =
| caption           = Dart in 1968
| birth_date        = ((birth date|df=yes|1893|2|4))
| birth_place       = [[Brisbane, Queensland]]
| death_date        = ((death date and age|df=yes|1988|11|22|1893|2|4))
| death_place       = [[Johannesburg]], South Africa
| residence         = 
| citizenship       = 
| nationality       = [[Australia]]n
| ethnicity         = 
| field             = [[Anatomist]], [[anthropology|anthropologist]]
| work_institutions = 
| alma_mater        = [[Ipswich Grammar School]], [[University of Queensland]], [[University of Sydney]]
| doctoral_advisor  = 
| doctoral_students = 
| known_for         = ''[[Australopithecus africanus]]''
| author_abbrev_bot = 
| author_abbrev_zoo = 
| prizes            = [[Viking Fund Medal]] (1957)
| footnotes         = 
| spouse            = ((plainlist|
* ((marriage|Dora Tyree|1921|1934|end=divorced))
* ((marriage|Marjorie Frew|1936))
))
| signature         =  
))
'''Raymond Arthur Dart''' (4 February 1893 &ndash; 22 November 1988) was an Australian [[anatomist]] and [[anthropology|anthropologist]], best known for his involvement in the 1924 discovery of the first fossil found of ''[[Australopithecus africanus]]'', an [[Extinction|extinct]] [[hominin]] closely related to humans, at [[Taung]] in the North of [[South Africa]] in the Northwest province.

==Early life==
Raymond Dart was born in [[Toowong]], a suburb of [[Brisbane, Queensland]], Australia, the fifth of nine children and son of a farmer and tradesman. His birth occurred during the [[1893 Brisbane flood|1893 flood]], which filled his parents' home and shop in Toowong. The family moved alternately between their country property near Laidley and their shop in Toowong.<ref name=":2">((Cite book|title=Dart: scientist and man of grit|last=Wheelhouse|first=Frances and Smithford, Kathaleen|publisher=Transpareon Press|year=2001|isbn=978-0908021277|location=University of Queensland Library|pages=1–17))</ref> The young Dart attended Toowong State School, Blenheim State School and earned a scholarship to [[Ipswich Grammar School]] from 1906 to 1909. Dart considered becoming a medical missionary to China and wished to study medicine at the University of Sydney, but his father argued that he should accept the scholarship he won to the newly established [[University of Queensland]] and study science.<ref name=":0" /> He was a member of the first intake of students to the university in 1911 and studied geology under H.C. [[Henry Caselli Richards|Richards]] and zoology, taking his BSc in 1913. Dart became the first student to graduate with honours from the University of Queensland in 1914<ref name=":2" /><ref>((Cite book|title=Raymond Arthur Dart: a pictorial profile|last=Wheelhouse|first=Frances|publisher=Transpareon Press|year=1983|isbn=978-0908021048|location=University of Queensland Library|pages=24–27))</ref> and took his MSc with honours from UQ in 1916.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":0">((Cite book|title = Dart, Raymond Arthur (1893–1988)|url = http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/dart-raymond-arthur-12402|publisher = National Centre of Biography, Australian National University|location = Canberra|first = Phillip V.|last = Tobias| chapter=Raymond Arthur Dart (1893–1988) ))</ref> He studied medicine at the [[University of Sydney]] taking his MB and M.Surgery in 1917, and conducting his residency at St Andrews College, University of Sydney.<ref name=":0" /> He was awarded his M.D. from the University of Sydney in 1927.<ref>((cite web|title = Dart, Raymond Arthur - Faculty of Medicine Online Museum and Archive|url = https://sydney.edu.au/medicine/museum/mwmuseum/index.php/Dart,_Raymond_Arthur|website = sydney.edu.au|access-date = 2016-01-26))</ref>

Dart served as a captain and medic in the Australian Army in England and France during the last year of [[World War I]].<ref>((cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1988/11/23/obituaries/raymond-a-dart-is-dead-at-95-leader-in-study-of-human-origins.html|title=Raymond A. Dart Is Dead at 95; Leader in Study of Human Origins|first=John Noble|last=Wilford|website=The New York Times|date=23 November 1988 ))</ref>

Following the war, he took up a position as a senior demonstrator at the [[University College, London]] in 1920 at the behest of [[Grafton Elliot Smith]], famed anatomist, anthropologist and fellow Australian.<ref>((cite web|title = Biographies: Raymond Dart|url = http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/homs/rdart.html|website = www.talkorigins.org|access-date = 2016-01-26))</ref> This was followed by a year on a [[Rockefeller Foundation]] Fellowship at [[Washington University in St. Louis]].<ref name=":0" /> Returning to England and work at the [[University College London|University College, London]], he reluctantly took up the position of Professor at the newly established department of [[anatomy]] at the [[University of the Witwatersrand]] in [[Johannesburg]], [[South Africa]] in 1922, after encouragement from Elliot Smith and Sir Arthur Keith.<ref>((Cite book|title = The fossil chronicles|url = https://archive.org/details/fossilchronicles00falk|url-access = limited|last = Falk|first = Dean|publisher = University of California Press|year = 2011|isbn = 9780520266704|location = University of Queensland Library|pages = [https://archive.org/details/fossilchronicles00falk/page/n35 21]–22))</ref>

[[File:Smithsonian Institution Archives - SIA-SIA2008-0839.jpg|thumb|left|Dart (left) and Joseph L. Shellshear, ((circa|1921))]]

==Career==

In 1924, Dart discovered the first ''[[Australopithecus africanus]]'' fossil, an [[Extinction|extinct]] [[hominin]] closely related to humans. His colleague, Professor Robert Burns Young from the Buxton Limeworks, had sent Dart two crates of fossils from the small town of [[Taung]] in the [[North West Province, South Africa|North West Province]] of [[South Africa]].<ref>((cite web|url=http://www.maropeng.co.za/index.php/exhibition_guide/personalities/|title=The early personalities of South African palaeoanthroplogy|website=Maropeng – Official Visitor Centre|access-date=26 January 2013|archive-date=2 March 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130302101702/http://www.maropeng.co.za/index.php/exhibition_guide/personalities/|url-status=dead))</ref> Upon seeing the fossils, Dart immediately recognized one as being an early human because its brain dimensions were too large for a baboon or chimpanzee.<ref>((cite book|last=Dart|first=Raymond|title=Adventures with the Missing Link|year=1982|publisher=Better Baby Pr|isbn=978-0936676296))</ref><ref>((cite web|last=Brain|first=C.K.|title=Raymond Dart and our African origins|url=http://www.press.uchicago.edu/Misc/Chicago/284158_brain.html|work=A Century of Nature|publisher=University of Chicago Press|access-date=18 March 2013))</ref> Blasting had exposed a [[breccia]]-filled cave and the child's skull had come to light together with several fossilized monkeys and hyraxes. M. de Bruyn had noticed their unusual nature in November 1924 and informed the Limeworks manager, Mr. A.E. Spiers.

As Dart was not part of the scientific establishment, and because Raymond found the fossil in Africa, and not Europe or Asia, where the establishment supposed man's origins, his findings were initially dismissed.<ref>''Ape to Man'', [[History (U.S. TV channel)|History]], 16 February 2011</ref>

Dart's closest ally was [[Robert Broom]] whose discoveries of further ''[[Australopithecine]]s'' (as well as [[Wilfrid Le Gros Clark]]'s support) eventually vindicated Dart, so much so that in 1947 [[Arthur Keith|Sir Arthur Keith]] said "...Dart was right, and I was wrong". Keith made this statement referring to his dismissal and skepticism of Dart's analysis of the [[Taung Child]] as an early human ancestor; Keith thought that it was more likely to be an ape, yet later research by Broom confirmed Dart's theories. Dart's theories were also popularized by playwright, screenwriter, and science writer [[Robert Ardrey]], first in an article published in [[The Reporter (magazine)|''The Reporter'']] and reprinted in ''[[Science Digest]]'', and later in Ardrey's influential four-book [[Nature of Man Series]],<ref name="NatureOfMan">((cite AV media
 | people = Townsley, Graham (Director)
 | title = Dawn of Humanity
 | medium = Documentary
 | publisher = Nova, PBS
 | date = 10 September 2015
 | url = https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/evolution/dawn-of-humanity.html))</ref>((rp|41:20))<ref name="NYTobit">Webster, Bayard. "Robert Ardrey Dies; Writer on Behavior." New York: The New York Times. 16 January 1980. Print</ref><ref name="Anthronotes">((cite web |url=http://anthropology.si.edu/outreach/anthnote/Summer99/anthnote.html |title=Human Origins: One Man's Search for the Causes in Time |last=Selig | first=Ruth Osterweis |publisher= Smithsonian Institution |date=Spring–Summer 1999 |website=Anthronotes |access-date=29 May 2015))</ref> which began in 1961 with ''[[African Genesis]]''.

Not all of Dart's theories would in the end be vindicated.<ref name=":1">((Cite journal|last=Derricort|first=Robin|date=2009|title=The enigma of Raymond Dart|jstor=40282388|journal=International Journal of African Historical Studies|volume=42|issue=2|pages=257–282))</ref><ref>((Cite journal|title = Where was Raymond Dart wrong?|journal = African Studies|pages = 107–111|volume = 57|issue = 1|doi = 10.1080/00020189808707888|first = Goran|last = Strkalj|year = 2007))</ref> A number of his theories, including that of the [[Killer ape theory|killer ape]], have been refuted.<ref name=Pickering>((cite book |last=Pickering |first=TR |date=2012 |title=African Genesis: Perspectives on Hominin Evolution |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/african-genesis/african-genesis-revisited-reflections-on-raymond-dart-and-the-predatory-transition-from-apeman-to-man/62AA4DF9F29AFBB96357376F49020F58
 |location=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |chapter=24: African Genesis revisited: reflections on Raymond Dart and the ‘predatory transition from ape(-man) to man.’|page=487-505 |isbn=9781139096164|quote=falsifying the ‘killer ape’ hypothesis has allowed palaeoanthropologists to consider early hominid hunting and aggressive scavenging on its own merits, unburdened by the more imaginative aspects of Dart’s idea regarding australopithecine inter-personal violence. In doing so, recent data have revealed that Dart was likely correct in the broadest sense when he postulated a ‘predatory transition’ from the ape-like adaptations of the first hominids to a human-like pattern for the first ‘men’, H. erectus.))</ref>  However, some of his ideas retain support.<ref name="Pickering" /> His work was clearly influenced by the mentors he worked with in his early career, in particular Grafton Elliot Smith.<ref>((Cite journal|title = Raymond Dart and the danger of mentors|last = Derricort|first = Robin|date = 2010|journal = Antiquity |volume=84 |issue=323 |pages=230–235|doi = 10.1017/S0003598X00099890|s2cid = 162819349|id = ((ProQuest|217545627))))</ref>

===Neuroscience===
Dart proposed the idea of dual evolutionary origins of the neocortex. During his research in the 1930s in Africa, he studied the architecture of reptilian brains. He was able to identify a primordial neocortex, the oldest structure that can be considered as a neocortex, in a reptile. He identified a distinction between the cytoarchitecture in an area that split it into a para-hippocampal and a para-pyriform region.<ref>((cite book |last1=Pandya |first1=Deepak |last2=Petrides |first2=Michael |last3=Seltzer |first3=Benjamin |last4=Cipolloni |first4=Patsy Benny |date=2014 |title=Cerebral Cortex: Architecture, Connections, and the Dual Origin Concept |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-538515-1))</ref>((clear left))

==Personal life==
Dart married Dora Tyree, a medical student from Virginia, U.S.A., in 1921 in Woods Hole, Massachusetts, U.S.A., and they divorced in 1934. He married Marjorie Frew, head librarian at the University of Witwatersrand in Johannesburg, South Africa in 1936 and they had two children.<ref name=":0" /><ref>((Cite news|title = Raymond A. Dart Is Dead at 95; Leader in Study of Human Origins|url = https://www.nytimes.com/1988/11/23/obituaries/raymond-a-dart-is-dead-at-95-leader-in-study-of-human-origins.html|newspaper = The New York Times|date = 1988-11-23|access-date = 2016-01-26|issn = 0362-4331|first = John Noble|last = Wilford))</ref>

Dart died in Johannesburg in 1988.

==Legacy==
The Institute for the Study of Man in Africa was established in 1956 at Witwatersrand in his honour by [[Phillip Tobias]]. In 1964 the Raymond Dart Memorial Lecture was inaugurated at the Institute.<ref name="InstituteStudyManAfrica">((cite web |url= http://www.wits.ac.za/isma/ |title= Objectives & Vision, Background Information |author= Institute for the Study of Man in Africa |work= ISMA website |url-status= dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/19991007055317/http://www.wits.ac.za/isma/ |archive-date= 7 October 1999 |df= dmy-all ))</ref>

Dart was director of the School of Anatomy at the [[University of the Witwatersrand]], Johannesburg until 1958. There he worked with Tobias, who continued his work in the study of the [[Cradle of Humankind]] and other [[Paleoanthropology|paleoanthropological]] sites. In 1959, an autobiographical account of Dart's discoveries, ''[[Adventures with the Missing Link]],'' was published (with Dennis Craig as co-author). In the book he acknowledges the crucial role played by his first female student and demonstrator, Josephine Salmons. She brought to his attention the existence of a fossilised baboon skull at the house of [[Edwin Gilbert Izod]], director of the Northern Lime Company and proprietor of a quarry in Taung. The skull was kept as an ornament on the mantlepiece above the fireplace at his home. In bringing the skull to show Dart, she set in motion a chain of events that led to the discovery of the "child skull of Taung".

At the age of 73, Dart began dividing his time between South Africa and [[The Institutes for the Achievement of Human Potential]] (IAHP), an organization founded by [[Glenn Doman]] that treats brain injured children. Dart's son, Galen, had suffered motor damage during birth in 1941. Dart spent much of the next twenty years working with the IAHP.<ref>Review by Jean Clark of "Dart: Man of Science and Grit" by Frances Wheelhouse and Kathaleen S. Smithford. Review was published in STATNews vol. 6, issue 11, September 2003.
((cite web |url=http://www.mouritz.co.uk/8.33.22.Wheelhouse.Dart.html |title=Review: Wheelhouse: Dart - 8.33.22 |access-date=2008-05-05 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929210350/http://www.mouritz.co.uk/8.33.22.Wheelhouse.Dart.html |archive-date=29 September 2007 |df=dmy-all ))</ref>
==Works==<!-- AnnalsOfTheTransvaalMuseum42:97. -->
* Dart R.A. (1925): [http://www.nature.com/nature/ancestor/pdf/115195.pdf ''Australopithecus africanus: The Man-Ape of South Africa'']. ''Nature'', Vol.115, No.2884 (1925) 195-9 (the original paper communicating the Taung finding, in PDF format).
* Dart, R.A. (1953): "The Predatory Transition from Ape to Man." ''International Anthropological and Linguistic Review,'' 1, pp.&nbsp;201–217.The publication does not exist on line, but in "http://www.users.miamioh.edu/erlichrd/vms_site/dart.html" there is a copy of the article.
* Dart, Raymond A. and Craig, Dennis (1959): ''Adventures with the Missing Link''. New York: [[Harper & Brothers]] ([[autobiography]]).
* Fagan, Brian. ''The Passion of Raymond Dart.'' Archaeology v. 42 (May–June 1989): p.&nbsp;18.
* Johanson, Donald & Maitland Edey. ''Lucy: The Beginnings of Humankind''. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1990 ((ISBN|0-671-25036-1))
* Murray, Alexander ed. (1996): ''Skill and Poise: Articles on skill, poise and the F. M. [[Alexander Technique]].''   Collection of Raymond Dart's papers. Hardcover, 192+xiv pages, b/w illustrations, 234 x 156&nbsp;mm, index, UK, STAT Books.<!--BROKEN LINK. [http://www.stat.org.uk/pages/publishpage.htm#booksfromoffice STAT Books].-->

==See also==
((div col|colwidth=20em))
* ''[[Dawn of Humanity]]''
* [[Hominidae]]
* [[Human evolution]]
* [[List of fossil sites]]
* [[List of hominina fossils]]
* [[Prehistoric warfare]]
* [[W. Maxwell Cowan]], his student
((div col end))

==References==
((Reflist))
((More citations needed|date=January 2008))

==External links==
*[http://www.press.uchicago.edu/Misc/Chicago/284158_brain.html Essay] by [[Charles Kimberlin Brain|C. K. Brain]], "Raymond Dart and our African origins," accompanying the reprint of Raymond Dart's 1925 ''Nature'' article in ''A Century of Nature: Twenty-One Discoveries that Changed Science and the World'', [[Laura Garwin]] and Tim Lincoln, eds
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20041205233042/http://www.mnsu.edu/emuseum/information/biography/abcde/dart_raymond.html Biography of Raymond Dart] on [[Minnesota State University, Mankato]] EMuseum website
*[http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/homs/rdart.html Biography of Raymond Dart] in the [[TalkOrigins Archive]]

((Cradle of Humankind))
((Authority control))

((DEFAULTSORT:Dart, Raymond))
[[Category:1893 births]]
[[Category:1988 deaths]]
[[Category:Australian anatomists]]
[[Category:Australian anthropologists]]
[[Category:South African anthropologists]]
[[Category:Australian archaeologists]]
[[Category:South African archaeologists]]
[[Category:Australian expatriates in South Africa]]
[[Category:Human evolution theorists]]
[[Category:Paleoanthropologists]]
[[Category:People from Brisbane]]
[[Category:Physical anthropologists]]
[[Category:University of Sydney alumni]]
[[Category:Alumni of University College London]]
[[Category:20th-century archaeologists]]
[[Category:20th-century anthropologists]]
[[Category:Presidents of the South African Archaeological Society]]
[[Category:Presidents of the Southern Africa Association for the Advancement of Science]]
[[Category:University of Queensland alumni]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the University of the Witwatersrand]]
[[Category:Washington University in St. Louis fellows]]
[[Category:People educated at Ipswich Grammar School]]

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Module:Namespace detect/data (view source) (protected)
Module:Navbar (view source) (protected)
Module:Navbar/configuration (view source) (protected)
Module:Navbar/styles.css (view source) (protected)
Module:Navbox (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Navbox/configuration (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Navbox/styles.css (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Ns has subpages (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/config (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/disambiguation (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/setindex (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/softredirect (view source) (protected)
Module:ParameterCount (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Parameter validation (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Parameter validation/default config (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Plain text (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:SDcat (view source) (protected)
Module:Separated entries (view source) (protected)
Module:String (view source) (protected)
Module:String2 (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:TableTools (view source) (protected)
Module:Template wrapper (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Text (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Unsubst (view source) (protected)
Module:Wd (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Wd/i18n (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:WikidataIB (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:WikidataIB/nolinks (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:WikidataIB/titleformats (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Wikitext Parsing (view source) (protected)
Module:Yesno (view source) (protected)

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