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((Short description|German publishing house))
((more citations needed|date=October 2018))

[[File:Reclam Peer Gynt.jpg|thumb|Reclam ''Universal-Bibliothek'' edition of [[Henrik Ibsen]]'s ''[[Peer Gynt]]'']]

'''Reclam Verlag''' is a German publishing house, established in [[Leipzig]] in 1828 by [[Anton Philipp Reclam]] (1807–1896).<ref name=welt>[https://www.welt.de/newsticker/dpa_nt/infoline_nt/boulevard_nt/article182552996/Reclam-Museum-oeffnet-in-Leipzig.html Reclam-Museum öffnet in Leipzig] in [[Die Welt]] (23.10.2018). Retrieved 28 October 2018</ref> It is particularly well known for the "little yellow books" of its ''Universal-Bibliothek'' ("universal library"), simple paperback editions of literary classics for schools and universities.

==History==
In 1802 Charles Henri Reclam (1776–1844), whose family originated from [[Duchy of Savoy|Savoy]], had moved to Leipzig where he established a bookselling business. His son Anton Philipp completed his apprenticeship as a book printer and bookseller and borrowed money to purchase the ''Literarisches Museum'', a lending library in [[Leipzig-Mitte]], [[Grimmaische Strasse]]. During the [[Concert of Europe|Restoration]] period and under the terms of the [[Carlsbad Decrees]], it quickly evolved to a centre of intellectual and literary circles of the pre-revolutionary ''[[Vormärz]]'' era.((citation needed|date=October 2018))
[[File:Reclam Leipzig ca1830.jpg|thumb|left|''Literarisches Museum'' bookshop in Leipzig, c. 1830]]
On 1 October 1828 Anton Philipp Reclam founded his own publishing house, first named ''Verlag des literarischen Museums''. When he sold the library in 1837, the company was renamed ''Philipp Reclam jun.'' Two years later, he also acquired a Leipzig printing workshop and he was then able to produce his books in large numbers. However, the liberal leaning tone of his publications earned him a sales ban in the countries of the [[Austrian Empire]] and a prison sentence by a Leipzig court for publishing a German translation of Thomas Paine's ''[[The Age of Reason]]'' (''Das Zeitalter der Vernunft'').((citation needed|date=October 2018))

After the failed [[German revolutions of 1848–49]], Reclam changed his policies and concentrated on the mass distribution of literary classics. From 1858 to 1865 he published the complete works of [[William Shakespeare]].

In 1856 the [[German Confederation]] passed a law giving 30 years copyright protection to the works of all authors who had died before 9 November 1837. From 9 November 1867, when all these rights ended, Reclam was able to publish [[German Enlightenment]] authors like [[Goethe]], [[Schiller]], [[Gotthold Ephraim Lessing|Lessing]] and many others, without needing to pay any royalties, and thus sell them for lower prices. The first title of the ''Universal-Bibliothek'' series, Goethe's ''[[Faust, Part One|Faust I]]'', was published on 10 November 1867.<ref name=schmitz>Schmitz, Alfried (10.11.2017) [https://www.deutschlandfunk.de/vor-150-jahren-erschien-reclams-universal-bibliothek.871.de.html?dram:article_id=400205 Vor 150 Jahren erschien Reclams „Universal-Bibliothek“ Lesestoff, für alle erschwinglich ] on [[Deutschlandfunk]] website. Retrieved 28 October 2018</ref>

The ''Universal-Bibliothek'' enabled a wide range of literary texts to be made widely available, contributing significantly to popular education and the promotion of European classical literature.<ref name=schmitz /> The firm strongly relied on the latest production methods and marketing strategies to attain consistently low sales prices.((citation needed|date=October 2018)) When Anton Philipp Reclam died in 1896, his ''Universal-Bibliothek'' comprised about 3,500 books. Title number 5,000 was published in 1908.<ref name=schmitz />
[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 102-06449, Leipzig, Geschäftshaus des Reclam-Verlages.jpg|thumb|Reclam publishing house in Leipzig, 1928]]

In 1912 Reclam became the first company to introduce book vending machines, designed by [[Peter Behrens]], which soon became a great success and were found at train stations, hospitals and army barracks all over Germany.((citation needed|date=October 2018)) After [[World War I]], it promoted the works of contemporary German-speaking authors, such as [[Klabund]], [[Thomas Mann]], [[Arthur Schnitzler]], [[Hugo von Hofmannsthal]], [[Gerhart Hauptmann]], [[Franz Werfel]], [[Stefan Zweig]], [[Arnold Zweig]], and [[Ricarda Huch]]. The publisher celebrated its centenary in 1928, with Nobel laureate Thomas Mann delivering the main speech.<ref name=reclam1928>[https://www.reclam-museum.de/Themen-von-A-bis-Z/Hundert-Jahre-Reclam-1928/ Hundert Jahre Reclam (1928)] on Reclam-Museum.de. Retrieved 2 August 2021</ref>

During [[Nazi Germany|Nazi rule]] in Germany, Reclam was forbidden to publish books by Jewish authors, including [[Heinrich Heine]] and [[Ferdinand Lassalle]], and works of 'politically unreliable' writers like Thomas Mann, Stefan Zweig, and Franz Werfel. In an [[Bombing of Leipzig in World War II|allied bombing raid]] on Leipzig in [[World War II]] on 4 December 1943, its building was severely damaged and 450 tons of books were destroyed.((citation needed|date=October 2018))

After the [[Potsdam Agreement|partition of Germany]] in the aftermath of the war, the publishing house was divided after its owner, Ernst Reclam, was partially dispossessed in Leipzig, then part of the [[Soviet occupation zone]]. In September 1947, Reclam established a subsidiary in [[Stuttgart]] American occupation zone, later part of [[West Germany]]), which finally became the new main office in 1950. The original publishing house in Leipzig remained there, but was [[nationalization|nationalized]] by the communist regime of [[East Germany]].((citation needed|date=October 2018))

Both the West and the East German businesses continued to publish affordable paperback books. Reclam in Stuttgart introduced distinctive yellow covers for its ''Universal-Bibliothek'' series of German classics in 1970.<ref name=schmitz /> In 1980, the company's West German head office moved from Stuttgart to new premises in nearby [[Ditzingen]]. After German reunification in 1990, the East German branch in Leipzig was reprivatised. The Leipzig office was closed in March 2006.<ref name="welt" /> The company remains a family owned business.((citation needed|date=October 2018))

===Museum===
The Reclam Museum opened on 24 October 2018 in Leipzig. It is at ''Kreuzstraße 12'', opposite the building which housed the firm's original headquarters.<ref name="welt" /><ref name=gaeding>Gaeding, Eva (22.10.2018) [https://www.mdr.de/kultur/reclam-museum-leipzig-102.html Leipziger Reclam-Museum eröffnet] in [[MDR Kultur]]. Retrieved 28 October 2018</ref>

The museum has over 10,000 volumes of historic books published by the company and related ephemera, including the autographs of [[Hermann Hesse]] and Thomas Mann and one of the firm's book vending machines. The collection was put together over a period of more than 50 years by Hans-Jochen Marquardt, the director of the museum, who began collecting the material when he was 14 years old. His father, [[:de:Hans Marquardt (Verleger)|de:Hans Marquardt]], was the director of the East German Reclam business from 1961 to 1986.<ref name="welt" /><ref name=gaeding />

==Publishing programme==
[[File:Reclam Universalbibliothekwand.jpg|thumb|Complete editions of ''Reclams Universal-Bibliothek'' (2009)]]
The popular yellow books series cover classic works of the German language and classics of other languages translated into German. Annotated foreign language classics in their original language (English, French, Spanish, Italian, Latin, and Russian) have red covers. Bilingual books (German and the original language) have orange covers, study guides are blue, the original historical sources are in green, and non-fiction books (politics, history, society, natural sciences, art, music and religion) are in magenta.

== References ==
((reflist))

==External links==
((commons category|Reclam-Verlag))
*((Official website|http://www.reclam.de/service/english_information))
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070704160040/http://www.goethe.de/wis/buv/dos/pdv/en42224.htm The Reclam Verlag – Yellow and Good Value] Portraits of German Publishers; [[Goethe Institute]], April 2003.

((Authority control))

((DEFAULTSORT:Reclam))
[[Category:Book publishing companies of Germany]]
[[Category:Publishing companies of Germany]]
[[Category:Companies of East Germany]]
[[Category:Companies based in Ditzingen]]
[[Category:Dual-language series of texts]]
[[Category:Classics publications]]
[[Category:Museums in Leipzig]]
[[Category:Publishing companies established in 1828]]
[[Category:Mass media in Leipzig]]
[[Category:Mass media in Stuttgart]]
[[Category:1828 establishments in Saxony]]

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