Religion in Minnesota is characterized by a variety of beliefs and practices that has historically been dominated by Christianity. The state has no official church, adhering to the Establishment Clause and Everson v. Board of Education. The right to freedom of religion is a constitutionally protected liberty in Minnesota.^[2]

Prior to European colonization, the area now known as Minnesota was home to indigenous religions and belief systems, each with its own customs and spiritual practices. The mid-19th century saw the establishment of various Christian denominations as the region became a new home for waves of European immigrants, each bringing their own religious traditions. This has led to a landscape where Protestantism, particularly Lutheran denominations, alongside Roman Catholicism, form a majority of the state's religious identity.^[1] As of 2014, about 75% of Minnesotans are Christian, down from 84% in 2008.^[3]

Over time, the state's religious makeup has seen changes. The 21st century has been marked by growing numbers of non-Christian religions in Minnesota. Recent data also indicates that about 20% of the state now identifies with no religion.^[1] Nevertheless, faith remains a significant aspect of life for many Minnesotans: 87% of the population expresses belief in God, 54% consider religion to be very or somewhat important in their lives, and 34% participate in religious services at least weekly.^[1]

History

Indigenous beliefs and first missionaries

The first religious influences in Minnesota were the spiritual practices of Native American tribes, such as the Dakota and Ojibwe (Anishinaabe), whose traditional beliefs focused on nature and ancestral spirits and included Midewiwin and Wabunowin.^[4][5] In 1680, the spiritual landscape of the Lake Pepin region, claimed by France and now part of Minnesota and Wisconsin, was marked by the arrival of Father Louis Hennepin, a Catholic missionary from Belgium. Despite the efforts of Hennepin and subsequent Protestant missionaries, the conversion of the Dakota and the Ojibwe peoples to Christianity was largely unsuccessful due to the differences between their spiritual beliefs (e.g., Wakan Tanka) and those of the Christian faith.^[6]

European settlement

By the time the Roman Catholic diocese of Saint Paul was established in 1851, Christianity was firmly rooted in Minnesota.^[7] With the gradual increase of population about the chapel, the community Archbishop John Ireland, serving from 1888 to 1918, was instrumental in this growth, advocating for "Americanism" and the integration of Catholic children into public schools. Ethnic divisions, particularly between German and Irish Catholics, marked the state's Catholic community, affecting both cultural practices and political dynamics.^[8]

Protestant Christian denominations, particularly Lutheranism, took root with the arrival of Scandinavian and German immigrants. Scandinavians in Minnesota formed several Lutheran synods as well as their own Baptist, Methodist, Episcopal, and Mission Covenant churches. Some degree of reconciliation eventually emerged, and between 1890 and 1930 a series of mergers produced several new Lutheran churches. This ultimately fed into the 1988 formation of the mainline Evangelical Lutheran Church in America (ELCA).^[9]

The ecclesiastical fragmentation and the schismatic nature of Protestantism in Minnesota, however, lessened its cultural dominance. This period also saw the rise of African American Protestant churches and the spread of movements like the Holiness movement.

Native Americans in Minnesota faced renewed efforts to suppress their culture, including the legacy of missionary-run boarding schools. This era was also marked by spiritual movements like the Ghost Dance, which faced severe repression.

19th and 20th centuries

Minnesota's Protestant conservatism, particularly among Baptists, was exemplified by William Bell Riley, a Minneapolis pastor who led the fundamentalist movement and opposed Darwinian evolution and harbored anti-Semitic views. His influence nearly led to a ban on teaching evolution in public schools in 1927, but this was defeated due to concerns over religious freedom. By the mid-20th century, Riley handed over his ministry to Billy Graham, who later established his evangelistic association in Minneapolis.

Ethnic and doctrinal divisions within churches diminished throughout the 20th century in Minnesota, giving way to a broader progressive-conservative split. This divide became more pronounced with issues such as religious and racial discrimination, anti-Semitism, and gender roles in society. The debate over distinct gender roles created a schism between progressive mainline Protestant churches, conservative evangelical and Pentecostal churches, and the Catholic Church.

By the 1960s and 1970s, the religious landscape in Minnesota was also shaped by political issues such as abortion and LGBT rights. In 1968, the American Indian Movement was formed in Minneapolis by two Ojibwe leaders to reconnect Dakota and other native peoples with their language and spirituality.^[10] The founding of Minnesota Citizens Concerned for Life, also in 1968, marked a significant political influence that disrupted traditional party alignments, including a pro-life evangelical Republican governor and a pro-choice Catholic U.S. senator in 1978.^[11]

Recent history

In recent decades, Minnesota has seen growth in non-denominational Christianity as well as non-Christian religions. Immigration and refugee resettlement from Southeast Asia has led to the establishment of Buddhist and Hmong religious communities, while immigration from the Middle East and Somalia has contributed to the growth of the Muslim population. The Jewish community, with a history dating back to the late 19th century, is believed to have remained steady.^[12]

Minnesota also has a growing number of people who identify as non-religious, in line with national trends.^[13] The Pew Research Center's Religious Landscape Study showed that as of 2014, 20% of Minnesotans identified as unaffiliated with any religion, a category encompassing atheists, agnostics, and those who do not identify with any particular religion.^[1]

Christianity

In 2014, it was estimated that 74% of the Minnesota population was Christian. Most identified as Protestant (50%) or Catholic (22%).

Protestant

Lutherans form the largest Protestant branch in Minnesota, with 27% of residents identifying as such.^[1] Among Lutheran denominations, the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America (ELCA) is the largest. Divided into six synods across the state, ELCA boasted 527,257 baptized members (9.09% of the population) across 991 congregations in 2022. However, this figure marks a 60,808 drop from the year prior and a significant descent from the 805,000 members observed in 1988 (18.71%).^[16] ELCA was still gaining new Minnesota members as recently as the early 2000s, but subsequently began declining due to fewer baptisms, more deaths, and resignations. A notable decrease in 2009 was linked to the church's newly adopted policy on same-gender relationships, with many congregations leaving.^[17][18] Since 2010, deaths and resignations have vastly outnumbered baptisms in the church.^[19] The other major Lutheran churches, namely the Lutheran Church—Missouri Synod (5%), the Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod (<1%), and the Evangelical Lutheran Synod (<1%), haven't been spared the declining trend in membership and attendance.^[20][21][22] A further 1% of Minnesotans identify as Pietists. While an overwhelming majority of Lutherans in Minnesota are white, some recent immigrants from Ethiopia have established Oromo and Amhara Lutheran (P'ent'ay) churches.^[23][24]

The remaining Protestants are adherents of other branches and churches including the United Methodist Church (3%), Assemblies of God (2%), Churches of Christ (1%), and American Baptist Churches USA (1%). An additional 4% identify as non-denominational and 2% as Historically Black Protestant.^[1] The United Church of Christ reported 20,139 members in 2022, down from 26,270 in 2015.^[25][26]

Catholic

It's estimated that 1.2 million Minnesotans, or 22% of the state, are Catholic.^[1] The Archdiocese of Saint Paul and Minneapolis is the largest diocese with approximately 800,000 Catholics across 186 parishes. Catholic schools educate over 50,000 students statewide.

Other Christian

The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (Mormon Church) reports 33,365 members in Minnesota.^[27] The St. Paul Minnesota Temple, located in Saint Paul, which was dedicated in 1982.^[28]

There is a small Eastern Orthodox community with many of its members originating from Syria, Ukraine, and Russia.^[29][30] A proportion Minnesota's Ethiopian immigrants are Oriental Orthodox.^[31][32][33]

The Amish, who practice Anabaptism, have grown from 1,420 in 2000 to 4,740 in 2020.^[34]

Other religions

Collectively, it's estimated that members of non-Christian faiths constitute about 5% of the state.^[1]

Islam

Muslims have been in Minnesota since the 1880s, originally coming from the Ottoman Empire.^[35][36] Racially restrictive laws in the 1920s limited non-European immigration, affecting this growth.^[37] African Americans started converting to Islam in the 1920s, influenced by groups like the Moorish Science Temple and the Nation of Islam.^[38] The 1965 immigration reforms led to more diverse Muslim immigration, including educated individuals from the Middle East, North Africa, and South Asia. In 1992, there were around 5,000 Muslims in Minnesota.

In late 20th and early 21st centuries, civil wars in countries like Bosnia-Herzegovina, Ethiopia, Somalia, and Sudan led to more Muslims arriving in Minnesota as refugees.^[41] The Masjid Al Rahman in Bloomington was the first purpose-built mosque in Minnesota, opening in 1999. Most other mosques in the state are found in converted spaces.^[42] Results of a 2014 Pew Research report put the Muslim population of Minnesota at 1%, while more recent estimates put the number at from 140,000 (about 2.5%).^[1][43]

Today, Somalis are by far the largest Muslim immigrant group in Minnesota. In 2020, a little over 91,000 Somalis lived in Minnesota.^[44][45][41] They mostly live in Minneapolis, Saint Paul, and St. Cloud.^[46][47] Minneapolis became the first major city U.S. city to permit the adhan to be broadcast year-round.^[48][49] Minnesota has over seventy-six mosques, Islamic schools, and community centers.^[50]

Muslims in Minnesota are politically active, with notable figures like Keith Ellison and Ilhan Omar.^[51] The state's chapter of the Council on American-Islamic Relations (CAIR) is one of the most active in the US.^[52] There are also organizations like the Masjid Ul-Hub (Masjid of Love) which organize events for marginalized groups like LGBT+ muslims.^[53]

Judaism

Minnesota's first Jewish community formed in St. Paul in the mid-19th century.^[54] Eastern European Jews arrived from 1882. Antisemitism peaked in the 1930s and 40s, notably during the 1938 gubernatorial election. The situation improved significantly with Mayor Hubert Humphrey's reforms in Minneapolis in 1945. Jews became politically active, with several Jewish mayors and senators elected, despite making up less than 1% of the state's population.^[54]

The Jewish Virtual Library estimates the Jewish population in Minnesota is about 65,900 (1% of all adults) in 2019.^[55] Pew estimated that Judaism is practiced by between 0.5% and 1% of the population.^[1]

The University of Minnesota has a Center for Jewish Studies, and there are efforts for interfaith understanding. Noteable Jews hailing from Minnesota include musician Bob Dylan, Mayor of Minneapolis Jacob Frey, and U.S. senators Al Frankin, Norm Coleman and Paul Wellstone.^[56][57]

Eastern religions

Minnesota has about 50,000 Hindu residents, mainly in the Twin Cities.^[58] The Hindu Society of Minnesota built North America's largest Hindu temple, the Hindu Temple of Minnesota, in 2006.^[59][60] This was later surpassed by the Swaminarayan Akshardham in New Jersey.^[61]

Minnesota also has about 10,000 Cambodians, mostly Theravada Buddhists from the Khmer ethnic group.^[62] Most live in the Twin Cities and fled Democratic Kampuchea during the 1970s.^[63] The U.S. accepted Cambodian refugees from 1979, following the overthrow of Pol Pot.^[64] In 2019, a Buddhist monestary was inagurated in Chisago City modeled after the Shwedagon Pagoda in Myanmar.^[65]

The Sikh Society of Minnesota, established in the 1980s, serves a community of 400-500 families.^[66]

Baháʼí Faith

As of recent estimates, there are about 2,000 Bahá'ís in Minnesota, with 17 Local Spiritual Assemblies. The most significant activity centers are in Eagan, Duluth, St. Paul, and Minneapolis, with Minneapolis itself home to around 200 official Bahá'í members.

The Minneapolis Bahá'í community traces its origins to 1903 with the conversion of Albert Hall (who later served as chairman of the Baháʼí House of Worship in Chicago) and Dr. Homer Harper. Abdu'l-Bahá visited Minneapolis in 1912, when the local Bahá'í population was just five individuals. By 1919, this number grew to 42. In 1938, under the guidance of Shoghi Effendi, the first Local Spiritual Assembly was established in Minneapolis. By 1979, the Bahá'í population in Minneapolis reached about 80.^[67]

The Bahá'í Center in Minneapolis, located in the Central neighborhood, is a block away from where George Floyd was killed in 2020.^[68][69]

Eckankar

Eckankar is a new religious movement founded by Paul Twitchell.^[70] The Temple of Eck, which was built in 1990 and serves as the religion's global headquarters, is located in Chanhassen, Minnesota.^[71][72][73] ECKists, followers of Eckankar, believe in the direct personal experience of the Divine through the Light and Sound of God.^[74][75]

Irreligion

About 20% of Minnesotans identify as having no religion.^[1] This makes it the fastest-growing "religion" in the state and nation. While 20% identify as unaffiliated, it's important to note that not all are atheists. About 7% are identified as atheists or agnostics. Irreligion is more prevalent in urban areas like Minneapolis and St. Paul, where 30% of the population is unaffiliated, compared to 15% in rural areas. Younger generations tend to be less religious than older generations. Among Minnesotans aged 18–29, 35% are unaffiliated, while only 10% of those aged 65 and older are.

Several organizations cater to the growing nonreligious population in Minnesota, including Minnesota Atheists, Central Minnesota Freethinkers, and the Humanist Society of Minnesota.

Prison

The prison population in Minnesota is far more religiously diverse than the state at large. The Minnesota Department of Corrections reported that in 2023, 44.2% of the state's 8,274 inmates indicated that they were Christian: 8.0% Catholic, 4.3% Lutheran, 2.8% Baptist, and 29.1% identifying as "other Christian". The second largest religion is Islam, accounting for 7.6% of the prison population. Native American religions are 5.5%, and all other religions combined are 12.7%. 29.9% of the inmates indicated that they had no religious preferences or chose not to answer.^[76]