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((Short description|Opposition in the Philippines, 1960s – 1980s))
((Ferdinand Marcos sidebar))

'''Religious sector opposition against the dictatorship of [[President of the Philippines|President]] [[Ferdinand Marcos]]''' included leaders and workers belonging to different beliefs and denominations.<ref>((Cite journal |last=Mananzan |first=Sr Mary John |date=2008-02-05 |title=Church-State Relationships During Martial Law in the Philippines 1972–1986 |journal=Studies in World Christianity |language=en |volume=8 |issue=2 |pages=195–205 |doi=10.3366/swc.2002.8.2.195))</ref>

== Christian ==
Many of these leaders and workers belonged to the [[Catholic Church in the Philippines]], to which belonged the majority of the Philippine population at the time. But various forms of opposition were also notable in other Christian denominations including the [[Philippine Independent Church]], the [[United Church of Christ in the Philippines]], the [[United Methodist Church in the Philippines]], and individual [[Evangelicalism in the Philippines|Filipino Evangelical churches]] such as the [[Diliman Bible Church]].

=== In the Catholic Church===
Among Catholics, the theological underpinnings of resistance against the Marcos dictatorship were either the influence of [[Liberation theology]] after the [[Second Vatican Council]], or simply what some scholars describe as "the prophetic challenge of the gospel without any ideological affiliation."  But regardless of theological orientation, Marcos's [[Human rights abuses of the Marcos dictatorship|abuses]], particularly [[Extrajudicial killings and forced disappearances in the Philippines#Marcos regime|extrajudicial killings and forced disappearances]] were the proximate reason, and the Marcos dictatorship its root cause.<ref name="LibTheoPopRegimes">((Cite web |last=Pilario |first=Daniel Franklin E. CM |date=June 1, 2021 |title=Liberation Theologies in Populist Regimes: The Philippine Experience |url=https://svst.edu.ph/news/liberation-theologies-in-populist-regimes-the-philippine-experience-159 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220818023900/https://svst.edu.ph/news/liberation-theologies-in-populist-regimes-the-philippine-experience-159 |archive-date=2022-08-18 |access-date=2024-01-13 |website=svst.edu.ph |language=en))</ref><ref name="Youngblood1993"/>

A more significant difference was that there was a small but very vocal number of the church workers fought the dictatorship by actively joining underground resistance movements, while a quiet majority resisted within the ordinary means available to then through their office, such as those who formed the human rights monitoring organization [[Task Force Detainees of the Philippines]], or of Manila Cardinal [[Jaime Sin]] and Infanta Bishop [[Julio Xavier Labayen|Julio Labayen]], who described their high level engagement with Marcos as “critical collaboration.”<ref name="Youngblood1993">((Cite book |last=Youngblood |first=Robert L. |title=Marcos against the church: economic development and political repression in the Philippines |date=1993 |publisher=New Day Publ |isbn=978-971-10-0512-2 |location=Quezon City))</ref><ref name="MargueriteMarcosChurch">((Cite news |last=de Leon |first=Marguerite |date=2022-01-23 |title=Marcos and the Church |url=https://www.rappler.com/voices/thought-leaders/opinion-marcos-and-the-church/ |access-date=2024-01-13 |work=Rappler |language=en-US))</ref>

In a 2021 international conference held in Taiwan, [[Daniel Franklin Pilario|Daniel Franklin E. Pilario]] of the [[Congregation of the Mission]] presented a paper on a Philippine experience, noting among others that the implementation of the politics of fear and terror present in populist regimes is the same style of governance found in the country; later, because of his mentions of [[Extrajudicial killings and forced disappearances in the Philippines|extrajudicial killings]] during the Marcos dictatorship and the [[Rodrigo Duterte]] presidency, he was called an anti-[[Extrajudicial killing|EJK]] priest.<ref>((cite news|url=https://www.rappler.com/philippines/father-danny-pilario-anti-ejk-priest-new-adamson-university-president/|title=Father Danny Pilario, anti-EJK priest, is new Adamson University president|first=Robbin|last=Dagle|date=December 14, 2023|accessdate=February 22, 2024|website=Rappler))</ref><ref>((cite news|url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/129532/priest-calls-leaders-stop-extrajudicial-killings|title=Priest calls on leaders to stop extrajudicial killings|first=Victor Anthony|last=Silva|date=April 14, 2017|accessdate=February 22, 2024|newspaper=Cebu Daily News))</ref><ref>((cite news|url=https://svst.edu.ph/news-and-events/archive?month=6|title=Doing Public Theology|date=2021|accessdate=February 22, 2024|website=Adamson-SVST))</ref>

== Muslim ==
[[Islam in the Philippines|Muslim Filipinos]] had been targeted by repressive policies of the [[History of the Philippines (1965-1986)|Marcos Administration]] since even before the imposition of [[Martial law in the Philippines|Martial Law]] in 1972, with the [[Jabidah Massacre]] of 18 March 1968 being a watershed moment for discontent. The [[Muslim Independence Movement]] (MIM) was formed two months later on 1 May 1968, although it was sidelined only five months later when its leader, former [[Cotabato (historical province)|Cotabato]] governor Datu Udtog Matalam, joined the Marcos Administration as Adviser on Muslim Affairs. Although the MIM failed to gain the support of the Muslim masses, President Marcos used its existence (along with that of the recently formed [[Communist Party of the Philippines]]) as one of the reasons for [[Proclamation No. 1081|proclaiming]] Martial Law on 23 September 1972. In December 1972 the MIM ceased to exist when Matalam surrendered to Marcos, although a splinter group, the [[Moro National Liberation Front]], had earlier formed in October 1972.<ref>((Cite news |url=http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/274852/opinion/remembering-martial-law-a-mindanao-perspective/ |title=Remembering Martial Law—a Mindanao perspective |access-date=2018-04-19 |language=en-US))</ref>

== Indigenous faiths ==
Religious beliefs of indigenous Filipinos also factored into their opposition against the Marcos dictatorship, the most popular example being the [[Kalinga people|Kalinga]] and [[Bontoc people|Bontoc]] peoples' resistance against Marcos' [[Chico River Dam Project]] in Luzon, in no small part because [[Ancestral domain|ancestral lands]] are sacred in their belief systems.<ref name="Cariño1980">((cite conference | book-title = Paper Presented at the Third Annual Conference of the Anthropological Association of the Philippines | location = Manila | last= Cariño  | first= Joanna K.  | date=22–27 April 1980  | title=The Chico River Basin Development Project: A Case Study of National Development Policy  | url= http://116.50.242.171/PSSC/index.php/agt01/article/download/1601/1536  ))</ref> The subsequent assassination of the Kalinga Butbut tribe ''Pangat'' (elder) [[Macli-ing Dulag]] on 24 April 1980 led to the first major news story coverage critical of Marcos administration policies during Martial Law, dealing a severe blow to the public relations efforts of the Marcos regime.<ref name="Doyo2015">((Cite book |title=Macli-ing Dulag: Kalinga Chief, Defender of the Cordillera |last=Doyo |first=Ma. Ceres P. |author-link=Maria Ceres Doyo |publisher=University of the Philippines Press |year=2015 |isbn=978-971-542-772-2 |location=Diliman, Quezon City))</ref>

== Major events ==
=== Before the declaration of Martial Law ===
*'''December 30, 1965''' - Ferdinand Marcos is [[1965 Philippine presidential election|sworn in]] as the [[List of presidents of the Philippines|tenth]] [[president of the Philippines]], under the [[Third Philippine Republic|Third Republic]]. 
*'''May 21, 1967''' - A demonstration conducted by ''[[Lapiang Malaya]]'' sect ends in a violent dispersal attempt by the [[Philippine Constabulary]], killing 33.
*'''March 18, 1968''' - The [[Jabidah Massacre]], where 68 Muslim members of a secret commando unit recruited by the [[Armed Forces of the Philippines]] are killed when they refuse further training.

=== After the declaration of Martial Law===
*'''August 24, 1974''' - The Sacred Heart Novitiate of the [[Society of Jesus]] in [[Novaliches]] is raided by the military, who were allegedly searching for [[Communist Party of the Philippines]] leader [[Jose Maria Sison]]. Jesuit priest Jose Blanco is arrested as a suspected rebel.<ref>((Cite web|title=The Fall of the Dictatorship|url=https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/featured/the-fall-of-the-dictatorship/|website=Government of the Philippines Official Gazette))</ref><ref>((Cite news|date=1974-09-02|title=Catholics Hold Vigil In Manila to Protest Raid on a Novitiate|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1974/09/02/archives/catholics-hold-vigil-in-manila-to-protest-raid-on-a-novitiate.html|access-date=2020-10-04|issn=0362-4331))</ref><ref>((Cite web|last=Jimenez-David|first=Rina|date=2017-11-10|title=Reaching a turning point|url=https://opinion.inquirer.net/108600/reaching-turning-point|access-date=2020-10-04|website=INQUIRER.net|language=en))</ref>
*'''May 12–13, 1975''' - The Episcopal Commission on Tribal Filipinos of the [[Catholic Bishops' Conference of the Philippines]] helped organize ''[[bodong]]'' (peace pact meeting) involving 150 Bontoc and Kalinga leaders and Catholic Church-based support groups, at St. Bridget's School in eastern [[Quezon City]].<ref name="Doyo2015"/> The Quezon City ''bodong'' resulted in an agreement (''Pagta ti Bodong'') which united the Bontoc and Kalinga people in opposition against the [[Chico River Dam Project]], which would have submerged sacred tribal lands, and the Marcos Administration, which was pushing for the project to push through.<ref name="Espiritu2017">((Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_SxzDgAAQBAJ&q=pagta+ti+bodong&pg=PT201 |title=Passionate Revolutions: The Media and the Rise and Fall of the Marcos Regime |last=Espiritu |first=Talitha |date=2017-04-15 |publisher=Ohio University Press |isbn=9780896804982 |language=en))</ref>
*'''April 24, 1980''' - [[Macli-ing Dulag]], ''Pangat'' (elder) of the Butbut tribe of Kalinga, is assassinated for his resistance efforts against the [[Chico River Dam Project]]
*'''January 17, 1981''' - As a public relations move – partly in light of the visit of [[Pope John Paul II]] to the Philippines, and partly in light of the upcoming inauguration of [[President of the United States|United States President]] [[Ronald Reagan]] – Ferdinand Marcos issues Proclamation No. 2405, formally lifting the state of Martial Law nationwide. He nonetheless retained most of his powers as dictator, including "the right to suspend the [[writ of habeas corpus]] for crimes related to subversion, insurrection, rebellion, and also conspiracy to commit such crimes." 
*'''February 17–22, 1981''' - [[Pope John Paul II]] makes his first apostolic visit to the Philippines.<ref>((Cite web|date=2014-04-25|title=Timeline: Pope John Paul II in the Philippines|url=https://lifestyle.inquirer.net/157845/timeline-pope-john-paul-ii-in-the-philippines/|access-date=2021-05-07|website=Inquirer|language=en-US))</ref> He declares in a speech that "Even in exceptional situations that may at times arise, one can never justify any violation of the fundamental dignity of the human person or of the basic rights that safeguard this dignity."<ref>((Cite news|url=https://www.rappler.com/specials/pope-francis-ph/81026-looking-back-papal-visit-lifting-martial-law|title=LOOKING BACK: The papal visit and lifting of martial law in PH|work=Rappler|access-date=2018-05-17|language=en))</ref>
*'''February 22, 1986''' - Speaking on Catholic Church-owned [[Radio Veritas]], Cardinal [[Jaime Sin]], the reigning [[Archbishop of Manila]], broadcasts an appeal urging Filipinos to peacefully gather on [[EDSA]] to protect forces that had defected from the Marcos government.<ref name="CardinalSinVeritasBroadcast">((Cite video |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Av80CKA66Nw |title=#EDSA30: Jaime Cardinal Sin urging people to go to EDSA |date=2016-02-22 |last=Sin |first=Jaime Cardinal |language=en))</ref>
* '''February 26, 1986''' - From [[Clark Air Base]], the Marcos family and a select group of close followers, leave the country for exile in [[Hawaii]].<ref>((Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1986/02/26/world/marcos-flees-and-is-taken-to-guam-us-recognizes-aquino-as-president.html|title=Marcos Flees and Is Taken to Guam; U.s. Recognizes Aquino as President|last=Mydans|first=Seth|date=1986-02-26|work=The New York Times|access-date=2019-05-06|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331))</ref>

== Martyrs and Heroes honored at the ''Bantayog ng mga Bayani'' ==
((Dynamic list))
Religious leaders and workers represent a significant portion of the names inscribed on the memorial wall of the ''[[Bantayog ng mga Bayani]]'' (Memorial of the Heroes) along [[Quezon Avenue]], which honors the "Martyrs and Heroes" who resisted the Marcos dictatorship.

=== Zacarias Agatep ===
((main|Zacarias Agatep))
Nicknamed "Apo Kari", Zacarias Agatep ''(''6 September 1936 – 27 October 1982)<ref>((Cite news|url=http://www.bantayog.org/agatep-zacarias-g/|title=AGATEP, Zacarias G. – Bantayog ng mga Bayani|date=2015-10-09|work=Bantayog ng mga Bayani|access-date=2018-05-18|language=en-US))</ref> was the [[parish priest]] of Our Lady of Hope Parish in [[Caoayan, Ilocos Sur]]. Agatep helped organize cooperatives, taught interested farmers about land reform, and spoke against foreign and local monopolies in the tobacco industry, which formed the backbone of Ilocos Sur's economy at the time.<ref name="PanayNewsAgatep">((Cite news |url=https://www.panaynews.net/21-gunshots-for-a-dictator/ |title=21 gunshots for a dictator |date=2017-09-09 |work=Panay News |access-date=2020-01-24 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170910201359/http://www.panaynews.net/21-gunshots-for-a-dictator/ |archive-date=2017-09-10 |language=en-GB))</ref> He was arrested for supposed "subversion" in 1980 and was incarcerated for four months until he was released as part of Marcos public relations efforts in preparation for a visit by Pope John Paul II.<ref>((Cite web|url=https://martiallawfiles.wordpress.com/2012/12/07/fr-zacharias-agatep/|title=Fr. Zacharias Agatep|date=2012-12-07|website=Martial Law Files|language=en|access-date=2019-05-06))</ref> Upon his release, he famously wrote a letter to the President, decrying what he described as a "frame-up" and lamenting the miscarriage of justice typical under the Marcos administration.<ref>((Cite book |title=Elections and democratization in the Philippines |last=Conroy Franco, Jennifer. |date=2001 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=0-8153-3734-5 |location=New York |oclc=44517941))</ref> He kept speaking out against the abuses of the Marcos administration until he was shot four times in the back by unidentified gunmen in October 1982.<ref>((Cite book |title=Marcos against the church : economic development and political repression in the Philippines |last=Youngblood, Robert L. |date=1990 |publisher=Cornell University Press |isbn=978-1-5017-4639-0 |location=Ithaca, N.Y. |pages=81 |oclc=646438787))</ref><ref>((Cite news |url=https://usa.inquirer.net/15903/martial-law-jaime-cardinal-sin |title=Martial Law and Jaime Cardinal Sin |last=Maximiano |first=Dr Jose Mario Bautista |date=2018-10-10 |access-date=2020-01-24 |language=en))</ref>

=== Godofredo Alingal ===
Nicknamed "Father Ling" by his parishioners, Godofredo Alingal (24 June 1922 – 13 April 1981)<ref>((Cite news|url=https://ignatiansolidarity.net/blog/portfolio-item/godofredo-alingal-s-j-1981-philippines/|title=Godofredo Alingal, S.J. ((!)) 1981 ((!)) Philippines ((!)) Ignatian Solidarity Network|work=Ignatian Solidarity Network|access-date=2018-05-18|language=en-US))</ref> was a Jesuit priest and journalist who spoke out against repression and militarization under Marcos' Martial Law on the prelature's radio station, DXBB, and its newsletter, ''An Bandilyo''. He was also instrumental in the formation of a credit union and grains marketing cooperative for farmers, and helped organize the [[Kibawe, Bukidnon]] chapter of the Federation of Free Farmers. When the government shut down DXBB, he kept his parishioners informed through a "blackboard news service" — one of the more inventive forms that the Philippines' "Mosquito Press" took while traditional media outlets were shut down under martial law. He was shot by an unidentified gunman on 13 April 1981.

=== Amada Alvarez ===
Amada "Madge" Alvarez began her career as a staff writer of Cor Manila, the newsletter of the Catholic Archdiocese of Manila. She then served as a community organizer at the Our Lady of Fatima Parish in Highway Hills in Mandaluyong City, under the parish's Basic Christian Communities (BCC) program.  Because her interactions with the urban poor communities made her more aware of the social ills under Marcos' Martial Law regime, she eventually joined the Christians for National Liberation (CNL), a group which was aligned with the [[National Democratic Front (Philippines)|National Democratic Front]]. She was killed in Infanta, Pangasinan with five local residents in 1989, after peace talks between the Communist Party of the Philippines and the Government of the Philippines had broken down two years earlier in the wake of the Mendiola Massacre.<ref>((Cite web |date=2023-05-25 |title=Amada Enriquez Alvarez |url=https://bantayogngmgabayani.org/bayani/amada-enriquez-alvarez/ |access-date=2024-01-12 |language=en-US))</ref>

=== Trifonio N. Andres ===
"Ponyong" Andres (18 October 1953 - 17 August 1983)<ref>((Cite news|url=http://www.bantayog.org/andres-trifonio-n/|title=ANDRES, Trifonio N. – Bantayog ng mga Bayani|date=2015-10-11|work=Bantayog ng mga Bayani|access-date=2018-05-18|language=en-US))</ref>  was a Roman Catholic seminarian at the St. Francis Xavier Seminary in [[Davao City|Davao]] who volunteered to document human rights violations in Davao for [[Task Force Detainees of the Philippines]] and the Citizen's Council for Justice and Peace. He was abducted in [[Libungan]], [[Cotabato]] and brought to the Davao Metropolitan District Command Center (Metrodiscom) in [[Digos, Davao del Sur]], where he was tortured and later executed on 17 August 1983.

=== Jeremias Ancheta Aquino ===
A priest of the [[Iglesia Filipina Independiente]], Jerry Aquino (1 June 1949 – 14 December 1981)<ref>((Cite news|url=http://www.bantayog.org/aquino-jeremias-a/|title=AQUINO, Jeremias A. – Bantayog ng mga Bayani|date=2015-10-11|work=Bantayog ng mga Bayani|access-date=2018-05-18|language=en-US))</ref> was a member of the [[Student Christian Movement of the Philippines]] and of Christians for National Liberation. In 1977-1978 he was director of the Ecumenical Center for Development, and missionary priest of the Philippine Independent Church's Diocese of Greater Manila. In 1978, he became the program coordinator and youth director of the Philippine Independent Church's Laoag (Ilocos Norte) diocese, and concurrent associate rector of [[Pagudpud, Ilocos Norte]]. It was during this posting that was arrested in September 1979, in [[Sadanga, Mountain Province]]. He and several companions were held at the Philippine Constabulary stockade in [[Bontoc, Mountain Province|Bontoc]], then transferred to the Bicutan jail in Metro Manila. After prolonged fasting and hunger strikes to protest prison conditions, he was released on 24 December 1980, part of a series of prisoner releases meant to generate positive press in light of the arrival of Pope John Paul II in Manila two months later. Upon release, he helped found the Freedom Shop, a carpentry shop for unemployed former political prisoners. He died in a "suspicious" vehicular accident on 14 December 1981.

=== Filomena Asuncion ===
A deaconess of the [[United Methodist Church in the Philippines]], Liway Asuncion (30 March 1954 – 25 June 1983)<ref>((Cite news|url=http://www.bantayog.org/asuncion-filomena-g/|title=ASUNCION, Filomena G. – Bantayog ng mga Bayani|date=2015-10-14|work=Bantayog ng mga Bayani|access-date=2018-05-18|language=en-US))</ref> was a graduate of BA in Christian Education at Harris Memorial College, before returning to her home congregation in [[Isabela (province)|Isabela]] to serve as Christian education and music director, teaching [[Sunday school]], conducting [[Bible study (Christianity)|Bible studies]], leading the church choir, and becoming president of the district-wide United Methodist Youth Fellowship. In 1979, Asuncion joined an ecumenical movement of Catholics and Protestants called ''Timpuyog Dagiti Iglesia'' ([[Ilocano language|Ilocano]] for "Fellowship of the Churches"), which sought to address the plight of exploited farmers in Isabela, where land ownership was monopolized by a few elite families. In 1981 she was among those arrested at a farmers’ protest rally in Ilagan and jailed from April to October. Upon her release, she joined the revolutionary underground and worked full-time in organizing the local farmers in defense of their rights. Witnesses said she was captured alive by government forces in 1983 and was then maltreated and abused before being killed.

=== Romeo Guilao Crismo ===
As executive secretary of the [[United Methodist Youth Fellowship]], Romeo Crismo (8 December 1955–<nowiki>[disappeared]</nowiki> 12 August 1980)<ref>((Cite news|url=http://www.bantayog.org/crismo-romeo-g/|title=CRISMO, Romeo G. – Bantayog ng mga Bayani|date=2017-01-11|work=Bantayog ng mga Bayani|access-date=2018-05-18|language=en-US))</ref> was instrumental in organizing the Protestant youth sector to resist the policies and programs of the dictatorship. Supporting himself by teaching, he also worked with the Student Christian Movement of the Philippines, the [[National Council of Churches in the Philippines]], and the [[Christian Conference of Asia]].

=== Mariani Dimaranan ===
((main|Mariani Dimaranan))
Mariani Dimaranan (February 1, 1925 - December 17, 2005) was a [[Franciscan]] nun best known for leading the [[Task Force Detainees of the Philippines]] for 21 years, including the entirety of the 14-year Marcos dictatorship.<ref>((Cite book|title=WOMEN, ACTIVISM AND SOCIAL CHANGE : Stretching Boundaries.|last=Maja.|first=Mikula|date=2006|publisher=Taylor and Francis|isbn=9781136782718|location=Hoboken|oclc=904407240))</ref> Dimaranan led the Manila-based non-profit national [[human rights]] organization in documenting human rights violations, assisting victims and their families, organizing missions, conducting human rights education work, campaigning against torture, and promoting advocacy for [[Human rights activists|Human Rights Defenders]].

=== Joe Dizon ===
((main|Joe Dizon))
An activist Roman Catholic priest, Jose Dizon (September 29, 1948 – November 4, 2013),<ref name="BantayogDizonJoe">((Cite news|url=http://www.bantayog.org/dizon-jose-pacturayan-fr-joe/|title=Dizon, Jose Pacturayan "Fr. Joe" – Bantayog ng mga Bayani|date=2017-11-29|work=Bantayog ng mga Bayani|access-date=2018-04-18|language=en-US))</ref><ref name="CarolPagaduanAraullo20131108">((Cite web |last=Pagaduan-Araullo |first=Carol |author-link=Carol Araullo |date=November 8, 2013 |title=Fr. Jose 'Joe' P. Dizon activist priest (1948-2013) |url=http://www.bworldonline.com/content.php?section=Opinion&title=fr.-jose-&145joe&8217-p.-dizon-activist-priest-(1948-2013)&id=79079 |access-date=2018-04-18 |website=Business World |language=en-US))</ref> led protest actions against government corruption and human rights abuses during [[martial law in the Philippines]],<ref name="BantayogDizonJoe" /> political dynasties,<ref name="CarolPagaduanAraullo20131108" /> and the [[pork barrel]] system.<ref name="VoltaireTupaz20180418">((Cite news|url=https://www.rappler.com/nation/42960-father-joe-dizon-activist-priest|title=Fr Joe Dizon: From the streets to the pulpit, an activist|last=Tupaz|first=Voltair|date=November 5, 2013|work=Rappler|access-date=2018-04-18|language=en))</ref><ref>((Cite web|url=http://www.cbcpnews.com/cbcpnews/?p=25585|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304221137/http://www.cbcpnews.com/cbcpnews/?p=25585|url-status=usurped|archive-date=March 4, 2016|title=Fr. Joe Dizon dies at 65|website=CBCP News|access-date=2018-04-18))</ref> At protest rallies against the Marcos dictatorship, he would say mass to prevent violent dispersal by the government and to boost the morale of demonstrators.<ref name="BantayogDizonJoe" /> He actively campaigned for honest elections and helped form people's organizations in rural areas to support those dealing with land grabbing, military abuses, and hamletting.<ref name="BantayogDizonJoe" /> He died of complications from diabetes at the [[National Kidney and Transplant Institute]] on November 12, 2013, at the age of 65.<ref>((Cite news|url=http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/news/nation/333997/fr-joe-dizon-activist-priest-and-kontra-daya-convenor-dies/story/|title=Fr. Joe Dizon, activist priest and Kontra Daya convenor, dies|date=November 5, 2013|work=GMA News Online|access-date=2018-05-13|language=en-US))</ref><ref>((Cite news|url=http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/520873/cavite-pays-tribute-to-activist-priest-joe-dizon|title=Cavite pays tribute to activist priest Joe Dizon|last=Cinco|first=Maricar|date=November 5, 2013|work=Inquirer|access-date=2018-05-13|language=en))</ref><ref>((Cite news|url=http://www.interaksyon.com/on-bonifacio-day-bantayog-ng-mga-bayani-honors-11-who-fought-marcos-as-hundreds-shout-revgov-in-blow-vs-constitution/|title=On Bonifacio Day, Bantayog ng mga Bayani honors 11 who fought Marcos as hundreds shout 'RevGov' in blow vs Constitution|date=2017-12-01|work=Interaksyon|access-date=2018-04-18|language=en-US))</ref>

=== Tullio Favali ===
((main|Tullio Favali))
A Roman Catholic missionary priest sent by the [[Pontifical Institute for Foreign Missions]], Tullio Favali (10 December 1946 – 11 April 1985) was the first foreign missionary to be killed during the years of the Marcos dictatorship. While serving as a parish priest in La Esperanza, [[Tulunan]], [[North Cotabato]], Favali was called by the townspeople for help after the Marcos government's paramilitary forces, led by Edilberto, Norberto, Jr., and Elpidio Manero, shot the town's tailor.<ref>((Cite news|url=http://www.bantayog.org/favali-tullio/|title=FAVALI, Tullio|date=2015-10-15|work=Bantayog ng mga Bayani|access-date=2018-05-03|language=en-US))</ref> When the Manero brothers saw him arrive and enter a house, Norberto, Jr. dragged his motorcycle and set it on fire. When Favali hurried out after seeing the fire, Edilberto shot the priest point-blank in his head, trampled on his body and fired again. This caused the priest's skull to crack open, and Norberto, Jr. picked at the brains and displayed them to horrified witnesses. The brothers, along with a few other gang members, stood by laughing and heckling.<ref name=":0">((Cite web|url=http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/78008/news/backgrounder-on-norberto-manero-jr/|title=Backgrounder on Norberto Manero, Jr.|date=2008-01-25|website=GMA News Online|language=en-US|access-date=2018-05-03))</ref>

=== Inocencio T. Ipong ===
((See also|Cassandra Martyrs of Charity))
A Roman Catholic lay worker with the [[Rural Missionaries of the Philippines]] (RMP), "Boy" Ipong (28 December 1945 – 21 November 1983)<ref>((Cite web|url=http://www.bantayog.org/ipong-innocencio-tocmo/|title=IPONG, Inocencio "Boy" Tocmo – Bantayog ng mga Bayani|date=2015-10-12|website=Bantayog ng mga Bayani|language=en-US|access-date=2018-05-18))</ref> was the son of migrants from [[Bohol]] who settled in [[North Cotabato]], so he felt drawn to the plight of poor peasants in the Visayas and Mindanao. Wanting to help them, he joined the youth organization Khi Rho, and later the Federation of Free Farmers. When Martial Law was declared in 1972, he began working as a lay assistant at the RMP with its vision of a "free, just, peaceful, and egalitarian society''.''" In 1982, he was abducted and illegally detained at the Metropolitan District Command Headquarters and at Camp Catitipan in Davao City. He was tortured by his captors who wanted him to admit that he was a certain “Enciong” the military was looking for. His family and his coworkers at the Rural Missionaries of the Philippines spent ten days looking for him and upon finding him, successfully negotiated his release. On November 20, 1983, he was among a group of 12 religious and laypeople who were going to [[Cebu]] to attend a seminar, on board the M/V Cassandra. A passing typhoon caused the ship to sink, drowning over 200 passengers in the waters off [[Surigao (province)|Surigao]], including everyone from Ipong's group.

===Bishop Julio Xavier Labayen===
((main|Julio Xavier Labayen))
Julio Xavier Labayen (23 July 1926 &ndash; 27 April 2016) was a [[Roman Catholic]] bishop. Ordained to the priesthood in 1955, Labayen served as Bishop of the [[Territorial Prelature of Infanta]] from 1966 until 2003.<ref>[http://www.gcatholic.org/dioceses/diocese/infa0.htm Territorial Prelature of Infanta]</ref> He was the first Filipino [[Carmelite]] bishop when he was ordained on 8 September 1966<ref>((Cite web|url=http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/bishop/blaba.html|title=Bishop Julio Xavier Labayen [Catholic-Hierarchy]|last=Cheney|first=David M.|website=www.catholic-hierarchy.org|access-date=2018-06-14))</ref> and the second bishop of the Prelature of Infanta. He was a staunch defender of human rights, especially during the years of the Martial Law in the Philippines, being known to be one of the "Magnificent 7" who voiced their opposition against the Marcos regime.<ref>((Cite web|url=http://www.cbcpnews.com/cbcpnews/?p=76527|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160503065117/http://www.cbcpnews.com/cbcpnews/?p=76527|url-status=usurped|archive-date=May 3, 2016|title=Church mourns death of Bishop Labayen, 'a strong voice of the poor'|website=CBCP News|access-date=2018-06-14))</ref>
In recognition of his efforts against authoritarian rule, his name was inscribed on the Wall of Remembrance at the [[Bantayog ng mga Bayani]] in 2016.<ref name="BantayogLabayen">((Cite web |url=http://www.bantayog.org/labayen-julio-xavier/ |title=Heroes and Martyrs: LABAYEN, Julio Xavier L. |date=2016-11-29 |website=Bantayog ng mga Bayani |language=en-US |access-date=2019-07-23))</ref> Aside from this, the bishop served as chair of the CBCP's National Secretariat for Social Action-Justice and Peace (NASSA).<ref>((Cite news|url=http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/782035/labayen-bishop-of-church-of-the-poor-89|title=Labayen, bishop of Church of the Poor; 89|last=Mallari|first=Delfin T. Jr.|access-date=2018-06-14|language=en))</ref>

=== Violeta Marcos ===
((main|Violeta Marcos))
Ma. Violeta Marcos (July 18, 1937 - April 30, 2001) was a Catholic nun who was best known as the co-founder and first director of the Augustinian Missionaries of the Philippines (AMP)<ref>((Cite web|url=https://www.ucanews.com/story-archive/?post_name=/1999/03/12/group-of-augustinian-nuns-to-become-diocesan-missionary-congregation&post_id=13176|title=group of augustinian nuns to become diocesan missionary congregation|website=ucanews.com))</ref> and for her contributions to the resistance against the Marcos dictatorship and Martial Law - first through her diocesan social action involvements in [[Negros Occidental]],<ref>((Cite web|url=https://www.globalsistersreport.org/news/ministry/wall-honors-sisters-among-modern-heroes-who-helped-restore-justice-philippines-50726|title=Wall honors sisters among modern heroes who helped restore justice in Philippines|first=Ma Ceres P.|last=Doyo|date=December 7, 2017|website=Global Sisters Report))</ref> and later as part of the human rights organization [[Task Force Detainees of the Philippines]] (TFDP).<ref name="BantayogProfileMarcos">((Cite web|url=http://www.bantayog.org/marcos-violeta/|title=MARCOS, Ma. Violeta|date=July 7, 2015))</ref>

=== Bishop La Verne D. Mercado ===
La Verne Diwa Mercado (December 1921-July 2003) was a Bishop of the United Methodist Church, who also served for 14 years as secretary-general of the National Council of Churches in the Philippines (NCCP), from 1973 to 1987.<ref name="BishopMercadoNCCP">((Cite web |title=BLVDM Ecumenical Center: About Bishop La Verne D. Mercado |url=https://nccphilippines.org/blvdm-ecumenical-center/ |access-date=2023-10-16 |language=en-US))</ref> He is known for his effective use of diplomacy to unite NCCP member-churches and to advocate for human rights and for the active involvement of Christians in social issues.  He died of natural causes in July 2003.<ref name="BantayogBishopMercadoProfile">((Cite web |date=2023-06-17 |title=HEROES AND MARTYRS - Bishop La Verne Mercado |url=https://bantayogngmgabayani.org/bayani/bishop-la-verne-mercado/ |access-date=2023-10-16 |website=Bantayog ng mga Bayani Website |language=en-US))</ref>

=== Mateo Olivar ===
Mateo "Tiyong" Olivar (September 13, 1950 - November 7, 1985) was a church worker in the Community-Based Health Program and Family Life Apostolate of the Roman Catholic Diocese of [[Pagadian]] in [[Zamboanga del Sur]]. Known by his nickname “Tiyong,” he spent a lot of time in communities in the countryside, the Marcos forces suspected him as a revolutionary organizer. On November 7, 1985, he was assassinated by three unidentified assailants near a military checkpoint in [[Labangan, Zamboanga del Sur]].  On the day of his burial, the bishop of Pagadian decreed that Tiyong’s funeral mass would be the only mass celebrated in the diocese on that day. His was among the first 65 names to be inscribed at the Bantayog ng mga Bayani’s Wall of Remembrance when it was first inaugurated.<ref name="BantayogProfileTiyongOlivar">((Cite web |date=2023-06-20 |title=Martyrs and Heroes: Mateo Olivar |url=https://bantayogngmgabayani.org/bayani/mateo-olivar/ |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20231004021546/https://bantayogngmgabayani.org/bayani/mateo-olivar/ |archive-date=2023-10-04 |access-date=2023-10-04 |website=Bantayog ng mga Bayani website |language=en-US))</ref><ref name="VaticanMartyrs">((Cite web |date=1998-11-26 |title=UCA News |url=https://www.ucanews.com/story-archive/?post_name=/1998/11/26/27-names-sent-to-vatican-to-consider-as-20th-century-martyrs |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231004023107/https://www.ucanews.com/story-archive/?post_name=/1998/11/26/27-names-sent-to-vatican-to-consider-as-20th-century-martyrs&post_id=12538 |archive-date=2023-10-04 |access-date=2023-10-04 |website=Union of Catholic Asian News))</ref>

=== Magnifico Osorio ===
((main|Magnifico Osorio))
Magnifico L. Osorio (December 15, 1934 - March 29, 1985) was a [[United Methodist Church|Methodist]] Pastor<ref>((Cite web|url=https://www.ucanews.com/story-archive/?post_name=/1985/12/24/1985-a-bad-year-for-priests-ministers-in-the-philippines&post_id=33639|title=1985 a bad year for priests ministers in the philippines - ucanews.com))</ref> and human rights advocate best known for championing the rights of indigenous people in the province of [[Palawan]] and his murder during the waning days of the Marcos dictatorship.<ref name="Malay">((Cite book |title=Ang mamatay nang dahil sa 'yo |last=Malay |first=Carolina S. |year = 2015|isbn=9789715382700 |location=Ermita, Manila, Philippines |oclc=927728036))</ref> He was not known to have political affiliations nor leanings,<ref name="BantayogOsorio">((Cite web |url=http://www.bantayog.org/osorio-magnifico-l/ |title=Martyrs&Heroes:OSORIO, Magnifico L. |date=March 6, 2016 |website=Bantayog ng mga Bayani Website))</ref> but his humanitarian work and the circumstances of his murder have led him to be considered a Martyr of the resistance against the dictatorship, and his name is inscribed on the Wall of Remembrance at the Bantayog.<ref>Matias, Genevieve P.(Ed.) 1997."Magnifying the Lord" in "A Light in the Wilderness." Ms. The Good Samaritan United Methodist Church. p. 31.</ref>

=== Fernando Tayao Pastor, Sr. ===
((main|Murder of Francisco Laurella, Fernando Pastor Sr., and Fernando Pastor Jr.))
A preacher of the [[Churches of Christ in Christian Union|Church of Christ]] denomination, Fernando Pastor, Sr. (25 May 1956 - 8 February 1986)<ref>((Cite news|url=http://www.bantayog.org/1524/|title=PASTOR Sr., Fernando T. – Bantayog ng mga Bayani|date=2016-05-03|work=Bantayog ng mga Bayani|access-date=2018-05-18|language=en-US))</ref>  had also served as Captain of Barangay Rizal, in the [[Diffun|Municipality of Diffun]], [[Quirino]]. As such, he was one of those community leaders who were forced to keep silent about the abuses under Orlando Dulay, who had been constabulary commander, governor, and assemblyman of Quirino province. When snap presidential polls were called in 1985, Pastor decided to campaign for [[Corazon Aquino]], and eventually became the provincial vice-chair of the [[United Nationalist Democratic Organization]] (UNIDO). This displeased Dulay, who was the provincial coordinator of the Marcos political party, [[Kilusang Bagong Lipunan]] (KBL). On the eve of the [[1986 Philippine presidential election|1986 snap elections]], Pastor, his oldest son Fernando Pastor, Jr. and colleague Francisco Laurella were walking on their way home when they were abducted by Dulay himself and two of his men. They were taken to Dulay's residence and kept inside a van for three days. The tortured and mutilated bodies of the younger Pastor and Francisco Laurella were found near a ravine three days later, and that of the elder Pastor five days after. It took four years before Dulay was eventually caught and charged in 1990, and was sentenced to life imprisonment by the Quezon City regional trial court.

=== Roberto Salac ===
Roberto Salac (March 29, 1951 - May 19, 1987) was originally assigned to head the parish of Monkayo, Compostela Valley under the Prelature of Tagum, he was strongly influenced by [[Liberation Theology]] and the teachings of the [[Second Vatican Council]] and eventually became the Davao del Norte Chair of the  Ecumenical Movement for Justice and Peace (EMJP), working with colleagues such as Sr. Consuelo Chuidian.  Put in danger by the EMJP's work of exposing human rights violations linked to militarization in Laac, Compostela Valley, however, he was forced to choose between exile or joining the underground resistance against the Marcos dictatorship.  There he helped organize people's strikes (called "Welgang Bayan") to call for oil price rollbacks, to protest the murder of journalist Alex Orcullo, to call for the end of militarization and political killings, and for the end of the dictatorship in general. He bled to death after being shot in the knee by rightwing elements which remained in the mountains of Mindanao a month after the People Power revolution.

=== Cardinal Jaime Sin ===
((main|Jaime Sin))
((see also|Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Manila))
Cardinal Jaime Sin (31 August 1928 – 21 June 2005) was elevated to the Catholic [[College of Cardinals]] in 1976, having been enthroned as the 30th [[Archbishop of Manila]] in 1974, succeeding Cardinal [[Rufino Santos]]. He quickly became an influential voice in Philippine national life, frequently issuing statements regarding political developments, the economy, and moral concerns. It was his call on church-owned [[Radio Veritas]] for civilians to peacefully assemble at [[Camp Aguinaldo]] and [[Camp Crame]] along [[Epifanio De los Santos Avenue]] that first sparked the [[1986 EDSA Revolution]], which eventually led to the fall of the Marcos dictatorship. He died on 21 June 2005, aged 76.<ref>((Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/06/21/obituaries/cardinal-jaime-sin-a-champion-of-the-poor-in-the-philippines-is.html|title=Cardinal Jaime Sin, a Champion of the Poor in the Philippines, Is Dead at 76|last=O'Donnell|first=Michelle|date=2005-06-21|work=The New York Times|access-date=2019-05-06|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331))</ref>

=== Nilo Castillejos Valerio, Jr. ===
Nilo Valerio (20 Feb 1950 - 24 August 1985) was a Catholic priest of the [[Society of the Divine Word]] assigned to a parish in the upland province of [[Abra (province)|Abra]], where he established cooperatives and a school, ministered to remote communities of the [[Tingguian people]], and supported them in protecting their ancestral lands from takeover by [[Marcos cronies]]. He was killed and beheaded by government forces on 24 August 1985.<ref>((Cite web|url=http://www.bantayog.org/valerio-nilo-c/|title=VALERIO, Nilo C.|date=2016-07-08|website=Bantayog ng mga Bayani|language=en-US|access-date=2019-05-06))</ref>

=== Mary Christine Tan ===
((main|Mary Christine Tan))
Mary Christine Tan (November 30, 1930 – October 6, 2003), was a [[missionary]], [[nun]], and [[activist]], who headed the Association of Major Religious Superiors of Women (AMRSP) from 1973 to 1976, a group of religious mothers who not only vocalized their disdain against the Marcos administration, but also managed to help Filipinos who were suffering from poverty.<ref name="BantayogProfileTan">((Cite web | url=http://www.bantayog.org/tan-mary-christine-l-rgs/ |title = TAN, Mary Christine L., RGS|date = 5 December 2016))</ref><ref name="Sisters">((Cite web | url=https://www.globalsistersreport.org/news/ministry/wall-honors-sisters-among-modern-heroes-who-helped-restore-justice-philippines-50726 |title = Wall honors sisters among modern heroes who helped restore justice in Philippines|date = 7 December 2017))</ref> She later served as a member of the [[1987 Philippine constitutional plebiscite]].

== See also ==
* [[Torture methods used by the Marcos dictatorship]]

== External links ==
* [http://cmfr-phil.org/media-ethics-responsibility/ethics/the-religious-press-and-the-marcos-years/ Center for Media Freedom and Responsibility: The Religious Press and the Marcos Years]

== References ==
((reflist))

[[Category:Presidency of Ferdinand Marcos]]
[[Category:Religious workers honored at the Bantayog ng mga Bayani]]
[[Category:Opposition to Ferdinand Marcos]]

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